Ludwig (Louis) Spohr |

Louis spohr

Spohr adalowa m'mbiri ya nyimbo ngati woyimba zeze komanso woyimba wamkulu yemwe adalemba zisudzo, ma symphonies, ma concerto, chipinda ndi zida zoimbira. Odziwika kwambiri anali ma concerto ake a violin, omwe adathandizira pakukula kwa mtunduwo ngati kulumikizana pakati pa zaluso zakale komanso zachikondi. M'magulu oimba, Spohr, pamodzi ndi Weber, Marschner ndi Lortzing, adayambitsa miyambo ya dziko la Germany.

Mayendedwe a ntchito ya Spohr anali wachikondi, wachifundo. Zowona, ma concerto ake oyambirira a violin anali adakali pafupi kwambiri ndi ma concerto akale a Viotti ndi Rode, koma otsatila, kuyambira pachisanu ndi chimodzi, adakhala okondana kwambiri. Zomwezo zinachitikanso m'masewero. Opambana mwa iwo - "Faust" (pa chiwembu cha nthano ya anthu) ndi "Jessonde" - mwa njira zina adayembekezera "Lohengrin" ndi R. Wagner ndi ndakatulo zachikondi za F. Liszt.

Koma ndendende "chinachake". Luso la Spohr monga wolemba nyimbo silinali lamphamvu, kapena loyambirira, kapena lolimba. Mu nyimbo, chikondi chake chokomera mtima chimasemphana ndi kuyenda, kulingalira kwachijeremani kokha, kusunga chikhalidwe ndi luntha la kalembedwe kakale. "Kulimbana ndi kumverera" kwa Schiller kunali kwachilendo kwa Spohr. Stendhal adalemba kuti chikondi chake chimawonetsa "osati mzimu wokonda wa Werther, koma mzimu woyera wa burgher waku Germany".

R. Wagner akubwerezabwereza Stendhal. Akuitana Weber ndi Spohr odziwika bwino a opera aku Germany, Wagner amawakana kuti ali ndi mphamvu yolankhula mawu amunthu ndipo amawona kuti luso lawo silinazama kwambiri kuti ligonjetse gawo la sewero. Malingaliro ake, chikhalidwe cha talente ya Weber ndi nyimbo chabe, pamene Spohr ndi elegiac. Koma chopinga chawo chachikulu ndicho kuphunzira kuti: “O, kuphunzira kwathu kotembereredwa kumeneku ndiko gwero la zoipa zonse za ku Germany!” Zinali maphunziro, oyenda pansi komanso ulemu wamba zomwe zinapangitsa M. Glinka modabwitsa kunena kuti Spohr ndi "gulu la masewera amphamvu a ku Germany."

Komabe, ziribe kanthu momwe maonekedwe a burghers anali amphamvu mu Spohr, kungakhale kulakwa kumuganizira ngati mzati wa philistinism ndi philistinism mu nyimbo. Mu umunthu wa Spohr ndi ntchito zake panali chinachake chimene chinatsutsana ndi philistinism. Spur sangakanidwe ulemu, chiyero chauzimu ndi kudzichepetsa, makamaka wokongola panthawi ya chilakolako chosalamulirika cha khalidwe labwino. Spohr sanaipitse luso lomwe ankakonda, kupandukira mwachidwi zomwe zimawoneka ngati zazing'ono komanso zotukwana, zomwe zimatumikira zokonda zake. Anthu a m’nthawi yake anayamikira kwambiri udindo wake. Weber amalemba zolemba zachifundo zamasewera a Spohr; Symphony ya Spohr "Madalitso a Phokoso" idatchedwa zodabwitsa ndi VF Odoevsky; Liszt akuchititsa Spohr's Faust ku Weimar pa 24 October 1852. "Malinga ndi G. Moser, nyimbo za Schumann wachichepere zimavumbula chikoka cha Spohr." Spohr anali ndi ubale wautali ndi Schumann.

Spohr anabadwa pa April 5, 1784. Bambo ake anali dokotala ndipo ankakonda kwambiri nyimbo; ankaimba bwino chitoliro, mayi ake ankaimba zeze.

Maluso oimba a mwanayu adawonekera molawirira. Spohr analemba kuti: “Pokhala ndi luso la mawu omveka a soprano, ndinayamba kuimba ndipo kwa zaka zinayi kapena zisanu ndinkaloledwa kuimba nawo limodzi ndi mayi anga pamapwando a banja lathu. Panthawiyi, bambo anga, atalola kufunitsitsa kwanga, anandigulira violin pachionetserocho, pomwe ndinayamba kuimba mosalekeza.

