Zithunzi (José Iturbi) |

Jose Iturbi

Mbiri ya moyo wa woyimba piyano waku Spain imakumbutsa pang'ono zochitika za Hollywood biopic, mpaka pomwe Iturbi adayamba kusangalala ndi kutchuka kwapadziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zidamupangitsa kukhala ngwazi yeniyeni yamafilimu angapo omwe adawomberedwa ku likulu la cinema yaku America. Pali zochitika zambiri zamalingaliro m'nkhaniyi, ndi kupotoza kosangalatsa kwa tsogolo, ndi zachikondi, komabe, nthawi zambiri, sizikhala zomveka. Ngati mutasiya chomaliza, ndiye kuti ngakhale filimuyo ikanakhala yosangalatsa.

Wachibadwidwe wa Valencia, Iturbi kuyambira ali mwana adawona ntchito ya atate wake, woyimba zida zoimbira, ali ndi zaka 6 adalowa m'malo mwa chiwalo chodwala m'tchalitchi cham'deralo, akupeza peseta yake yoyamba komanso yofunika kwambiri kwa banja lake. Patatha chaka chimodzi, mnyamatayo anali ndi ntchito yokhazikika - adatsagana ndi chiwonetsero cha mafilimu mumzinda wabwino kwambiri wa cinema ndi kuimba kwake piyano. José nthawi zambiri amakhala maola khumi ndi awiri kumeneko - kuyambira XNUMX koloko mpaka XNUMX koloko m'mawa, komabe adatha kupeza ndalama zowonjezera pa maukwati ndi mipira, ndipo m'mawa kuti atenge maphunziro kuchokera kwa mphunzitsi wa Conservatory X. Belver, kuti atsatire kalasi ya mawu. Pamene ankakula, adaphunziranso kwa nthawi ndithu ku Barcelona ndi J. Malats, koma zinkawoneka kuti kusowa kwa ndalama kungasokoneze ntchito yake. Pamene mphekesera zikupita (mwina zinapangidwa poyang'ana kumbuyo), nzika za Valencia, pozindikira kuti talente ya woimba wamng'onoyo, yemwe adakhala wokondedwa wa mzinda wonse, akutha, adapeza ndalama zokwanira kuti amutumize kukaphunzira ku Paris.

Pano, muzochita zake zonse zinali zofanana: masana adapita ku makalasi ku Conservatory, kumene V. Landovskaya anali pakati pa aphunzitsi ake, ndipo madzulo ndi usiku adapeza mkate ndi pogona. Izi zinapitirira mpaka 1912. Koma, atamaliza maphunziro awo ku Conservatory, Iturbi wazaka 17 nthawi yomweyo anaitanidwa ku udindo wa mkulu wa dipatimenti ya piyano ya Geneva Conservatory, ndipo tsogolo lake linasintha kwambiri. Anatha zaka zisanu (1918-1923) ku Geneva, ndipo anayamba ntchito wanzeru luso.

Iturbi anafika mu USSR mu 1927, kale pa pachimake cha kutchuka kwake, ndipo anatha kukopa chidwi ngakhale pa maziko a oimba ambiri abwino kwambiri apakhomo ndi akunja. Chomwe chinali chokongola mu maonekedwe ake chinali chenicheni chakuti Iturbi sichinagwirizane ndi ndondomeko ya "stereotype" ya wojambula wa ku Spain - ndi mphepo yamkuntho, zovuta zowonongeka ndi zilakolako zachikondi. "Iturbi anali wojambula woganiza bwino komanso wopatsa chidwi komanso wowoneka bwino, wowoneka bwino, nthawi zina wokomera mtima, womveka bwino komanso wotsekemera; amagwiritsa ntchito luso lake, lanzeru kwambiri losavuta komanso losinthasintha, modzichepetsa komanso mwaluso, ”G. Kogan analemba ndiye. Zina mwa zofooka za wojambulayo, atolankhani adanena kuti saloon, machitidwe osiyanasiyana mwadala.

Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20, United States yakhala likulu la zochitika zambiri za Iturbi. Kuyambira 1933, wakhala akuchita pano osati monga woyimba piyano, komanso wochititsa, kulimbikitsa mwakhama nyimbo za Spain ndi Latin America; kuyambira 1936-1944 adatsogolera Rochester Symphony Orchestra. M'zaka zomwezo, Iturbi ankakonda kupanga nyimbo ndipo adapanga nyimbo zambiri za orchestra ndi piyano. Ntchito yachinayi ya wojambula imayamba - amachita ngati wojambula filimu. Kutenga nawo mbali m'mafilimu oimba "A Thousand Ovations", "Two Girls and Sailor", "Nyimbo Yokumbukira", "Nyimbo ya Mamiliyoni", "Anchors to the Deck" ndi ena adamubweretsera kutchuka kwakukulu, koma pamlingo wina. mwinamwake zinalepheretsa kuyimirira m’gulu la oimba piyano opambana a m’zaka za zana lathu. Mulimonse mmene zingakhalire, A. Chesins m’bukhu lake moyenerera anatcha Iturbi “wojambula waluso ndi wokopa maginito, koma wokhala ndi chikhoterero china chododometsa; wojambula yemwe adasunthira kumtunda wa piyano, koma sanathe kukwaniritsa zolinga zake. Iturbi sankatha nthawi zonse kukhala ndi mawonekedwe a piyano, kuti abweretse kumasulira kwake ku ungwiro. Komabe, sitinganene kuti, "kuthamangitsa akalulu ambiri", Iturbi sanagwire imodzi: talente yake inali yaikulu kwambiri moti m'dera lililonse lomwe adayesa dzanja lake, anali ndi mwayi. Ndipo, ndithudi, luso limba anakhalabe gawo lalikulu la ntchito yake ndi chikondi.

