Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky |

Igor stravinsky

…Ndinabadwa nthawi yolakwika. Ndi mtima komanso malingaliro, monga Bach, ngakhale pamlingo wosiyana, ndiyenera kukhala mosadziwika bwino ndikupanga nthawi zonse ntchito yokhazikitsidwa ndi Mulungu. Ndinapulumuka kudziko lomwe ndinabadwira… Ndinapulumuka… I. Stravinsky

... Stravinsky ndi wopekadi ku Russia… Mzimu waku Russia sungawonongeke mu mtima wa talente yayikuluyi, yamitundumitundu, yobadwa ku Russia ndipo yolumikizidwa nayo ... D. Shostakovich

Moyo wolenga wa I. Stravinsky ndi mbiri yakale ya nyimbo za m'ma 1959. Iwo, monga pagalasi, amawonetsa njira za chitukuko cha luso lamakono, movutikira kufunafuna njira zatsopano. Stravinsky adadziwika kuti anali wosokoneza miyambo. Mu nyimbo zake, mitundu yambiri ya masitayelo imawuka, imadutsana nthawi zonse ndipo nthawi zina imakhala yovuta kuyika, yomwe wolembayo adapeza dzina loti "munthu wokhala ndi nkhope chikwi" kuchokera kwa anthu a m'nthawi yake. Ali ngati Wamatsenga kuchokera ku ballet yake "Petrushka": amasuntha momasuka mitundu, mawonekedwe, masitayilo pa siteji yake yolenga, ngati kuti amawagonjera ku malamulo a masewera ake. Potsutsa kuti "nyimbo zimatha kudziwonetsera zokha," Stravinsky adayesetsa kukhala "con Tempo" (ndiko kuti, pamodzi ndi nthawi). Mu "Dialogues", yofalitsidwa mu 63-1945, amakumbukira phokoso la msewu ku St. Petersburg, zikondwerero za Maslenitsa pa Field of Mars, zomwe, malinga ndi iye, zinamuthandiza kuona Petrushka wake. Ndipo wolembayo adalankhula za Symphony in Three Movements (XNUMX) ngati ntchito yolumikizidwa ndi ziwonetsero zankhondo, ndikukumbukira nkhanza za Brownshirts ku Munich, zomwe iye mwiniyo adatsala pang'ono kuzunzidwa.

Universalism wa Stravinsky ndi wodabwitsa. Imawonekera pakufalikira kwa zochitika za chikhalidwe cha nyimbo zapadziko lonse lapansi, pakufufuza kosiyanasiyana, mu mphamvu yakuchita - piyano ndi kondakitala - zomwe zidatenga zaka zopitilira 40. Kukula kwa mayanjano ake ndi anthu odziwika bwino sikunachitikepo. N. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. Lyadov, A. Glazunov, V. Stasov, S. Diaghilev, ojambula a "World of Art", A. Matisse, P. Picasso, R. Rolland. T. Mann, A. Gide, C. Chaplin, K. Debussy, M. Ravel, A. Schoenberg, P. Hindemith, M. de Falla, G. Faure, E. Satie, oimba achi French a gulu la Six - awa ndi maina ena a iwo. Kwa moyo wake wonse Stravinsky anali pakati pa anthu, pamphambano za njira zofunika kwambiri luso. Mbiri ya moyo wake imakhudza mayiko ambiri.

Stravinsky anathera ubwana wake ku St. Petersburg, kumene, malinga ndi iye, “kunali kosangalatsa kukhala ndi moyo.” Makolo sanafune kuti amupatse ntchito ya woimba, koma zonse zinali zothandiza pakukula kwa nyimbo. Nyumbayo nthawi zonse inkamveka nyimbo (bambo wa wolemba F. Stravinsky anali woimba wotchuka wa Mariinsky Theatre), panali laibulale yaikulu ya luso ndi nyimbo. Kuyambira ali mwana, Stravinsky anachita chidwi ndi nyimbo Russian. Ali mnyamata wazaka khumi, anali ndi mwayi kuona P. Tchaikovsky, yemwe adamulambira, akudzipereka kwa iye zaka zambiri pambuyo pake opera Mavra (1922) ndi ballet The Fairy's Kiss (1928). Stravinsky adatcha M. Glinka "ngwazi ya ubwana wanga". Anayamikira kwambiri M. Mussorgsky, ankamuona kuti ndi "woona mtima kwambiri" ndipo adanena kuti m'mabuku ake pali zochitika za "Boris Godunov". Ubale waubwenzi unayambika ndi mamembala a gulu la Belyaevsky, makamaka ndi Rimsky-Korsakov ndi Glazunov.

