Ferdinand Laub |
Ferdinand Laub
Theka lachiwiri lazaka za zana la XNUMX inali nthawi yachitukuko chofulumira chagulu lomenyera ufulu wa demokalase. Kutsutsana kwakukulu ndi kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe cha ma bourgeois kumabweretsa zionetsero zokhudzika pakati pa aluntha omwe amapita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono. Koma zionetserozo sizikhalanso ndi khalidwe la kupanduka kwachikondi kwa munthu motsutsana ndi kusiyana pakati pa anthu. Malingaliro a demokalase amabwera chifukwa cha kusanthula ndikuwunika kwenikweni kwa moyo wa anthu, chikhumbo cha chidziwitso ndi kufotokozera dziko. Mu gawo la zaluso, mfundo za zenizeni zimatsimikiziridwa mwamphamvu. M'mabuku, nthawiyi imadziwika ndi maluwa amphamvu a zenizeni zenizeni, zomwe zinawonetsedwanso mu kujambula - Russian Wanderers ndi chitsanzo cha izi; mu nyimbo izi zinayambitsa maganizo, anthu okonda kwambiri, komanso muzochitika za oimba - kuwunikira. Zofunikira pazaluso zikusintha. Kuthamangira m'mabwalo a konsati, kufuna kuphunzira kuchokera ku chirichonse, petty-bourgeois intelligentsia, wotchedwa ku Russia "raznochintsy", amakopeka mwachidwi ndi nyimbo zakuya, zazikulu. Chilankhulo cha tsikuli ndikulimbana ndi ukoma, chiwonetsero chakunja, salonism. Zonsezi zimapangitsa kusintha kwakukulu m'moyo wanyimbo - mu repertoire ya oimba, njira zowonetsera.
Nyimbo zodzaza ndi ntchito za virtuoso zikusinthidwa ndi nyimbo zomwe zidapangidwa mwaluso mwaluso. Si zidutswa zochititsa chidwi za oimba nyimbo zomwe zimachitidwa kwambiri, koma ma concerto a Beethoven, Mendelssohn, ndipo kenako - Brahms, Tchaikovsky. Pakubwera "chitsitsimutso" cha ntchito za ambuye akale a zaka za XVII-XVIII - J.-S. Bach, Corelli, Vivaldi, Tartini, Leclerc; mu repertoire ya chipinda, chidwi chapadera chimaperekedwa ku ma quartets omaliza a Beethoven, omwe adakanidwa kale. Pogwira ntchito, luso la "kusintha kwaluso", "cholinga" kufalitsa zomwe zili ndi kalembedwe ka ntchito kumawonekera. Womvetsera amene amabwera ku konsati kwenikweni amakhala ndi chidwi ndi nyimbo, pamene umunthu wa woimbayo, luso limayesedwa ndi luso lake la kufotokoza malingaliro omwe ali m'ntchito za olemba. Chofunikira cha zosinthazi chidadziwika bwino ndi L. Auer: "Epigraph - "nyimbo ilipo ya virtuoso" sichidziwikanso, ndipo mawu oti "virtuoso ilipo panyimbo" yakhala chidziwitso cha wojambula weniweni wamasiku athu ano. .”
Oimira owala kwambiri a zojambulajambula zatsopano mumasewero a violin anali F. Laub, J. Joachim ndi L. Auer. Ndi iwo omwe adapanga maziko a njira yowona mu magwiridwe antchito, omwe adayambitsa mfundo zake, ngakhale kuti Laub adalumikizanabe kwambiri ndi chikondi.
Ferdinand Laub anabadwa pa January 19, 1832 ku Prague. Bambo ake a violinist, Erasmus, anali woimba komanso mphunzitsi wake woyamba. Ntchito yoyamba ya woyimba violini wazaka 6 inachitika mu konsati yachinsinsi. Iye anali wamng’ono kwambiri moti ankafunika kumuika patebulo. Ali ndi zaka 8, Laub anawonekera pamaso pa anthu a Prague kale mu konsati yapagulu, ndipo patapita nthawi anapita ndi abambo ake paulendo wa konsati ya mizinda ya dziko lakwawo. Woyimba violini waku Norway Ole Bull, yemwe mnyamatayo adabweretsedwako, amasangalala ndi luso lake.