Atazindikira luso la mnyamatayo, makolo ake adamutumiza kukaphunzira ndi munthu wina wa ku France yemwe adasamukira kudziko lina, woyimba zeze Dufour, koma posakhalitsa adasamutsidwa kwa mphunzitsi waluso Mokur, woyang'anira konsati ya Duke of Brunswick's orchestra.

Kusewera kwa violini wachichepere kunali kowala kwambiri kotero kuti makolo ndi aphunzitsi adaganiza zoyesa mwayi wawo ndikupeza mwayi woti akachite ku Hamburg. Komabe, konsati ku Hamburg sizinachitike, monga 13 wazaka woyimba violini, popanda thandizo ndi patronage "amphamvu", analephera kukopa chidwi chake. Atabwerera ku Braunschweig, analowa m'gulu la oimba a Duke, ndipo pamene anali ndi zaka 15, anali kale ndi udindo wa woimba m'chipinda cha khoti.

Luso lanyimbo la Spohr linakopa chidwi cha kalongayo, ndipo adanena kuti woyimba violiniyo apitirize maphunziro ake. Vyboo adagwera pa aphunzitsi awiri - Viotti ndi woyimba zeze wotchuka Friedrich Eck. Pempho linatumizidwa kwa onse awiri, ndipo onse anakana. Viotti adatchulapo kuti adapuma pantchito yoimba ndikuchita malonda a vinyo; Eck analoza ku zochitika zopitirizabe za konsati monga cholepheretsa maphunziro mwadongosolo. Koma m'malo mwake, Eck anapempha mchimwene wake Franz, yemwenso ndi katswiri wa konsati. Spohr adagwira naye ntchito kwa zaka ziwiri (1802-1804).

Spohr ndi mphunzitsi wake anapita ku Russia. Pa nthawiyo ankayendetsa mwapang’onopang’ono, ndi malo aatali amene ankagwiritsa ntchito pophunzira. Spur adapeza mphunzitsi wovuta komanso wovuta, yemwe adayamba ndikusintha gawo la dzanja lake lamanja. Spohr analemba m’buku lake kuti: “Lero m’maŵa, April 30 (1802—LR) Bambo Eck anayamba kuphunzira nane. Koma, tsoka, zonyozeka zingati! Ine, yemwe ndimadzitengera kukhala m'modzi mwa akatswiri oyamba ku Germany, sindinathe kumusewera ngakhale muyeso umodzi womwe ungamulimbikitse. M'malo mwake, ndinayenera kubwereza muyeso uliwonse osachepera kakhumi kuti potsirizira pake ndimukhutiritse mwanjira iliyonse. Iye sanakonde uta wanga, kukonzanso komwe ine tsopano ndikulingalira kukhala kofunika. Inde, poyamba zidzakhala zovuta kwa ine, koma ndikuyembekeza kuthana ndi izi, popeza ndikukhulupirira kuti kukonzanso kudzandibweretsera phindu lalikulu.

Ankakhulupirira kuti luso la masewerawa likhoza kupangidwa kupyolera mwa maola ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Spohr ankagwira ntchito maola 10 patsiku. "Chotero ndinakwanitsa kupeza luso ndi chidaliro m'kanthawi kochepa kotero kuti panalibe vuto lililonse kwa ine mu nyimbo zodziwika panthawiyo." Pambuyo pake atakhala mphunzitsi, Spohr adawona kufunika kwa thanzi ndi kupirira kwa ophunzira.

Ku Russia, Eck anadwala kwambiri, ndipo Spohr, atakakamizika kusiya maphunziro ake, anabwerera ku Germany. Zaka zamaphunziro zatha. Mu 1805, Spohr anakhazikika ku Gotha, kumene anapatsidwa udindo woyang'anira konsati ya gulu la oimba. Posakhalitsa anakwatira Dorothy Scheidler, woimba wa zisudzo komanso mwana wamkazi wa woimba yemwe amagwira ntchito m'gulu la oimba la Gothic. Mkazi wake anali ndi zeze kwambiri ndipo ankaonedwa kuti ndi woyimba zeze wabwino kwambiri ku Germany. Banjali linakhala losangalala kwambiri.

Mu 1812 Spohr adachita bwino ku Vienna ndipo adapatsidwa udindo wotsogolera gulu ku Theatre An der Wien. Ku Vienna, Spohr analemba imodzi mwa zisudzo zake zodziwika bwino, Faust. Inayambika koyamba ku Frankfurt mu 1818. Spohr ankakhala ku Vienna mpaka 1816, ndipo kenako anasamukira ku Frankfurt, kumene anagwira ntchito ngati bandmaster kwa zaka ziwiri (1816-1817). Anakhala mu 1821 ku Dresden, ndipo kuchokera mu 1822 anakhazikika ku Kassel, kumene adakhala mtsogoleri wamkulu wa nyimbo.