Zokonda zolemba za Stravinsky zidapangidwa koyambirira. Chochitika chenicheni choyamba kwa iye chinali buku la L. Tolstoy "Childhood, unyamata, unyamata", A. Pushkin ndi F. Dostoevsky anakhalabe mafano m'moyo wake wonse.

Maphunziro a nyimbo anayamba ali ndi zaka 9. Anali maphunziro a piyano. Komabe, Stravinsky anayamba maphunziro aakulu akatswiri pambuyo 1902, pamene, monga wophunzira pa luso lazamalamulo St. Petersburg University, iye anayamba kuphunzira ndi Rimsky-Korsakov. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, adakhala pafupi ndi S. Diaghilev, ojambula a "World of Art", adapezeka pa "Evenings of Modern Music", ma concert a nyimbo zatsopano, okonzedwa ndi A. Siloti. Zonsezi zinakhala ngati chilimbikitso cha kukhwima kofulumira kwa luso. Zoyesera zoyamba za Stravinsky - Piano Sonata (1904), Faun and the Shepherdess vocal and symphonic suite (1906), Symphony in E flat major (1907), Fantastic Scherzo and Fireworks for orchestra (1908) amadziwika ndi chikoka. pasukulu ya Rimsky-Korsakov ndi French Impressionists. Komabe, kuyambira pomwe ma ballet a The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911), The Rite of Spring (1913), adalamulidwa ndi Diaghilev pa Nyengo zaku Russia, adapangidwa ku Paris, pakhala pali kuyambika kwakukulu mu mtundu umene Stravinsky mu He analikonda kwambiri pambuyo pake chifukwa, m'mawu ake, ballet ndi "mtundu wokhawo wa luso la zisudzo lomwe limayika ntchito za kukongola ndipo palibenso china chilichonse ngati mwala wapangodya."

Utatu wa ballets amatsegula woyamba - "Russian" - nthawi zilandiridwenso, dzina lake osati malo okhala (kuyambira 1910, Stravinsky ankakhala kunja kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo mu 1914 anakakhala Switzerland), koma chifukwa cha peculiarities kuganiza kwanyimbo komwe kunkawonekera panthawiyo, makamaka m'mayiko. Stravinsky anatembenukira ku nthano za Chirasha, zigawo zosiyanasiyana zomwe zinasinthidwa m'njira yodabwitsa kwambiri mu nyimbo za ballet iliyonse. The Firebird imachita chidwi ndi kuwolowa manja kwake kwamitundu ya orchestral, kusiyanitsa kowoneka bwino kwa nyimbo zandakatulo zovina mozungulira komanso zovina zamoto. Mu "Petrushka", wotchedwa A. Benois "buluu wa ballet", nyimbo za mzindawo, zodziwika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana, phokoso, chithunzi chaphokoso cha maphwando a Shrovetide chimabwera, chomwe chimatsutsidwa ndi munthu wosungulumwa. Petrushka. Mwambo wakale wachikunja wopereka nsembe udatsimikiza zomwe zili mu "Sacred Spring", zomwe zidali ndi chidwi chofuna kukonzanso masika, mphamvu zamphamvu zakuwononga ndi chilengedwe. Wopeka nyimboyo, akuzama m'zamazamakolo a nthano zakale, amasinthanso kwambiri chinenero cha nyimbo ndi zithunzithunzi kotero kuti ballet inachititsa chidwi cha bomba lomwe laphulika pa anthu a m'nthawi yake. "Nyumba yayikulu yowunikira m'zaka za zana la XX" idatcha wolemba waku Italy A. Casella.

Pazaka izi, Stravinsky analemba mozama, nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito zingapo zomwe zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi khalidwe ndi kalembedwe kamodzi. Izi zinali, mwachitsanzo, zisudzo za ku Russia za The Wedding (1914-23), zomwe mwanjira ina zimamvekera The Rite of Spring, ndi sewero lanyimbo lochititsa chidwi la The Nightingale (1914). Nthano yonena za Nkhandwe, Tambala, Mphaka ndi Nkhosa, yomwe imatsitsimutsa miyambo ya bwalo lamasewera la buffoon (1917), ili pafupi ndi Nkhani ya Msilikali (1918), pomwe nyimbo za ku Russia zayamba kale kusakhazikika, kugwa. mu gawo la constructivism ndi jazi zinthu.