Mu 1843, Laub adalowa ku Prague Conservatory m'kalasi ya Pulofesa Mildner ndipo anamaliza maphunziro ake ali ndi zaka 14. Kuchita kwa woimba wachinyamata kumakopa chidwi, ndipo Laub, atamaliza maphunziro awo ku Conservatory, sakusowa ma concert.
Unyamata wake udagwirizana ndi nthawi yomwe imatchedwa "Czech Renaissance" - chitukuko chofulumira cha malingaliro omasula dziko. M'moyo wake wonse, Laub adasungabe kukonda dziko lako, chikondi chosatha kwa dziko laukapolo, lovutika. Pambuyo pa zipolowe za Prague mu 1848, zoponderezedwa ndi akuluakulu a boma la Austria, m'dzikoli munali zigawenga. Anthu zikwizikwi okonda dziko lawo akukakamizika kupita ku ukapolo. Pakati pawo ndi F. Laub, yemwe amakhala zaka 2 ku Vienna. Amasewera pano mu oimba oimba, kutenga udindo wa soloist ndi woperekeza mmenemo, kusintha mu chiphunzitso cha nyimbo ndi counterpoint ndi Shimon Sekhter, Czech wopeka amene anakhazikika ku Vienna.
Mu 1859, Laub adasamukira ku Weimar kuti akatenge malo a Josef Joachim, yemwe adachoka ku Hannover. Weimar - nyumba ya Liszt, adatenga gawo lalikulu pakukula kwa woyimba zeze. Monga soloist ndi konsati wa oimba, iye nthawi zonse kulankhula ndi Liszt, amene amayamikira kwambiri woimba zodabwitsa. Ku Weimar, Laub adakhala paubwenzi ndi Smetana, akugawana zonse zomwe amakonda komanso ziyembekezo zake zokonda dziko lake. Kuchokera ku Weimar, Laub nthawi zambiri amayenda ndi makonsati kupita ku Prague ndi mizinda ina ya Czech Republic. “Panthaŵiyo,” akulemba motero katswiri wanyimbo L. Ginzburg, “pamene chinenero cha Chitcheki chinali kuzunzidwa ngakhale m’mizinda ya ku Czechoslovakia, Laub sanazengereze kulankhula chinenero chake pamene anali ku Germany. Pambuyo pake mkazi wake adakumbukira momwe Smetana, yemwe adakumana ndi Laub ku Liszt ku Weimar, adachita mantha ndi kulimba mtima komwe Laub adalankhula ku Czech pakati pa Germany.
Patatha chaka atasamukira ku Weimar, Laub anakwatira Anna Maresh. Anakumana naye ku Novaya Guta, paulendo wake wina kudziko lakwawo. Anna Maresh anali woimba komanso momwe Anna Laub adadziwira kutchuka poyenda pafupipafupi ndi mwamuna wake. Anabala ana asanu - ana awiri aamuna ndi aakazi atatu, ndipo m'moyo wake wonse anali bwenzi lake lodzipereka kwambiri. Woimba violini I. Grzhimali anakwatiwa ndi mmodzi wa ana ake aakazi, Isabella.
Luso la Laub lidasiyidwa ndi oimba opambana kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, koma koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 50 kusewera kwake kumadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha ukoma. M’kalata yopita kwa mchimwene wake ku London mu 1852, Joachim analemba kuti: “N’zodabwitsa kuti munthu ameneyu ali ndi luso lapamwamba kwambiri. palibe chovuta kwa iye.” Nyimbo za Laub panthawiyo zinali zodzaza ndi nyimbo za virtuoso. Amapanga makonsati ndi zongopeka za Bazzini, Ernst, Vietana. Pambuyo pake, chidwi chake chimapita ku classics. Kupatula apo, anali Laub yemwe, mu kutanthauzira kwake kwa ntchito za Bach, ma concerto ndi magulu a Mozart ndi Beethoven, anali pamlingo wina wotsogola ndiyeno wopikisana ndi Joachim.