M'moyo wake, Spohr adapanga maulendo ataliatali a konsati. Austria (1813), Italy (1816-1817), London, Paris (1820), Holland (1835), kachiwiri London, Paris, kokha ngati kondakitala (1843) - apa pali mndandanda wa maulendo ake konsati - izi ndi kuwonjezera kuyendera Germany.

Mu 1847, madzulo a gala anali operekedwa kwa chaka cha 25 cha ntchito yake mu gulu la Oimba la Kassel; mu 1852 adapuma pantchito, akudzipereka kwathunthu ku pedagogy. Mu 1857, tsoka linamuchitikira: anathyola mkono wake; izi zinamukakamiza kusiya ntchito zophunzitsa. Chisoni chomwe chinamugwera chinaphwanya chifuniro ndi thanzi la Spohr, yemwe anali wodzipereka kwambiri pa luso lake, ndipo, mwachiwonekere, anafulumizitsa imfa yake. Anamwalira pa October 22, 1859.

Spohr anali munthu wonyada; anali wokhumudwa makamaka ngati ulemu wake monga wojambula unaphwanyidwa mwanjira ina. Nthaŵi ina anaitanidwa ku konsati ku khoti la Mfumu ya Württemberg. Makonsati oterowo kaŵirikaŵiri anali kuchitika pamasewera a makadi kapena maphwando a kukhoti. "Whist" ndi "Ndimapita ndi makadi a lipenga", kulira kwa mipeni ndi mafoloko kunali ngati "chotsagana" ndi masewera a woimba wina wamkulu. Nyimbo zinkaonedwa ngati zosangalatsa zomwe zinkathandiza kuti anthu olemekezeka azigaya chakudya. Spohr anakana kwenikweni kusewera pokhapokha malo oyenera atapangidwa.

Spohr sakanatha kupirira kudzichepetsa ndi kunyozeka kwa olemekezeka kwa anthu aluso. Akufotokoza momvetsa chisoni m’mbiri yake ya mbiri ya moyo wake kuti kaŵirikaŵiri ngakhale akatswiri odziŵika bwino ankakhala ndi manyazi, kulankhula ndi “gulu la anthu olemekezeka.” Anali wokonda kwambiri dziko lake ndipo ankafunitsitsa kuti dziko lawo litukuke. Mu 1848, pachimake cha zochitika zachisinthiko, adapanga sextet ndi kudzipereka: "yolembedwa ... kuti abwezeretse mgwirizano ndi ufulu wa Germany."

Mawu a Spohr amachitira umboni kumamatira kwake ku mfundo, komanso kukhudzidwa kwa malingaliro okongoletsa. Pokhala wotsutsa ukoma, savomereza Paganini ndi machitidwe ake, komabe, kupereka msonkho kwa luso la violin la Genoese wamkulu. M’nkhani ya moyo wake, iye analemba kuti: “Ndinamvetsera mwachidwi Paganini m’makonsati aŵiri amene iye anapereka ku Kassel. Dzanja lake lakumanzere ndi chingwe cha G ndizodabwitsa. Koma nyimbo zake, komanso kalembedwe kawo kachitidwe, ndizosakanizika zanzeru zachibwana, zopanda pake, chifukwa chake onse amalanda ndikuthamangitsa.

Pamene Ole Buhl, "Scandinavian Paganini", anabwera ku Spohr, iye sanamulandire iye ngati wophunzira, chifukwa ankakhulupirira kuti iye sakanakhoza kuyika mu iye sukulu, kotero mlendo ku chikhalidwe cha ukoma wa luso lake. Ndipo mu 1838, atamvetsera kwa Ole Buhl ku Kassel, analemba kuti: “Kuimba kwake koyimba komanso kudalira dzanja lake lamanzere n’zochititsa chidwi, koma mofanana ndi Paganini, amalolera kusiya zinthu zina zambiri zimene anabadwira kunstshtuk. mu chida cholemekezeka.”

Wolemba nyimbo wa Spohr yemwe ankamukonda kwambiri anali Mozart (“Sindilemba zambiri za Mozart, chifukwa Mozart ndi chilichonse kwa ine”). Ku ntchito ya Beethoven, anali pafupifupi wokondwa, kupatulapo ntchito za nthawi yotsiriza, zomwe sanazimvetse ndipo sanazizindikire.

