Jean-Marie Leclair |

Jean Marie Leclair

Munthu atha kupezabe ma sonata ndi woyimba zemba wodziwika bwino waku France wazaka zoyambirira za zana la XNUMX, Jean-Marie Leclerc, pamapulogalamu oimba nyimbo zoyimba nyimbo. Chodziwika kwambiri ndi C-chochepa, chomwe chili ndi mutu wakuti "Kukumbukira".

Komabe, kuti timvetsetse udindo wake wakale, ndikofunikira kudziwa malo omwe luso la violin la France linayambira. Kwa nthawi yayitali kuposa m'maiko ena, violin idawunikidwa pano ngati chida cha plebeian ndipo malingaliro ake anali osagwirizana. The viola analamulira mu moyo wolemekezeka-aristocratic nyimbo. Phokoso lake lofewa, losamveka bwino linakwaniritsa zosowa za anthu olemekezeka omwe ankaimba nyimbo. Violin inatumikira maholide a dziko, pambuyo pake - mipira ndi masquerade m'nyumba zachifumu, kusewera kunkaonedwa ngati kochititsa manyazi. Mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 24, ku France kunalibe kuimba kwa violin pawokha. Zowona, m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, oyimba zeze angapo omwe adatuluka mwa anthu ndipo anali ndi luso lodabwitsa adatchuka. Awa ndi Jacques Cordier, wotchedwa Bokan ndi Louis Constantin, koma sanayimbe ngati oimba okha. Bokan adaphunzitsa kuvina kukhothi, Constantin ankagwira ntchito m'bwalo lamilandu, lotchedwa "XNUMX Violins of the King."

Oimba violin nthawi zambiri ankagwira ntchito ngati akatswiri ovina. Mu 1664, buku la violinist Dumanoir lakuti The Marriage of Music and Dance linawonekera; wolemba imodzi mwasukulu za violin m'zaka zoyambirira za 1718th (yosindikizidwa mu XNUMX) Dupont amadzitcha "mphunzitsi wa nyimbo ndi kuvina."

Mfundo yakuti poyamba (kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1582) idagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyimbo za khoti mu zomwe zimatchedwa "Stable Ensemble" ikuchitira umboni za kunyozedwa kwa violin. Gululo ("chorasi") la khola linkatchedwa tchalitchi cha zida zamphepo, zomwe zinkatumikira kusaka kwachifumu, maulendo, picnics. Mu 24, zida za violin zidalekanitsidwa ndi "Stable Ensemble" ndi "Large Ensemble of Violinists" kapena "XNUMX Violins of the King" adapangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo kuti azisewera ma ballet, mipira, masquerades ndikutumikira chakudya chachifumu.

Ballet inali yofunika kwambiri pakupanga luso la violin yaku France. Moyo wowoneka bwino wa bwalo lamilandu, zisudzo zamtunduwu zinali pafupi kwambiri. Ndizodziwika kuti kuvina pambuyo pake kunakhala gawo lodziwika bwino la nyimbo za violin yaku France. Kukongola, chisomo, kukwapula kwa pulasitiki, chisomo ndi kusinthasintha kwa mayendedwe ndi makhalidwe omwe ali mu nyimbo za violin ya ku France. M'mabwalo amilandu, makamaka J.-B. Lully, violin anayamba kupambana udindo wa chida payekha.

Sikuti aliyense amadziŵa kuti wopeka nyimbo Wachifalansa wamkulu koposa wa m’zaka za zana la 16, J.-B. Lully ankaimba violin kwambiri. Ndi ntchito yake, adathandizira kuzindikira chida ichi ku France. Anakwaniritsa chilengedwe pabwalo la "Small Ensemble" ya oimba violini (pa 21, ndiye 1866 oimba). Mwa kuphatikiza nyimbo zonse ziwirizo, analandira gulu loimba lochititsa chidwi lomwe linkatsagana ndi ma ballet amwambowo. Koma chofunika kwambiri n’chakuti, violin anapatsidwa manambala aumwini m’mabaleti awa; mu The Ballet of the Muses (XNUMX), Orpheus adakwera siteji akusewera violin. Pali umboni woti Lully mwiniwake adachita izi.