Zochita za Laub za quartet zidathandizira kwambiri kukulitsa chidwi chamasewera apamwamba. Mu 1860, Joachim amatcha Laub "woyimba zeze wabwino kwambiri pakati pa anzawo" ndipo amamuyesa mwachidwi ngati wosewera wa quartet.
Mu 1856, Laub adalandira pempho lochokera ku khoti la Berlin ndipo adakhazikika ku likulu la Prussia. Zochita zake pano ndizovuta kwambiri - amachita nawo atatu ndi Hans Bülow ndi Wohlers, amapereka ma quartet madzulo, amalimbikitsa zotsogola, kuphatikiza ma quartets aposachedwa a Beethoven. Pamaso pa Laub, madzulo a quartet ku Berlin mu 40s adachitika ndi gulu lotsogozedwa ndi Zimmermann; Mbiri yakale ya Laub inali yakuti ma concert ake a chipinda chake anakhala osatha. Quartet idagwira ntchito kuyambira 1856 mpaka 1862 ndipo idachita zambiri pophunzitsa zokonda za anthu, ndikutsegulira njira ya Joachim. Ntchito ku Berlin inali pamodzi ndi maulendo konsati, makamaka nthawi zambiri ku Czech Republic, kumene ankakhala kwa nthawi yaitali m'chilimwe.
Mu 1859 Laub adayendera Russia koyamba. Zochita zake ku St. Petersburg ndi mapulogalamu omwe amaphatikizapo ntchito za Bach, Beethoven, Mendelssohn, amachititsa chidwi. Otsutsa otchuka a ku Russia V. Odoevsky, A. Serov amasangalala ndi ntchito yake. Mu imodzi mwa makalata okhudzana ndi nthawiyi, Serov adatcha Laub "mulungu weniweni." "Lamlungu ku Vielgorsky's ndinamva ma quartets awiri okha (Beethoven's ku F-dur, kuchokera ku Razumovskys, op. 59, ndi Haydn's ku G-dur), koma chinali chiyani !! Ngakhale mumakina, Viettan adapambana.
Serov amapereka mndandanda wa zolemba kwa Laub, kumvetsera mwapadera kutanthauzira kwake kwa nyimbo za Bach, Mendelssohn, ndi Beethoven. Bach's Chaconne, kudabwitsanso kwa uta wa Laub ndi dzanja lamanzere, akulemba Serov, kamvekedwe kake kolimba kwambiri, phokoso lalikulu pansi pa uta wake, lomwe limakulitsa violin kanayi motsutsana ndi wamba, mawonekedwe ake osakhwima kwambiri mu "pianissimo", ake. mawu osayerekezeka, ndikumvetsetsa mozama kalembedwe ka Bach! .. Kumvetsera nyimbo zokondweretsa izi zomwe Laub anachita, mumayamba kudabwa: kodi pangakhalebe nyimbo zina padziko lapansi, kalembedwe kosiyana (osati polyphonic), kaya ufulu wokhala nzika pamlandu ukhoza kukhala ndi kalembedwe kosiyana? , - wokwanira ngati organic, polyphonic kalembedwe ka Sebastian wamkulu?
