Anatoly Lyadov |
Anatoly Lyadov
Lyadov. Lullaby (dir. Leopold Stokowski)
... Lyadov adadzipatsa yekha gawo laling'ono - piyano ndi orchestra - ndipo adagwira ntchitoyo ndi chikondi chachikulu komanso kuzama kwa wamisiri komanso kukoma kwake, miyala yamtengo wapatali komanso luso la kalembedwe. Kukongola kumakhaladi mwa iye mu mawonekedwe auzimu a dziko-Russian. B. Asafiev
A. Lyadov ndi wa m'badwo wachichepere wamlalang'amba wodabwitsa wa olemba aku Russia a theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la XNUMX. Anadziwonetsa ngati woyimba waluso, wochititsa, mphunzitsi, woimba komanso wodziwika bwino pagulu. Pakatikati pa ntchito ya Lyadov ndi zithunzi za nthano zachi Russia ndi nthano zachabechabe, nthano zongopeka, amadziwika ndi mawu odzazidwa ndi malingaliro, malingaliro obisika achilengedwe; mu ntchito zake pali zinthu za mtundu wanyimbo khalidwe ndi nthabwala. Nyimbo za Lyadov zimadziwika ndi kuwala, kusinthasintha, kudziletsa pofotokoza zakukhosi, nthawi zina zimasokonezedwa ndi chidwi, cholunjika. Lyadov adapereka chidwi kwambiri pakuwongolera mawonekedwe aluso: kuphweka, kuphweka ndi kukongola, kuyanjana kogwirizana - izi ndizo zake zapamwamba kwambiri zaluso. Ntchito ya M. Glinka ndi A. Pushkin inali yabwino kwa iye. Anaganiza kwa nthawi yaitali mwatsatanetsatane zonse za ntchito zomwe adalenga ndiyeno analemba zolembazo mwaukhondo, pafupifupi popanda mabala.
Nyimbo yomwe Lyadov amakonda kwambiri ndi chida chaching'ono kapena mawu. Wopeka nyimboyo ananena moseka kuti sakanatha kuyimba nyimbo zoposa mphindi zisanu. Ntchito zake zonse ndi zazing'ono, zazifupi komanso zokongoletsedwa m'mawonekedwe. Ntchito ya Lyadov ndi yaying'ono mu voliyumu, cantata, nyimbo 12 za oimba a symphony, nyimbo za ana 18 pamawu owerengeka a mawu ndi piyano, 4 zachikondi, pafupifupi 200 makonzedwe a nyimbo zachikhalidwe, makwaya angapo, nyimbo 6 zoimbira, zida zopitilira 50 za piano. .
Lyadov anabadwira m'banja loimba. Bambo ake anali kondakitala pa Mariinsky Theatre. Mnyamatayo anali ndi mwayi womvetsera nyimbo za symphonic m'makonsati, nthawi zambiri amapita ku nyumba ya opera kuti ayesedwe ndi zisudzo. "Ankakonda Glinka ndipo ankadziwa pamtima. "Rogneda" ndi "Judith" Serov anasilira. Pa siteji, iye anachita nawo zionetsero ndi khamu la anthu, ndipo pamene iye anafika kunyumba, iye anasonyeza Ruslan kapena Farlaf pamaso pa galasi. Anamva mokwanira za oimba, kwaya ndi orchestra,” anakumbukira motero N. Rimsky-Korsakov. Luso lanyimbo lidadziwonetsera koyambirira, ndipo mu 1867 Lyadov wazaka khumi ndi chimodzi adalowa mu Conservatory ya St. Anaphunzira kulemba zothandiza ndi Rimsky-Korsakov. Komabe, chifukwa cha kujomba komanso kusachita bwino mu 1876, adathamangitsidwa. Mu 1878, Lyadov adalowa mu Conservatory kachiwiri ndipo m'chaka chomwecho adapambana mayeso omaliza. Monga ntchito ya diploma, adaperekedwa ndi nyimbo zomaliza za "Mkwatibwi Waumesiya" ndi F. Schiller.
