Leopold Stokowski |

Leopold Stokowski

Chithunzi champhamvu cha Leopold Stokowski ndi choyambirira komanso chamitundumitundu. Kwa zaka zopitirira theka la zaka, yakwera pamwamba pa luso la dziko lapansi, ikukondweretsa okonda nyimbo zikwi makumi ndi mazana, zomwe zimayambitsa mkangano woopsa, wododometsa ndi miyambi yosayembekezereka, kugunda ndi mphamvu zopanda malire ndi unyamata wamuyaya. Stokowski, wowala, mosiyana ndi wochititsa wina aliyense, woyaka moto wotchuka zaluso pakati pa anthu, mlengi wa oimba, mphunzitsi achinyamata, publicist, ngwazi filimu, anakhala pafupifupi lodziwika bwino mu America ndi kupitirira malire ake. Anthu ammudzi nthawi zambiri ankamutchula kuti “nyenyezi” ya maimidwe a kondakitala. Ndipo ngakhale potengera kutengera kwa Amereka ku matanthauzo otere, ndizovuta kutsutsa izi.

Nyimbo zinakhudza moyo wake wonse, kupanga tanthauzo lake ndi zomwe zili mkati mwake. Leopold Anthony Stanislav Stokowski (ili ndi dzina lonse la wojambula) anabadwira ku London. Bambo ake anali Polish, mayi ake anali Irish. Kuyambira ali ndi zaka eyiti anaphunzira limba ndi violin, kenako anaphunzira limba ndi zikuchokera, komanso kuchititsa pa Royal College of Music mu London. Mu 1903, woimba wamng'ono analandira digiri ya bachelor ku yunivesite ya Oxford, kenako bwino mu Paris, Munich, ndi Berlin. Monga wophunzira, Stokowski ankagwira ntchito ngati organist ku St James's Church ku London. Poyamba anatenga udindo umenewu ku New York, kumene anasamukira mu 1905. Koma posakhalitsa khalidwe lokangalika linamufikitsa kwa wotsogolera: Stokowski anamva kufunika kolankhula chinenero cha nyimbo osati kwa anthu a m’tchalitchi, koma kwa anthu onse. . Anapanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu lake ku London, akuchita masewera angapo otsegulira chilimwe mu 1908. Ndipo chaka chotsatira adakhala mtsogoleri waluso wa gulu laling'ono la symphony orchestra ku Cincinnati.

Apa, kwa nthawi yoyamba, deta yodabwitsa ya bungwe la wojambulayo inawonekera. Anakonzanso gululo mwamsanga, adawonjezera zolemba zake ndipo adapeza ntchito yapamwamba. Kondakitala wamng'ono anakambidwa kulikonse, ndipo posakhalitsa anaitanidwa kutsogolera oimba ku Philadelphia, imodzi mwa malo akuluakulu oimba nyimbo mu dziko. Nthawi ya Stokowski ndi Philadelphia Orchestra inayamba mu 1912 ndipo inatha pafupifupi kotala la zana. Zinali m’zaka zimenezi pamene gulu loimba ndi wotsogolera nyimbo linatchuka padziko lonse. Otsutsa ambiri amalingalira chiyambi chake kukhala tsiku lomwelo mu 1916, pamene Stokowski anachititsa koyamba ku Philadelphia (ndipo kenaka ku New York) Mahler’s Eighth Symphony, kachitidwe kake kamene kanadzetsa mkuntho wa chisangalalo. Pa nthawi yomweyi, wojambulayo amakonza zoimbaimba zake ku New York, zomwe posakhalitsa zinadziwika, zolembetsa zapadera za ana ndi achinyamata. Zokhumba za demokalase zidapangitsa Stokowski kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi modabwitsa, kufunafuna magulu atsopano a omvera. Komabe, Stokowski anayesa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, panthaŵi ina anachotsa udindo wa woimba nyimbo, n’kuupereka kwa anthu onse oimba motsatizanatsatizana. Njira imodzi kapena imzake, amatha kukwaniritsa chilango chenicheni chachitsulo, kubwereranso kwakukulu kwa oimba, kukwaniritsa zofunikira zake zonse ndi kusakanikirana kwathunthu kwa oimba ndi wotsogolera popanga nyimbo. Pamakonsati, Stokowski nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito zowunikira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zina zowonjezera. Ndipo chofunika kwambiri, adakwanitsa kupeza mphamvu zochititsa chidwi pomasulira ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Panthawi imeneyo, chithunzi cha zojambulajambula cha Stokowski ndi zolemba zake zinapangidwa. Monga kondakitala aliyense wa ukulu uwu. Stokowski adayankhula mbali zonse za nyimbo za symphonic, kuyambira pomwe zidachokera mpaka lero. Ali ndi zolemba zingapo za virtuoso orchestral za JS Bach. Woyendetsa, monga lamulo, adaphatikizidwa mu mapulogalamu ake a konsati, kuphatikiza nyimbo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi masitaelo, zodziwika bwino komanso zodziwika bwino, zoyiwalika mosayenera kapena zomwe sizinachitikepo. Kale m'zaka zoyambirira za ntchito yake ku Philadelphia, iye anaphatikizapo novelties ambiri mu repertoire yake. Kenako Stokovsky adadziwonetsa ngati wofalitsa wotsimikizika wa nyimbo zatsopano, adawonetsa anthu aku America ku ntchito zambiri ndi olemba amasiku ano - Schoenberg, Stravinsky, Varese, Berg, Prokofiev, Satie. Patapita nthawi, Stokowski anakhala woyamba mu America kuchita ntchito Shostakovich, amene, ndi thandizo lake, mwamsanga anapeza kutchuka kwambiri mu United States. Pomaliza, pansi pa manja a Stokowski, kwa nthawi yoyamba, ntchito zambiri za olemba a ku America - Copland, Stone, Gould ndi ena - zinamveka. (Zindikirani kuti wotsogolera anali wokangalika mu American League of Composers ndi nthambi ya International Society for Contemporary Music.) Stokowski sanagwire ntchito panyumba ya opera, koma mu 1931 adatsogolera ku America koyamba ku Wozzeck ku Philadelphia.