Laub amasangalatsanso Serov mu Concerto ya Beethoven. Pambuyo pa konsatiyo pa March 23, 1859, iye analemba kuti: “Tsiku lino n’zoonekeratu modabwitsa; anaimba nyimbo zowala, zowona mtima mwaungelo ndi uta wake ngakhale mosayerekezeka kuposa mu konsati yake mu holo ya Noble Assembly. Ukoma ndi wodabwitsa! Koma ku Laub kulibe kwa iye yekha, koma kuti apindule ndi zolengedwa zoimba kwambiri. Zikanakhala kuti virtuosos onse akanamvetsetsa tanthauzo lake ndi cholinga chake motere! "Mu quartets," akulemba Serov, atamvetsera kuchipinda madzulo, "Laub akuwoneka kuti ndi wamtali kuposa momwe amakhalira payekha. Zimalumikizana kwathunthu ndi nyimbo zomwe zikuimbidwa, zomwe akatswiri ambiri, kuphatikiza Vieuxne, sangathe kuchita. ”
Mphindi yosangalatsa mu madzulo a quartet a Laub kwa oimba otsogola a ku Petersburg inali kuphatikizidwa kwa ma quartets omaliza a Beethoven pa kuchuluka kwa ntchito zomwe adachita. Lingaliro la nthawi yachitatu ya ntchito ya Beethoven linali lodziwika bwino la anzeru a demokalase azaka za m'ma 50s: "... ndipo makamaka tidayesetsa kuti tidziwe bwino ntchito ndi ma quartets omaliza a Beethoven," analemba D. Stasov. Pambuyo pake, zikuwonekeratu chifukwa chake ma concert akuchipinda cha Laub adalandiridwa mwachidwi.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 60, Laub adakhala nthawi yayitali ku Czech Republic. Zaka izi ku Czech Republic nthawi zina kunali kukwera kofulumira kwa chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za dziko. Maziko a nyimbo zapamwamba za ku Czech adayikidwa ndi B. Smetana, yemwe Laub amasunga naye ubale wapamtima. Mu 1861, bwalo la zisudzo la ku Czechoslovakia linatsegulidwa ku Prague, ndipo chikondwerero cha zaka 50 cha nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale chinachitika mwaulemu. Laub amasewera Beethoven Concerto paphwando lachikumbutso. Amakhala nawo nthawi zonse muzochita zonse zokonda dziko lake, membala wokangalika wa National Association of Art Representatives "Crafty conversation".
M'chilimwe cha 1861, pamene Laub ankakhala ku Baden-Baden, Borodin ndi mkazi wake nthawi zambiri ankabwera kudzamuona, yemwe, pokhala woimba piyano, ankakonda kusewera ndi Laub. Laub adayamikira kwambiri luso la nyimbo la Borodin.
Kuchokera ku Berlin, Laub adasamukira ku Vienna ndipo adakhala kuno mpaka 1865, ndikupanga zochitika zamakonsati ndi chipinda. “Kwa Mfumu ya Violin Ferdinand Laub,” anaŵerenga mawu olembedwa pa nkhata wagolide amene anaperekedwa kwa iye ndi Vienna Philharmonic Society pamene Laub anachoka ku Vienna.
Mu 1865 Laub anapita ku Russia kachiwiri. Pa Marichi 6, amasewera madzulo ku N. Rubinstein's, ndipo wolemba waku Russia V. Sollogub, yemwe analipo kumeneko, mu kalata yotseguka yopita kwa Matvey Vielgorsky, yofalitsidwa mu Moskovskie Vedomosti, amapereka mizere yotsatirayi kwa iye: "... Laub's masewera adandisangalatsa kwambiri kotero kuti ndinayiwala ndi chipale chofewa, mphepo yamkuntho, ndi matenda ... Kudekha, kukondana, kuphweka, kukhwima kwa kalembedwe, kusowa kodzikuza, kusiyanitsa komanso, nthawi yomweyo, kudzoza kwapamtima, kuphatikizapo mphamvu zodabwitsa, zinkawoneka ngati Ine Laub ndi wapadera katundu ... Iye si wouma, ngati tingachipeze powerenga, osati mopupuluma, ngati chikondi. Iye ndi woyambirira, wodziimira payekha, monga Bryullov ankakonda kunena, gag. Sangayerekezedwe ndi aliyense. Wojambula weniweni nthawi zonse amakhala wamba. Anandiuza zambiri ndikufunsa za iwe. Amakukondani kuchokera pansi pamtima, monga momwe aliyense amene amakudziwani amakukondani. M’makhalidwe ake, ndinaona ngati anali wosavuta, wachifundo, wokonzeka kuzindikira ulemu wa munthu wina ndipo sanakhumudwe nawo kuti akweze kufunikira kwake.