Monga woyimba zeze, Spohr anali wodabwitsa. Schleterer akupereka chithunzi chotsatirachi cha kachitidwe kake: “Munthu wochititsa chidwi kwambiri amalowa m’bwalo, mutu ndi mapewa pamwamba pa anthu omuzungulira. Violin pansi pa mbewa. Anayandikira kutonthoza kwake. Spohr sanasewerepo ndi mtima, posafuna kupanga lingaliro laukapolo loloweza nyimbo, zomwe amaziwona kuti sizikugwirizana ndi mutu wa wojambula. Polowa m’bwalo, anagwada pamaso pa omvera popanda kunyada, koma ndi lingaliro laulemu ndi maso abuluu modekha anayang’ana mozungulira khamu lomwe linasonkhana. Iye anagwira violin mwamtheradi momasuka, pafupifupi popanda kupendekera, chifukwa dzanja lake lamanja linakwezedwa kwambiri. Pa phokoso loyamba, anagonjetsa omvera onse. Kachida kakang’ono m’manja mwake kanali ngati chidole chomwe chili m’manja mwa chimphona. Ndizovuta kufotokoza ndi ufulu, kukongola ndi luso lomwe anali nalo. Modekha, ngati kuti waponyedwa ndi chitsulo, anaima pabwalo. Kufewa ndi chisomo chamayendedwe ake zinali zosayerekezeka. Spur anali ndi dzanja lalikulu, koma limaphatikiza kusinthasintha, kukhazikika komanso mphamvu. Zala zimatha kumira pazingwe ndi kuuma kwachitsulo ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo, ngati kuli kofunikira, zimakhala zoyenda kwambiri moti m'magawo opepuka kwambiri palibe trill imodzi yomwe inatayika. Panalibe sitiroko kuti sanachite bwino ndi ungwiro womwewo - staccato yake yaikulu inali yapadera; chochititsa chidwi kwambiri chinali kumveka kwa mphamvu zazikulu m’lingali, kuyimba mofatsa ndi mofatsa. Atamaliza masewerawa, Spohr adawerama mwakachetechete, ndikumwetulira kumaso kwake adachoka pabwalo pomwe akuwomba m'manja mosalekeza. Ubwino waukulu wamasewera a Spohr unali kufalitsa kolingalira komanso koyenera mwatsatanetsatane, kopanda zopusa zilizonse komanso ukoma wochepa. Ulemerero ndi luso lathunthu limadziwika ndi kuphedwa kwake; iye nthaŵi zonse anafuna kusonyeza mikhalidwe yamaganizo ija imene imabadwira m’mawere aumunthu oyera koposa.

Kufotokozera kwa Schlerer kumatsimikiziridwa ndi ndemanga zina. Wophunzira wa Spohr A. Malibran, yemwe analemba mbiri ya mphunzitsi wake, amatchula zikwapu zabwino za Spohr, kumveka bwino kwa luso la zala, phokoso lomveka bwino komanso, monga Schleterer, akugogomezera ulemu ndi kuphweka kwa kusewera kwake. Spohr sanalole "zolowera", glissando, coloratura, kupewa kulumpha, kudumpha zikwapu. Kuchita kwake kunalidi kwamaphunziro m’lingaliro lapamwamba kwambiri la mawuwo.

Sanasewere konse ndi mtima. Ndiye sizinali zosiyana ndi lamulo; ochita masewera ambiri adachita m'makonsati okhala ndi zolemba pa console patsogolo pawo. Komabe, ndi Spohr, lamuloli linayambitsidwa ndi mfundo zina zokongola. Anakakamizanso ophunzira ake kusewera pa manotsi okha, akumatsutsa kuti woyimba vayolini yemwe amangoyimba pamtima amamukumbutsa za mbalame ya parrot yomwe ikuyankha phunziro lomwe anaphunzira.

Zochepa kwambiri zomwe zimadziwika za Spohr's repertoire. M'zaka zoyambirira, kuwonjezera pa ntchito zake, iye anachita ma concerto ndi Kreutzer, Rode, kenako anadziletsa yekha makamaka nyimbo zake.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, oimba violin otchuka kwambiri adagwira violin m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, Ignaz Frenzel anakanikizira violin paphewa pake ndi chibwano chake kumanzere kwa tailpiece, ndipo Viotti kumanja, ndiko kuti, monga mwachizolowezi tsopano; Spohr anapumitsa chibwano chake pamlatho womwewo.