Mlingo wa luso la oimba violin ku France mu nthawi ya Lully akhoza kuweruzidwa ndi mfundo yakuti mu oimba ake oimba anali ndi chida kokha mkati mwa udindo woyamba. An anecdote wasungidwa kuti pamene cholemba anakumana mu mbali violin ku pa chachisanu, chomwe chikanatha "kufikiridwa" mwa kutambasula chala chachinayi popanda kusiya malo oyamba, chinadutsa gulu la oimba: "mosamala - kuti!"

Ngakhale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1712 (mu 1715), mmodzi mwa oimba a ku France, theoretician ndi violinist Brossard, adanena kuti m'malo apamwamba kumveka kwa violin kumakakamizika komanso kosasangalatsa; “m’mawu amodzi. sikulinso violin.” Mu XNUMX, ma sonata atatu a Corelli atafika ku France, palibe woyimba zeze yemwe adatha kuyisewera, chifukwa analibe malo atatu. "Regent, Duke of Orleans, wokonda kwambiri nyimbo, pofuna kuwamva, adakakamizika kulola oimba atatu kuti aziyimba ...

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, luso la violin ku France linayamba kukula mofulumira, ndipo pofika masukulu XNUMX a violin anali atapanga kale, kupanga mafunde awiri: "French", yomwe inatengera miyambo ya dziko kuyambira Lully, ndi " Chiitaliya", chomwe chinali chokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi Corelli. Kulimbana koopsa kunabuka pakati pawo, masewera a nkhondo yamtsogolo ya buffoons, kapena mikangano ya "glukists" ndi "picchinists". A French akhala akuchulukirachulukira muzoimba zawo; Komanso, mu nthawi imeneyi maganizo a encyclopedist anayamba kukhwima, ndipo mikangano mokhudzika ankachitika pa chikhalidwe chilichonse, luso, zolembalemba.

F. Rebel (1666-1747) ndi J. Duval (1663-1728) anali a Lullist violinists, M. Maschiti (1664-1760) ndi J.-B. Senaye (1687-1730). Mchitidwe wa "French" unapanga mfundo zapadera. Ankadziwika ndi kuvina, chisomo, zikwapu zazifupi. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, oimba violin, mosonkhezeredwa ndi luso la violin ya ku Italy, ankayesetsa kuti aziimba mokoma kwambiri, cantilena yaikulu, yolemera.

Mmene kusiyana kwa mafunde aŵiriwo kunaliri kolimba tingawonedwe ndi chenicheni chakuti mu 1725 woimba zeze wotchuka wa ku France Francois Couperin anatulutsa buku lotchedwa “The Apotheosis of Lully.” "Ilo limafotokoza" (chiwerengero chilichonse chimaperekedwa ndi mawu ofotokozera) momwe Apollo adaperekera Lully malo ake ku Parnassus, momwe amakumana ndi Corelli kumeneko ndipo Apollo amawatsimikizira onse kuti ungwiro wa nyimbo ukhoza kutheka pophatikiza nyimbo zachi French ndi Italy.

Gulu la oimba nyimbo zaluso kwambiri adatenga njira ya mayanjano oterowo, omwe adadziwika makamaka abale Francoeur Louis (1692-1745) ndi Francois (1693-1737) ndi Jean-Marie Leclerc (1697-1764).

Otsiriza a iwo akhoza ndi chifukwa chabwino kuonedwa woyambitsa French classical violin sukulu. Mwachidziwitso ndi machitidwe, adapanga mafunde osiyanasiyana kwambiri panthawiyo, kupereka ulemu waukulu ku miyambo ya dziko la France, kuwalemeretsa ndi njira zowonetsera zomwe zidagonjetsedwa ndi sukulu za violin za ku Italy. Corelli - Vivaldi - Tartini. Wolemba mbiri ya Leclerc, katswiri wa ku France Lionel de la Laurencie, amawona zaka za 1725-1750 monga nthawi ya maluwa oyambirira a chikhalidwe cha violin cha ku France, chomwe panthawiyo chinali kale ndi oimba nyimbo za violin. Pakati pawo, amagawira malo apakati kwa Leclerc.