M'ma 70s. Lyadov akukumana ndi anthu a bwalo Balakirev. Izi ndi zomwe Mussorgsky analemba za msonkhano woyamba ndi iye: “… Chatsopano, chosakayikitsa, choyambirira komanso Russian talente wamng'ono ... "Kuyankhulana ndi oimba akuluakulu kunakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha Lyadov. Zokonda zake zikukula: filosofi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, aesthetics ndi sayansi yachilengedwe, zolemba zakale ndi zamakono. Chosowa chofunikira cha chikhalidwe chake chinali kulingalira. "Chotsani m'bukulo chiyani Mukuyenera kundi kuchikulitsa chachikulundipo pamenepo mudzadziwa tanthauzo lake ndikuganiza", pambuyo pake adalembera mnzake wina.
Kuyambira m'dzinja la 1878, Lyadov anakhala mphunzitsi pa St. Amaphunzitsanso ku Singing Chapel. M'zaka za m'ma 80-70s. Lyadov anayamba ntchito yake monga kondakitala mu bwalo la St. Petersburg la okonda nyimbo, ndipo kenako anachita ngati kondakitala m'makonsati pagulu symphony anakhazikitsidwa ndi A. Rubinstein, komanso mu nyimbo Russian symphony anakhazikitsidwa ndi M. Belyaev. Makhalidwe ake monga wotsogolera adayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi Rimsky-Korsakov, Rubinstein, G. Laroche.
Kulumikizana kwa nyimbo za Lyadov kukukulirakulira. Amakumana ndi P. Tchaikovsky, A. Glazunov, Laroche, amakhala membala wa Belyaevsky Lachisanu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, anakhala wotchuka monga wolemba nyimbo. Kuyambira 1874, ntchito zoyamba za Lyadov zidasindikizidwa: 4 zachikondi, op. 1 ndi "Spikers" op. 2 (1876). Zachikondi zinakhala zokumana nazo za Lyadov mu mtundu uwu; adalengedwa mothandizidwa ndi "Kuchkists". "Spikers" ndi nyimbo yoyamba ya limba ya Lyadov, yomwe ili ndi tizidutswa tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tambiri tambiri. Kale pano njira yowonetsera ya Lyadov yatsimikiziridwa - ubwenzi, kupepuka, kukongola. Mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Lyadov adalemba ndikusindikiza ma opus 50. Zambiri mwazo ndi zidutswa zazing'ono za piyano: intermezzos, arabesques, preludes, impromptu, etudes, mazurkas, waltzes, ndi zina zotero. Musical Snuffbox yatchuka kwambiri, momwe zithunzi za dziko la chidole zimapangidwanso mochenjera komanso mwaluso. Pakati pazoyambira, Prelude mu B minor op. zimaonekera makamaka. 11, nyimbo yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi nyimbo ya anthu "Ndipo zomwe zili padziko lapansi ndi zankhanza" kuchokera ku mndandanda wa M. Balakirev "40 Russian Folk Songs".
Ntchito zazikulu kwambiri za piyano zikuphatikiza mikombero iwiri yosiyana (pamutu wachikondi cha Glinka "Venetian Night" komanso pamutu waku Poland). Imodzi mwa masewero otchuka kwambiri inali balladi "About Antiquity". Ntchitoyi ili pafupi ndi masamba otchuka a opera ya Glinka "Ruslan ndi Lyudmila" ndi "Bogatyrskaya" symphony ndi A. Borodin. Mu 2 Lyadov adapanga nyimbo yoimba nyimbo ya "About the Old days", V. Stasov, atamva izi, anafuula kuti: "Zowonadi. kuyenderana Munasema pano.”