Umboni wokhutiritsa wa zimenezi ndi kupambana koyenerera kumene iye anali nako monga woimba piyano ngakhale muukalamba wake. Mu 1966, pamene iye anaimbanso m'dziko lathu, Iturbi anali kale ndi zaka 70, koma ukoma wake akadali amphamvu kwambiri. Osati kokha ukoma. "Mawonekedwe ake, choyamba, ndi chikhalidwe chapamwamba cha piyano, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti tipeze mgwirizano womveka bwino pakati pa kuchuluka kwa phokoso la phokoso ndi chikhalidwe cha rhythmic ndi kukongola kwachilengedwe ndi kukongola kwa mawu. Kulimba mtima, kamvekedwe kakang'ono kakang'ono kamvekedwe ka mawu kumaphatikizidwa mukuchita kwake ndi kutentha kosawoneka bwino komwe kumakhala ndi akatswiri ojambula kwambiri, "inatero nyuzipepala ya Soviet Culture. Ngati kutanthauzira kwa ntchito zazikulu za Mozart ndi Beethoven Iturbi sizinali zokhutiritsa nthawi zonse, nthawi zina ophunzira kwambiri (ndi kukoma mtima konse ndi kulingalira kwa lingaliro), ndipo mu ntchito ya Chopin anali pafupi kwambiri ndi nyimbo kuposa zozizwitsa. kuyambira, ndiye kutanthauzira kwa woyimba piyano wa nyimbo zokongola za Debussy, Ravel, Albeniz, de Falla, Granados anali wodzaza ndi chisomo chotere, mithunzi yochuluka, zongopeka ndi chilakolako, zomwe sizipezeka kawirikawiri pa siteji ya konsati. "Nkhope yolenga ya Iturbi yamasiku ano ilibe zotsutsana zamkati," timawerenga m'magazini ya "Ntchito ndi Malingaliro." "Zotsutsana zomwe, kugundana wina ndi mzake, kumabweretsa zotsatira zaluso zosiyanasiyana kutengera gulu losankhidwa.

Kumbali ina, woyimba piyano amayesetsa kulimbikira, ngakhale kudziletsa mu gawo la malingaliro, nthawi zina kuti asinthe mwadala, ndi cholinga chosinthira nyimbo. Pa nthawi yomweyi, palinso chikhalidwe chachikulu cha chilengedwe, "mitsempha" yamkati, yomwe timayiwona, osati ndi ife tokha, monga gawo lofunikira la chikhalidwe cha Chisipanishi: ndithudi, sitampu ya dziko ili pa onse. kutanthauzira kwake, ngakhale pamene nyimbo ili kutali kwambiri ndi mtundu wa Spanish. Ndi mbali ziwiri izi zomwe zimawoneka ngati polar za luso lake laukadaulo, kuyanjana kwawo komwe kumatsimikizira kalembedwe ka Iturbi yamakono.

Ntchito yayikulu ya Jose Iturbi sinayime ngakhale atakalamba. Anatsogolera oimba ku Valencia kwawo komanso mumzinda wa ku America wa Bridgeport, anapitirizabe kuphunzira nyimbo, kuchitidwa ndi kujambula pamasewero ngati woyimba piyano. Anakhala zaka zake zomaliza ku Los Angeles. Pamwambo wazaka 75 za kubadwa kwa wojambulayo, zolemba zingapo zidatulutsidwa pansi pamutu wakuti "Treasures of Iturbi", kupereka lingaliro la kukula ndi chikhalidwe cha luso lake, nyimbo zake zazikulu komanso zofananira za woyimba piyano wachikondi. . Bach, Mozart, Chopin, Beethoven, Liszt, Schumann, Schubert, Debussy, Saint-Saens, ngakhale Czerny pambali ndi olemba Chisipanishi pano, kupanga mawonekedwe a motley koma owala. Chimbale chosiyana chimaperekedwa ku nyimbo za piyano zojambulidwa ndi José Iturbi mu duet ndi mlongo wake, woyimba piyano wabwino kwambiri Amparo Iturbi, yemwe adachita naye limodzi pa siteji ya konsati kwa zaka zambiri. Ndipo zojambulidwa zonsezi zimatsimikiziranso kuti Iturbi adadziwika kuti ndi woyimba piyano wamkulu kwambiri ku Spain.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.