Leclerc anabadwira ku Lyon, m'banja la mmisiri wamkulu (mwa ntchito galoni). Abambo ake adakwatira namwaliyo Benoist-Ferrier pa Januware 8, 1695, ndipo adabereka ana asanu ndi atatu kuchokera kwa iye - anyamata asanu ndi atsikana atatu. Woyamba mwa ana amenewa anali Jean-Marie. Iye anabadwa pa May 10, 1697.

Malinga ndi magwero akale, mnyamata Jean-Marie kuwonekera koyamba kugulu luso lake 11 monga wovina ku Rouen. Kawirikawiri, izi sizinali zodabwitsa, chifukwa ambiri oimba violin ku France anali kuvina. Komabe, osakana zomwe amachita mderali, Laurency akuwonetsa kukayikira ngati Leclerc adapitadi ku Rouen. Mosakayikira, iye anaphunzira zaluso zonse mu mzinda kwawo, ndipo ngakhale pamenepo, mwachiwonekere, pang'onopang'ono, popeza makamaka ankayembekezera kutenga ntchito ya bambo ake. Laurency akutsimikizira kuti panali wovina wina wochokera ku Rouen yemwe anali ndi dzina la Jean Leclerc.

Ku Lyon, pa November 9, 1716, anakwatira Marie-Rose Castagna, mwana wamkazi wa wogulitsa mowa. Panthawiyo anali ndi zaka zoposa khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi. Kale pa nthawi imeneyo, mwachionekere, anali chinkhoswe osati mu luso galoni, komanso katswiri ntchito ya woimba, kuyambira 1716 anali pa mndandanda wa anthu oitanidwa ku Lyon Opera. Mwinamwake adalandira maphunziro ake oyambirira a violin kuchokera kwa abambo ake, omwe sanamudziwitse iye yekha, komanso ana ake onse ku nyimbo. Azichimwene ake a Jean-Marie adasewera m'magulu oimba a Lyon, ndipo abambo ake adalembedwa ngati mphunzitsi wa cellist ndi kuvina.

Mkazi wa Jean-Marie anali ndi achibale ku Italy, ndipo mwina kudzera mwa iwo Leclerc anaitanidwa ku Turin mu 1722 monga wovina woyamba wa ballet ya mzindawo. Koma kukhala kwake ku likulu la Piedmont kunali kwanthaŵi yochepa. Patatha chaka chimodzi, adasamukira ku Paris, komwe adasindikiza nyimbo yoyamba ya sonatas ya violin yokhala ndi bass ya digito, ndikuyipereka kwa Bambo Bonnier, msungichuma wa chigawo cha Languedoc. Bonnier adadzigula yekha dzina la Baron de Mosson ndi ndalama, anali ndi hotelo yake ku Paris, nyumba ziwiri za dziko - "Pas d'etrois" ku Montpellier ndi nyumba yachifumu ya Mosson. Pamene zisudzo inatsekedwa ku Turin, mogwirizana ndi imfa ya Mfumukazi ya Piedmont. Leclerc anakhala miyezi iwiri ndi wothandizira uyu.

Mu 1726 anasamukiranso ku Turin. Royal Orchestra mumzindawu inkatsogozedwa ndi wophunzira wotchuka wa Corelli komanso mphunzitsi wa violin woyamba Somis. Leclerc adayamba kuphunzira kwa iye, kupita patsogolo modabwitsa. Chotsatira chake, kale mu 1728 anatha kuchita ku Paris ndi bwino kwambiri.

Panthawi imeneyi, mwana wa Bonnier posachedwapa wamwalira akuyamba kumusamalira. Amayika Leclerc mu hotelo yake ku St. Dominica. Leclerc amapatulira kwa iye gulu lachiwiri la sonatas kwa solo violin ndi bass ndi 6 sonatas kwa 2 violins opanda mabasi (Op. 3), lofalitsidwa mu 1730. Leclerc nthawi zambiri amasewera mu Concerto Yauzimu, kulimbitsa kutchuka kwake monga soloist.