Mu 1920 Stravinsky anasamukira ku France ndipo mu 1934 anatenga unzika wa ku France. Inali nthawi ya ntchito zopanga zinthu zolemera kwambiri. Kwa m'badwo wachinyamata wa oimba French Stravinsky anakhala ulamuliro wapamwamba, "woimba nyimbo". Komabe, kulephera kwa kusankhidwa kwake kwa French Academy of Fine Arts (1936), mgwirizano wamalonda wolimbitsa nthawi zonse ndi United States, komwe adapereka makonsati opambana kawiri, ndipo mu 1939 adapereka maphunziro a aesthetics ku yunivesite ya Harvard - zonsezi zinamupangitsa kusamuka kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse ku America. Anakhazikika ku Hollywood (California) ndipo mu 1945 adalandira kukhala nzika yaku America.

Chiyambi cha nyengo ya "Parisian" ya Stravinsky inagwirizana ndi kutembenukira kwakukulu kwa neoclassicism, ngakhale kuti chithunzi chonse cha ntchito yake chinali chosiyana kwambiri. Kuyambira ndi ballet Pulcinella (1920) kwa nyimbo za G. Pergolesi, adapanga mndandanda wonse wa ntchito mu neoclassical style: ballets Apollo Musagete (1928), Playing Cards (1936), Orpheus (1947); opera-oratorio Oedipus Rex (1927); melodrama Persephone (1938); opera The Rake's Progress (1951); Octet for Wind (1923), Symphony of Psalms (1930), Concerto for Violin and Orchestra (1931) ndi ena. Neoclassicism ya Stravinsky ili ndi chikhalidwe chapadziko lonse lapansi. Woipekayo amatengera masitayelo osiyanasiyana a nyimbo zakale za JB Lully, JS Bach, KV Gluck, ndi cholinga chokhazikitsa "kulamulira kwadongosolo pachisokonezo." Izi ndi khalidwe la Stravinsky, amene nthawi zonse amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuyesetsa okhwima zomveka chilango cha zilandiridwenso, amene sanalole kusefukira maganizo. Inde, komanso njira yopangira nyimbo za Stravinsky sizinachitike mwachidwi, koma "tsiku ndi tsiku, pafupipafupi, ngati munthu wokhala ndi nthawi yovomerezeka."

Ndi mikhalidwe imeneyi yomwe inatsimikiza zapadera za gawo lotsatira la chisinthiko cha kulenga. Mu 50-60s. Wolembayo amalowa mu nyimbo za nthawi ya Pre-Bach, akutembenukira ku Baibulo, ziwembu zampatuko, ndipo kuyambira 1953 akuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolimbikitsira yopangira dodecaphonic. Sacred Hymn in Honor of the Apostle Mark (1955), ballet Agon (1957), Gesualdo di Venosa's 400th Anniversary Monument for orchestra (1960), cantata-allegory The Flood in the spirit of the English zinsinsi za 1962th century. (1966), Requiem ("Chants for the Dead", XNUMX) - izi ndi ntchito zofunika kwambiri panthawiyi.

Maonekedwe a Stravinsky mwa iwo amakhala odzikuza kwambiri, osalowerera ndale, ngakhale kuti wolembayo amalankhula za kusunga chiyambi cha dziko mu ntchito yake: "Ndakhala ndikulankhula Chirasha moyo wanga wonse, ndili ndi kalembedwe ka Chirasha. Mwina mu nyimbo zanga izi sizikuwoneka nthawi yomweyo, koma ndizomwe zili mkati mwake, zili mu chikhalidwe chake chobisika. Imodzi mwa nyimbo zomaliza za Stravinsky inali yovomerezeka pamutu wa nyimbo yaku Russia "Osati Pine pa Gates Swayed", yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito pomaliza kwa ballet "Firebird".

Choncho, pomaliza moyo wake ndi kulenga njira, wopeka anabwerera ku chiyambi, nyimbo amene munthu wakutali Russian m'mbuyo, kukhumba amene nthawi zonse analipo penapake mu kuya kwa mtima, nthawi zina kuswa mawu, ndipo makamaka anakulira pambuyo. Ulendo wa Stravinsky ku Soviet Union m’dzinja la 1962. Panthaŵiyo m’pamene ananena mawu ofunika kwambiri akuti: “Munthu amakhala ndi malo amodzi obadwira, kwawo ndi kwawo​—ndipo malo obadwirako ndiwo chinthu chachikulu m’moyo wake.”

O. Averyanova

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