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80. Lyadov adatembenukira ku nyimbo zoyimba ndipo adapanga magulu atatu a nyimbo za ana potengera zolemba za nthabwala za anthu, nthano, nyimbo zamakwaya. C. Cui anatcha nyimbo zimenezi “ngale ting’onoting’ono m’mapeto abwino kwambiri, otsirizidwa.”
Kuyambira kumapeto kwa 90s. Lyadov akugwira ntchito mwakhama pokonza nyimbo za anthu zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa ndi maulendo a Geographical Society. Zosonkhanitsa 4 zamawu ndi piyano zimawonekera makamaka. Potsatira miyambo ya Balakirev ndi Rimsky-Korsakov, Lyadov amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri njira za subvocal polyphony. Ndipo mumtundu uwu wa kulenga nyimbo, khalidwe la Lyadov limawonekera - ubwenzi (amagwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero chochepa cha mawu omwe amapanga nsalu yowala yowonekera).
Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za XX. Lyadov amakhala mmodzi wa otsogolera ndi ovomerezeka oimba Russian. Ku Conservatory, makalasi apadera amalingaliro ndi zolemba amapita kwa iye, pakati pa ophunzira ake ndi S. Prokofiev, N. Myaskovsky, B. Asafiev, ndi ena. Khalidwe la Lyadov mu 1905, panthawi ya chipwirikiti cha ophunzira, angatchedwe olimba mtima komanso olemekezeka. Kutali ndi ndale, adalowa nawo gulu lotsogolera la aphunzitsi omwe adatsutsa zomwe RMS idachita. Atachotsedwa ntchito ku Rimsky-Korsakov Conservatory, Lyadov, pamodzi ndi Glazunov, adalengeza kusiya ntchito kwa aphunzitsi ake.
M'zaka za m'ma 1900 Lyadov adatembenukira ku nyimbo za symphonic. Amapanga ntchito zingapo zomwe zimapitiliza miyambo yakale yaku Russia yazaka za zana la XNUMX. Izi ndi zing'onozing'ono za orchestra, ziwembu ndi zithunzi zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi anthu ("Baba Yaga", "Kikimora") ndi kulingalira za kukongola kwa chilengedwe ("Magic Lake"). Lyadov anawatcha "zithunzi zokongola." Mwa iwo, wolembayo amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kuthekera kwamitundu ndi zithunzi za oimba, kutsatira njira ya Glinka ndi olemba The Mighty Handful. Malo apadera amakhala ndi "nyimbo zisanu ndi zitatu zaku Russia za Orchestra", momwe Lyadov adagwiritsa ntchito mwaluso nyimbo zamtundu wa anthu - epic, nyimbo, kuvina, miyambo, kuvina kozungulira, kufotokoza mbali zosiyanasiyana za dziko lauzimu la munthu waku Russia.
M'zaka zimenezi, Lyadov anasonyeza chidwi ndi zatsopano zolembalemba ndi luso, ndipo izo zinaonekera mu ntchito yake. Amalemba nyimbo za sewero la M. Maeterlinck "Mlongo Beatrice", chithunzi cha symphonic "Kuchokera ku Apocalypse" ndi "Nyimbo Yachisoni ya Orchestra". Zina mwa malingaliro atsopano a wolembayo ndi ballet "Leila ndi Alalei" ndi chithunzi cha symphonic "Kupala Night" pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito za A. Remizov.
Zaka zomalizira za moyo wa woimbayo zinaphimbidwa ndi kuwawa kwa imfa. Lyadov anakhumudwa kwambiri ndi imfa ya abwenzi ndi anzake: mmodzimmodzi, Stasov, Belyaev, Rimsky-Korsakov anamwalira. Mu 1911, Lyadov anadwala matenda aakulu, amene sanathe bwinobwino.
Umboni wochititsa chidwi wa kuzindikira kuyenera kwa Lyadov unali chikondwerero cha 1913 cha zaka 35 za ntchito yake yolenga. Zambiri mwa ntchito zake zidakali zotchuka komanso zokondedwa ndi omvera.
A. Kuznetsova