Mu 1733 adalowa nawo oimba a khoti, koma osati kwa nthawi yayitali (mpaka cha 1737). Chifukwa cha kuchoka kwake chinali nkhani yosangalatsa yomwe inachitika pakati pa iye ndi mdani wake, woyimba zeze wodziwika bwino Pierre Guignon. Aliyense ankachitira nsanje ulemerero wa mnzake moti sanavomereze kuimba mawu achiwiri. Kenako anagwirizana kuti azisinthana malo mwezi uliwonse. Guignon adapatsa Leclair chiyambi, koma mwezi utatha ndipo adayenera kusintha kukhala violin yachiwiri, adasankha kusiya ntchitoyo.

Mu 1737, Leclerc adapita ku Holland, komwe adakumana ndi woyimba zeze wamkulu kwambiri theka loyamba la zaka za zana la XNUMX, wophunzira wa Corelli, Pietro Locatelli. Wolemba woyambirira komanso wamphamvu uyu adakhudza kwambiri Leclerc.

Kuchokera ku Holland, Leclerc adabwerera ku Paris, komwe adakhalako mpaka imfa yake.

Zolemba zambiri komanso machitidwe omwe amachitika pafupipafupi m'makonsati adalimbikitsa woyimba zezeyo kukhala wabwino. Mu 1758, adagula nyumba yansanjika ziwiri yokhala ndi dimba pa Rue Carem-Prenant m'dera la Paris. Nyumbayo inali pakona yabata ku Paris. Leclerc ankakhala m'menemo yekha, opanda antchito ndi mkazi wake, amene nthawi zambiri kuyendera mabwenzi pakati pa mzinda. Kukhala kwa Leclerc kudera lakutali koteroko kudadetsa nkhawa omwe amamukonda. A Duke de Grammont adadzipereka mobwerezabwereza kukhala naye, pomwe Leclerc ankakonda kukhala yekha. Pa Okutobala 23, 1764, m'bandakucha, wolima dimba, dzina lake Bourgeois, akudutsa pafupi ndi nyumbayo, adawona khomo lotsekeka. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, wolima dimba wa Leclerc, a Jacques Peizan, adayandikira ndipo onse adawona chipewa ndi wigi wa woyimbayo zili pansi. Atachita mantha, anaitana anebawo n’kulowa m’nyumba. Thupi la Leclerc lidagona m'chipinda chamkati. Anamubaya kumsana. Wakuphayo komanso zolinga za mlanduwo sizinathe.

Zolemba za apolisi zimapereka tsatanetsatane wazinthu zomwe zatsalira ku Leclerc. Zina mwa izo ndi tebulo lachikale lokonzedwa ndi golidi, mipando ingapo ya dimba, matebulo awiri ovala, chifuwa chokongoletsera, chifuwa china chaching'ono, bokosi la fodya lomwe mumakonda kwambiri, spinet, violin awiri, ndi zina zotero. laibulale. Leclerc anali munthu wophunzira komanso wowerenga bwino. Laibulale yake inali ndi mavoliyumu 250 ndipo inali ndi Ovid's Metamorphoses, Milton's Paradise Lost, yolembedwa ndi Telemachus, Molière, Virgil.

Chithunzi chokhacho chomwe chatsala cha Leclerc ndi wojambula Alexis Loire. Imasungidwa m’chipinda chosindikizira cha National Library of Paris. Leclerc akuwonetsedwa wa nkhope yatheka, atanyamula tsamba la nyimbo zolembedwa m'manja mwake. Ali ndi nkhope yodzaza, m'kamwa modzaza ndi maso osangalala. Anthu a m'nthawi yake amanena kuti anali ndi khalidwe losavuta, koma anali munthu wonyada komanso wonyezimira. Pogwira mawu amodzi mwa nkhani za imfayo, Lorancey anagwira mawu otsatirawa: “Anali wosiyana ndi kuphweka konyada ndi makhalidwe abwino a munthu waluso. Anali wotsimikiza komanso woganiza bwino ndipo sankakonda dziko lalikulu. Wokhumudwa komanso wosungulumwa, adapewa mkazi wake ndipo adakonda kukhala kutali ndi iye ndi ana ake.