Chifukwa chake ndi zikwapu zochepa, Sollogub adajambula chithunzi chokongola cha Laub, mwamuna komanso wojambula. Kuchokera m'kalata yake zikuwonekeratu kuti Laub anali atadziwa kale komanso pafupi ndi oimba ambiri a ku Russia, kuphatikizapo Count Vielgorsky, cellist yodabwitsa, wophunzira wa B. Romberg, ndi woimba wotchuka ku Russia.
Laub ataimba nyimbo ya Mozart ya G Minor Quintet, V. Odoevsky anayankha ndi nkhani yosangalatsa kuti: “Aliyense amene sanamvepo Laub mu G Minor Quintet ya Mozart,” iye analemba motero, “sanamvepo quintet imeneyi. Ndi ndani mwa oimba sadziwa ndi mtima kuti ndakatulo yodabwitsa yotchedwa Hemole Quintet? Koma n’zosoŵa kwambiri kumva sewero lake loterolo limene lingakhutiritse luso lathu laluso.
Laub anabwera ku Russia kachitatu mu 1866. Zoimbaimba zomwe iye adapereka ku St. Petersburg ndi Moscow potsiriza zinalimbitsa kutchuka kwake kodabwitsa. Zikuoneka kuti Laub anachita chidwi ndi moyo wa nyimbo za ku Russia. March 1, 1866 anasaina pangano loti azikagwira ntchito kunthambi ya Moscow ya Russian Musical Society; ataitanidwa ndi N. Rubinstein, amakhala pulofesa woyamba wa Moscow Conservatory, yomwe idatsegulidwa kumapeto kwa 1866.
Mofanana ndi Venyavsky ndi Auer ku St. Petersburg, Laub anachita ntchito zomwezo ku Moscow: pa Conservatory anaphunzitsa kalasi ya violin, kalasi ya quartet, anatsogolera oimba; anali woyang'anira konsati ndi solo wa symphony orchestra ndi woyimba zeyo woyamba mu quartet ya nthambi ya Moscow ya Russian Musical Society.
Laub anakhala ku Moscow kwa zaka 8, ndiko kuti, pafupifupi mpaka imfa yake; Zotsatira za ntchito yake ndi zazikulu komanso zamtengo wapatali. Iye anaonekera monga mphunzitsi kalasi yoyamba amene anaphunzitsa za 30 violinists, mwa iwo anali V. Villuan, amene anamaliza maphunziro a Conservatory mu 1873 ndi mendulo ya golidi, I. Loiko, amene anakhala konsati player, Tchaikovsky bwenzi I. Kotek. Woyimba violini wodziwika bwino waku Poland S. Bartsevich adayamba maphunziro ake ndi Laub.
Zochita za Laub, makamaka chipinda chochezera, zinali zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu a m'nthawi yake. "Ku Moscow," Tchaikovsky analemba, "kuli woimba wa quartet, yemwe mizinda yonse ya kumadzulo kwa Ulaya imamuchitira nsanje ..." Malinga ndi Tchaikovsky, ndi Joachim yekha amene angapikisane ndi Laub pakuchita ntchito zakale, "kuposa Laub pa luso zida zoimbira zachikondi zogwira mtima, koma zotsika kwa iye mu mphamvu ya kamvekedwe, mwachikhumbo ndi mphamvu zabwino.
Patapita nthawi, mu 1878, Laub atamwalira, mu imodzi mwa makalata ake kwa von Meck, Tchaikovsky analemba za momwe Laub adachitira Adagio kuchokera ku G-moll quintet ya Mozart: "Laub atasewera Adagio uyu, nthawi zonse ndinkabisala pakona ya holoyo. , kuti asaone zomwe andichitira panyimbozi.
