Manuel de Falla |

Buku la Falla

Ndimayesetsa luso lamphamvu monga losavuta, lopanda zachabechabe komanso kudzikonda. Cholinga cha zaluso ndikupangitsa kumverera m'mbali zake zonse, ndipo sichingakhale ndi cholinga china chilichonse. M. de Falla

M. de Falla ndi wopeka kwambiri waku Spain wazaka za zana la XNUMX. - mu ntchito yake adapanga mfundo zokongola za F. Pedrel - mtsogoleri wamalingaliro ndi wokonza kayendetsedwe ka chitsitsimutso cha chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za dziko la Spain (Renacimiento). Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za XIX-XX. Gululi lidatenga mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo wa dziko. Ojambula a Renacimiento (olemba, oimba, ojambula) anafuna kuchotsa chikhalidwe cha Chispanya, kutsitsimutsa chiyambi chake, ndi kukweza nyimbo za dziko kuti zifike pamlingo wa sukulu zapamwamba za ku Ulaya za olemba nyimbo. Falla, monga anthu a m'nthawi yake - olemba I. Albeniz ndi E. Granados, ankafuna kuyika mfundo zokongola za Renacimiento mu ntchito yake.

Falla adalandira maphunziro ake oyamba a nyimbo kuchokera kwa amayi ake. Kenaka adaphunzira maphunziro a piyano kuchokera kwa X. Trago, yemwe pambuyo pake adaphunzira ku Madrid Conservatory, komwe adaphunziranso mgwirizano ndi counterpoint. Ali ndi zaka 14, Falla anali atayamba kale kulembera nyimbo zoimbira chipinda, ndipo mu 1897-1904. analemba zidutswa za piyano ndi 5 zarzuelas. Fallu adakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pazaka zophunzira ndi Pedrel (1902-04), yemwe adatsogolera woyimba wachinyamatayo kuti aphunzire za chikhalidwe cha Chisipanishi. Zotsatira zake, ntchito yoyamba yofunikira idawonekera - opera A Short Life (1905). Cholembedwa pachiwembu chochititsa chidwi cha moyo wa anthu wamba, chili ndi zithunzi zowoneka bwino komanso zowona zamaganizidwe, zojambula zokongola zamitundu. Opera iyi inapatsidwa mphoto yoyamba pa mpikisano wa Madrid Academy of Fine Arts mu 1905. M'chaka chomwecho, Falla anapambana mphoto yoyamba pa mpikisano wa piyano ku Madrid. Amapereka masewera ambiri, amapereka maphunziro a piyano, amalemba.

Chofunikira kwambiri pakukulitsa malingaliro aluso a Falla ndikuwongolera luso lake chinali kukhala kwake ku Paris (1907-14) komanso kulumikizana mwaluso ndi oimba otchuka achi French C. Debussy ndi M. Ravel. Paupangiri wa P. Duke mu 1912, Falla adakonzanso zosewerera za "A Short Life", zomwe zidachitika ku Nice ndi Paris. Mu 1914, woimbayo anabwerera ku Madrid, kumene, mwa njira yake, gulu loimba linalengedwa kuti lipititse patsogolo nyimbo zakale ndi zamakono za oimba a ku Spain. Zochitika zomvetsa chisoni za Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse zikuwonekera mu "Pemphero la amayi omwe agwira ana awo aamuna m'manja mwawo" chifukwa cha mawu ndi piyano (1914).

Mu 1910-20. Maonekedwe a Falla amatengera kukwanira. Imagwirizanitsa bwino zomwe nyimbo za Western Europe zimapindula ndi miyambo yamtundu wa Chisipanishi. Izi zidaphatikizidwa momveka bwino mumayendedwe a mawu akuti "Nyimbo Zisanu ndi ziwiri za Anthu a ku Spain" (1914), mu ballet imodzi yapantomime yoyimba "Love the Magician" (1915), yomwe ikuwonetsa zithunzi za moyo wa ma gypsies aku Spain. M'mawonekedwe a symphonic (malinga ndi dzina la wolemba) "Nights in the Gardens of Spain" ya piyano ndi orchestra (1909-15), Falla amaphatikiza mawonekedwe a French impressionism ndi Spanish maziko. Chifukwa cha mgwirizano ndi S. Diaghilev, ballet "Cocked Hat" inawonekera, yomwe inadziwika kwambiri. Anthu odziwika bwino azikhalidwe monga choreographer L. Massine, kondakitala E. Ansermet, wojambula P. Picasso adatenga nawo gawo pakupanga ndi kuchita kwa ballet. Falla amapeza ulamuliro pamlingo waku Europe. Pempho la woyimba piyano wodziwika bwino A. Rubinstein, Falla akulemba kachidutswa kokongola kwambiri "Betic Fantasy", kutengera mitu ya anthu aku Andalusi. Imagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyambira kuchokera kumasewera a gitala aku Spain.

Kuyambira 1921, Falla wakhala ku Granada, komwe, pamodzi ndi F. Garcia Lorca, mu 1922 adakonza Chikondwerero cha Cante Jondo, chomwe chinali ndi anthu ambiri. Ku Granada, Falla analemba ntchito yoyambirira ya nyimbo ndi zisudzo Maestro Pedro's Pavilion (yochokera pa chiwembu cha mitu ya Don Quixote ndi M. Cervantes), yomwe imaphatikiza zinthu za opera, ballet ya pantomime ndi zidole. Nyimbo za ntchitoyi zikuphatikiza mbali za nthano za Castile. Mu 20s. mu ntchito ya Falla, mawonekedwe a neoclassicism amawonekera. Amawoneka bwino mu Concerto ya clavicembalo, chitoliro, oboe, clarinet, violin ndi cello (1923-26), yoperekedwa kwa woyimba zeze wa ku Poland W. Landdowska. Kwa zaka zambiri, Falla adagwira ntchito pabwalo lalikulu la cantata Atlantis (kutengera ndakatulo ya J. Verdaguer y Santalo). Idamalizidwa ndi wophunzira wa wolemba nyimbo E. Alfter ndipo adachita ngati oratorio mu 1961, ndipo monga opera adachitidwa ku La Scala mu 1962. M'zaka zake zomaliza, Falla ankakhala ku Argentina, kumene anakakamizika kusamuka kuchokera ku Spain Francoist. mu 1939.

Nyimbo za Falla kwa nthawi yoyamba zikuphatikiza chikhalidwe cha Chisipanishi m'mawonekedwe ake, opanda malire amderalo. Ntchito yake inachititsa kuti nyimbo za Chisipanishi zikhale zofanana ndi masukulu ena a Kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndipo zinachititsa kuti adziwike padziko lonse lapansi.

V. Ilyeva