Kutchuka kwake kunali kwapadera. Ponena za ntchito zake, ndakatulo zinalembedwa, ndemanga zachangu zinalembedwa. Leclerc ankaonedwa kuti ndi mbuye wodziwika wa mtundu wa sonata, yemwe adapanga concerto ya violin ya ku France.

Ma sonatas ake ndi ma concertos ndi osangalatsa kwambiri malinga ndi kalembedwe, kukhazikika kwamphamvu kwambiri kwa kuyimba kwa nyimbo za French, Germany ndi Italy. Ku Leclerc, mbali zina za concertos zimamveka "Bachian", ngakhale kuti ali kutali ndi kalembedwe ka polyphonic; kutembenuka kwa mawu ambiri kumapezeka, kubwerekedwa kuchokera kwa Corelli, Vivaldi, komanso mu "arias" womvetsa chisoni komanso mu rondos zonyezimira zomaliza ndi Mfalansa weniweni; N'zosadabwitsa kuti anthu a m'nthawi yake ankayamikira kwambiri ntchito yake chifukwa cha mtundu wake. Kuchokera ku miyambo ya dziko kumabwera "chithunzi", chithunzi cha zigawo za sonatas, zomwe zimafanana ndi zing'onozing'ono za harpsichord za Couperin. Kuphatikizira zinthu zosiyanasiyana za melos, amaziphatikiza m'njira yoti akwaniritse mawonekedwe apadera a monolithic.

Leclerc analemba violin yekha ntchito (kupatula opera Scylla ndi Glaucus, 1746) - sonatas kwa violin ndi bass (48), trio sonatas, concertos (12), sonatas kwa violin awiri opanda mabass, etc.

Monga woyimba violinist, Leclerc anali katswiri wazosewerera panthawiyo ndipo anali wotchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha nyimbo, zolemba ziwiri, komanso kuyera kotheratu kwa mawu. Mmodzi mwa abwenzi a Leclerc komanso wodziwa bwino nyimbo, Rosois, amamutcha "wanzeru kwambiri yemwe amasintha zimango zamasewera kukhala zaluso." Nthawi zambiri, liwu loti "wasayansi" limagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhudzana ndi Leclerc, lomwe limachitira umboni luntha lodziwika bwino la machitidwe ake ndi luso lake ndipo zimapangitsa munthu kuganiza kuti zambiri muzojambula zake zidamufikitsa pafupi ndi olemba ma encyclopedist ndikulongosola njira yopita ku classicism. “Masewero ake anali anzeru, koma panalibe kukayikira mu nzeru zimenezi; zinali zotsatira za kukoma kwapadera, osati chifukwa cha kusowa kulimba mtima kapena ufulu.

Nayi ndemanga ya munthu wina wamasiku ano: "Leclerc anali woyamba kulumikiza zosangalatsa ndi zothandiza m'ntchito zake; iye ndi wophunzira kwambiri wopeka ndipo amasewera manotsi awiri ndi ungwiro kuti ndi zovuta kumenya. Ali ndi kugwirizana kosangalatsa kwa uta ndi zala (dzanja lamanzere. - LR) ndipo amasewera ndi chiyero chapadera: ndipo ngati, mwinamwake, nthawi zina amanyozedwa chifukwa chokhala ndi kuzizira kwina mu njira yake yopatsira, ndiye kuti izi zimachokera ku kusowa. wa kupsa mtima, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amalamulira pafupifupi anthu onse.” Potchula ndemangazi, Lorancey akuwunikira mikhalidwe yotsatirayi yamasewera a Leclerc: “Kulimba mtima mwadala, ukoma wosayerekezeka, wophatikizidwa ndi kuwongolera kwangwiro; mwina kuuma kwina komveka bwino komanso momveka bwino. Kuwonjezera apo - ukulu, kulimba ndi kuletsa kukoma mtima.

Leclerc anali mphunzitsi wabwino kwambiri. Pakati pa ophunzira ake ndi otchuka kwambiri violinists France - L'Abbe-son, Dovergne ndi Burton.

Leclerc, limodzi ndi Gavinier ndi Viotti, adapanga ulemerero wa luso la violin yaku France m'zaka za zana la XNUMX.

L. Raaben