Mu 1935-1936 Stokowski anapanga ulendo wopambana ku Ulaya ndi gulu lake, kupereka zoimbaimba m'mizinda makumi awiri ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Pambuyo pake, amasiya "Philadelphians" ndipo kwa nthawi ndithu amadzipereka kugwira ntchito pa wailesi, kujambula phokoso, mafilimu. Amapanga mazana a mapulogalamu a pawailesi, kulimbikitsa nyimbo zazikulu kwa nthawi yoyamba pamlingo wotere, amalemba zolemba zambiri, zomwe zimawonetsedwa mu mafilimu a The Big Radio Program (1937), One Hundred Men ndi One Girl (1939), Fantasia (1942). , motsogoleredwa ndi W. Disney), "Carnegie Hall" (1948). M'mafilimu awa, amadzisewera yekha - wotsogolera Stokowski ndipo, motero, amatumikira chifukwa chomwecho chodziŵitsa mamiliyoni ambiri a mafilimu ndi nyimbo. Pa nthawi yomweyi, zojambula izi, makamaka "Amuna zana limodzi ndi Msungwana Mmodzi" ndi "Zongopeka", zinabweretsa wojambulayo kutchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

M'zaka za m'ma forties, Stokowski amachitanso monga wokonza ndi mtsogoleri wamagulu a symphony. Adapanga All-American Youth Orchestra, akuyenda naye m'dzikolo, City Symphony Orchestra ya New York, mu 1945-1947 adatsogolera gulu la oimba ku Hollywood, ndipo mu 1949-1950, pamodzi ndi D. Mitropoulos, adatsogolera gulu la oimba ku Hollywood. New York Philharmonic. Kenako, pambuyo yopuma, wojambula wolemekezeka anakhala mutu wa oimba mu mzinda wa Houston (1955), ndipo kale mu zaka sikisite analenga gulu lake, American Symphony Orchestra, pa maziko a okhestra anathetsedwa NBC. omwe oyimba zida achichepere adaleredwa pansi pa utsogoleri wake. ndi kondakitala.

Zaka zonsezi, ngakhale atakalamba, Stokowski samachepetsa ntchito yake yolenga. Amapanga maulendo ambiri ku United States ndi ku Ulaya, kufunafuna nthawi zonse ndikupanga nyimbo zatsopano. Stokovsky amasonyeza chidwi nthawi zonse nyimbo Soviet, kuphatikizapo mapulogalamu a zoimbaimba ake ntchito Shostakovich, Prokofiev, Myaskovsky, Gliere, Khachaturian, Khrennikov, Kabalevsky, Amirov ndi olemba ena. Amalimbikitsa ubwenzi ndi mgwirizano pakati pa oimba ochokera ku USSR ndi USA, akudzitcha "wokonda kusinthana pakati pa chikhalidwe cha Russia ndi America."

Stokowski adayendera koyamba ku USSR mu 1935. Koma sanapereke ma concerts, koma adangodziwa ntchito za olemba Soviet. Pambuyo pake, Stokowski adachita Shostakovich Fifth Symphony kwa nthawi yoyamba ku USA. Ndipo mu 1958, woimba wotchuka anapereka zoimbaimba bwino kwambiri mu Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv. Omvera a Soviet anali otsimikiza kuti nthawi inalibe mphamvu pa luso lake. Wotsutsa A. Medvedev analemba kuti: “Kuyambira pa nyimbo zoyamba kumveka, L. Stokowski ndiye amalamulira omvera,” analemba motero wotsutsa A. Medvedev, “kuwakakamiza kumvetsera ndi kukhulupirira zimene akufuna kufotokoza. Imakopa omvera ndi mphamvu zake, kuwala kwake, kulingalira mozama ndi kulondola kwakupha. Amalenga molimba mtima komanso poyambirira. Kenako, pambuyo pa konsati, mudzalingalira, kufananiza, kusinkhasinkha, kusagwirizana pa chinachake, koma mu holo, panthawi ya sewero, luso la wotsogolera limakukhudzani mosaletseka. Manja a L. Stokowski ndi osavuta kwambiri, omveka bwino… Amadzigwira mosamalitsa, modekha, ndipo pokhapokha pakusintha kwadzidzidzi, pachimake, nthawi zina amalola manja ake kugwedezeka modabwitsa, kutembenuka kwa thupi, manja amphamvu komanso akuthwa. Chodabwitsa chokongola komanso chofotokozera ndi manja a L. Stokowski: amangopempha zojambulajambula! Chala chilichonse chimakhala chowoneka bwino, chokhoza kuwonetsa kukhudza pang'ono kwa nyimbo, kumveka bwino ndi burashi yayikulu, ngati ikuyandama mumlengalenga, mowonekera "kujambula" cantilena, funde lamphamvu losayiwalika la dzanja lopindika mu nkhonya, kulamula mawu oyamba mapaipi ... "Leopold Stokowski adakumbukiridwa ndi aliyense yemwe adakumanapo ndi luso lake labwino komanso loyambirira ...

Lit.: L. Stokowski. Nyimbo za aliyense. M., 1963 (ed. 2nd).

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek, 1969