Dzina la Spohr limalumikizidwa ndi zatsopano pamasewera a violin ndikuwongolera. Kotero, iye ndi amene anayambitsa mpumulo wa chibwano. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi luso lake lotsogolera. Amadziwika kuti amagwiritsa ntchito ndodo. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, iye anali mmodzi mwa otsogolera oyamba kugwiritsa ntchito ndodo. Mu 1810, pa Phwando la Nyimbo la Frankenhausen, iye anatsogoza ndodo yogubuduzika papepala, ndipo njira imeneyi yotsogolela oimba mpaka pano inadabwitsa aliyense. Oimba a Frankfurt mu 1817 ndi London mu 1820 adakumana ndi kalembedwe katsopano kameneka, koma posakhalitsa anayamba kumvetsa ubwino wake.

Spohr anali mphunzitsi wodziwika ku Europe. Ophunzira ochokera m’mayiko osiyanasiyana anabwera kwa iye. Iye anapanga mtundu wa nyumba yosungirako zinthu. Ngakhale kuchokera ku Russia serf yotchedwa Encke inatumizidwa kwa iye. Spohr waphunzitsa anthu oposa 140 oimba nyimbo za violin ndi oimba nyimbo zamakonsati.

Spohr's pedagogy inali yachilendo kwambiri. Anakondedwa kwambiri ndi ophunzira ake. Iye anali wokhwimitsa zinthu komanso wovuta m'kalasi, ndipo anakhala wochezeka ndiponso wachikondi kunja kwa kalasi. Maulendo ophatikizana kuzungulira mzindawo, maulendo a dziko, picnics anali ofala. Spohr anayenda, atazunguliridwa ndi gulu la ziweto zake, adalowa nawo masewera, adawaphunzitsa kusambira, adadzisunga yekha, ngakhale kuti sanadutsepo mzere pamene chiyanjano chimasintha kukhala chidziwitso, kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa mphunzitsi pamaso pa anthu. ophunzira.

Anakulitsa mwa wophunzira mtima wodalirika kwambiri pa maphunziro. Ndinkagwira ntchito ndi woyambitsa masiku awiri aliwonse, kenako ndikupita ku maphunziro atatu pa sabata. Pomaliza, wophunzirayo adakhalabe mpaka kumapeto kwa makalasi. Zofunikira kwa ophunzira onse zinali kusewera mu gulu limodzi ndi orchestra. Spohr analemba kuti: “Woyimba vayolini amene sanaphunzirepo luso loimba ali ngati mbalame ya m’madzi yophunzitsidwa bwino imene imakuwa mpaka kufika potulutsa mawu. Iye mwiniyo ankatsogolera kuyimba kwa okhestra, kuchita luso loimba, sitiroko, ndi luso.

Schlerer adasiya kufotokoza kwa phunziro la Spohr. Nthawi zambiri ankakhala pakati pa chipindacho pampando kuti athe kuona wophunzirayo, ndipo nthawi zonse amakhala ndi violin m'manja mwake. M’makalasi, nthaŵi zambiri ankaimba limodzi ndi liwu lachiŵiri kapena, ngati wophunzira sanapambane pamalo ena, ankasonyeza pa chida choimbiracho. Ophunzirawo adanena kuti kusewera ndi Spurs kunali kosangalatsa kwenikweni.

Spohr anali wokonda kwambiri za kuyimba. Palibe ngakhale kabuku kamodzi kokayikitsa kamene kanatuluka m’khutu lake. Kumva, pomwepo, pa phunziro, modekha, methodically akwaniritsa kristalo bwino.

Spohr anakhazikitsa mfundo zake zophunzitsira mu "Sukulu". Inali chitsogozo chothandizira chophunzirira chomwe sichinatsatire cholinga cha kudzikundikira patsogolo kwa luso; munali maganizo zokongoletsa, maganizo a wolemba ake pa violin pedagogy, kukulolani inu kuona kuti wolemba wake anali mu udindo wa luso maphunziro a wophunzira. Anadzudzulidwa mobwerezabwereza chifukwa chakuti "sanathe" kulekanitsa "njira" ndi "nyimbo" mu "Sukulu" yake. M'malo mwake, Spurs sanachite ndipo sakanatha kukhazikitsa ntchito yotere. Njira yamakono ya Spohr sinafike pophatikiza mfundo zaluso ndi zaukadaulo. Kuphatikizika kwa nthawi zaluso ndiukadaulo kumawoneka ngati kwachilendo kwa oyimira maphunziro apamwamba azaka za zana la XNUMX, omwe amalimbikitsa maphunziro aukadaulo.

"Sukulu" ya Spohr ndi yakale kale, koma m'mbiri yakale inali yofunika kwambiri, chifukwa idafotokoza njira yophunzitsira zaluso, zomwe m'zaka za zana la XNUMX zidawonetsa kwambiri ntchito za Joachim ndi Auer.

L. Raaben