Ku Moscow, mumzinda wa Laub munali anthu ochezeka komanso ochezeka. N. Rubinstein, Kossman, Albrecht, Tchaikovsky - anthu onse akuluakulu a nyimbo za ku Moscow anali paubwenzi waukulu ndi iye. M'makalata a Tchaikovsky ochokera ku 1866, pali mizere yomwe imatsimikizira kulumikizana kwapafupi ndi Laub: "Ndikukutumizirani chakudya chamadzulo ku Prince Odoevsky, chomwe ndidapitako ndi Rubinstein, Laub, Kossmann ndi Albrecht, ndikuwonetseni kwa Davydov. ”
Quartet ya Laubov m'nyumba ya Rubinstein inali yoyamba kuchita Tchaikovsky's Second Quartet; Wolemba wamkulu adapereka Quartet yake Yachitatu ku Laub.
Laub ankakonda Russia. Kangapo iye anapereka zoimbaimba m'mizinda zigawo - Vitebsk, Smolensk, Yaroslavl; masewera ake anamvera mu Kyiv, Odessa, Kharkov.
Iye ankakhala ndi banja lake mu Moscow pa Tverskoy Boulevard. Duwa la Moscow nyimbo anasonkhana m'nyumba yake. Laub anali wosavuta kumugwira, ngakhale nthawi zonse ankadzinyadira komanso mwaulemu. Anali wosiyana ndi wakhama kwambiri m’zochita zake zonse: “Anali kuseŵera ndi kuchita maseŵero pafupifupi mosalekeza, ndipo pamene ndinam’funsa,” akukumbukira motero Servas Heller, mphunzitsi wa ana ake, “chifukwa ninji akali wovutikira chotero pamene iye wafikira kale. , mwina , pachimake cha makhalidwe abwino, iye anaseka ngati kuti wandimvera chifundo, ndiyeno ananena mozama kuti: “Ndikangosiya kuwongolera, zidzatulukira kuti wina amasewera bwino kuposa ine, ndipo sindikufuna kutero. .”
Ubwenzi waukulu ndi zokonda zaluso zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi Laub ndi N. Rubinstein, yemwe adakhala bwenzi lake nthawi zonse mu madzulo a sonata: "Iye ndi NG Rubinstein ankagwirizana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha masewerawo, ndipo maulendo awo nthawi zina anali abwino kwambiri. Palibe amene adamvapo, mwachitsanzo, ntchito yabwino ya Beethoven's Kreutzer Sonata, yomwe ojambula onsewa adapikisana ndi mphamvu, chikondi ndi chilakolako cha masewerawo. Anali otsimikiza za wina ndi mzake kotero kuti nthawi zina ankasewera zinthu zomwe sakuzidziwa poyera popanda kubwereza, mwachindunji livre ouvert.
Ali mkati mwa kupambana kwa Laub, matenda adamupeza mwadzidzidzi. M'chilimwe cha 1874, madokotala analimbikitsa kuti apite ku Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary). Monga ngati akuyembekezera mapeto ayandikira, Laub anaima panjira m'midzi ya Czech yokondedwa kwambiri ndi mtima wake - choyamba ku Křivoklát, kumene anabzala chitsamba cha hazel kutsogolo kwa nyumba yomwe ankakhalamo, kenako ku Novaya Guta, komwe ankasewera. angapo quartets ndi achibale.
Chithandizo ku Karlovy Vary sichinayende bwino ndipo wojambula yemwe anali kudwala kwathunthu adasamutsidwa ku Tyrolean Gris. Pano, pa March 18, 1875, anamwalira.
Tchaikovsky, m’mawu ake a konsati ya woimba violin wa virtuoso K. Sivori, analemba kuti: “Nditamumvetsera, ndinalingalira za zimene zinali pa siteji imodzimodzi ndendende chaka chimodzi chapitacho. kwa nthawi yotsiriza woyimba violini wina adasewera pamaso pa anthu, wodzaza ndi moyo ndi mphamvu, mu maluwa onse a talente yanzeru; kuti woyimba violiniyu sadzawonekeranso pamaso pa anthu aliwonse, kuti palibe amene adzasangalale ndi dzanja lomwe linapanga mawu amphamvu kwambiri, amphamvu komanso panthaŵi imodzimodziyo mwachikondi ndi kusisita. G. Laub anamwalira ali ndi zaka 43 zokha.”
L. Raaben
