Claudio Arrau (Claudio Arrau) |

Claudio Arrau

M’zaka zake zakumapeto, kholo lakale la kuimba piyano ku Ulaya, Edwin Fischer, anakumbukira kuti: “Nthaŵi ina njonda ina yachilendo inadza kwa ine ndi mwana wamwamuna amene anafuna kundisonyeza. Ndinamufunsa mnyamatayo zimene akufuna kusewera, ndipo anayankha kuti: “Ukufuna chiyani? Ndimasewera a Bach…” Mphindi zochepa chabe, ndidachita chidwi kwambiri ndi luso lapadera la mwana wazaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Koma panthawiyo sindinamve chikhumbo chofuna kuphunzitsa ndipo ndinamutumiza kwa mphunzitsi wanga Martin Krause. Pambuyo pake, mwana waluso ameneyu anakhala mmodzi wa oimba piyano otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse.”

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Mwana uyu anali Claudio Arrau. Anabwera ku Berlin atangoyamba kuwonekera pa siteji ngati mwana wazaka 6 ku likulu la Chile Santiago, akupereka konsati ya ntchito za Beethoven, Schubert ndi Chopin ndikuchititsa chidwi omvera kotero kuti boma linamupatsa maphunziro apadera. kuphunzira ku Europe. Mtsikana wazaka 15 wa ku Chile anamaliza maphunziro awo ku Stern Conservatory ku Berlin m'kalasi la M. Krause, yemwe kale anali wodziwa masewera olimbitsa thupi - adayambanso ku 1914. kusungitsa malo: zochitika zamakonsati sizinasokoneze maphunziro olimba, osafulumira, maphunziro osunthika, komanso kukulitsa malingaliro ake. Nzosadabwitsa kuti Shternovsky Conservatory yomweyo mu 1925 anamulandira m'makoma ake kale monga mphunzitsi!

Kugonjetsa magawo a konsati yapadziko lonse kunalinso kwapang'onopang'ono ndipo sikunali kophweka - kunatsatira kusintha kwa luso, kukankhira malire a repertoire, kugonjetsa zisonkhezero, nthawi zina zamphamvu (zoyamba Busoni, d'Albert, Teresa Carregno, pambuyo pake Fischer ndi Schnabel), kupanga zawo. kuchita mfundo . Pamene mu 1923 wojambulayo anayesa "kusokoneza" anthu a ku America, kuyesa kumeneku kunatha molephera; pambuyo pa 1941, atasamukira ku United States, Arrau adalandira kuzindikira konsekonse kuno. Zowona, m’dziko lakwawo analandiridwa mwamsanga monga ngwazi ya dziko; anabwerera kuno koyamba mu 1921, ndipo patapita zaka zingapo, misewu ya likulu la dzikolo ndi tawuni ya kwawo ya Chillán inatchedwa dzina la Claudio Arrau, ndipo boma linampatsa pasipoti yosadziwika bwino ya ukazembe kuti atsogolere alendo. Pokhala nzika yaku America mu 1941, wojambulayo sanasiye kuyanjana ndi Chile, adayambitsa sukulu yoimba pano, yomwe pambuyo pake idakula kukhala malo osungiramo zinthu zakale. Patapita nthawi, pamene a Pinochet fascists adalanda ulamuliro m'dzikoli, Arrau anakana kulankhula kunyumba potsutsa. "Sindibwerera kumeneko Pinochet ali ndi mphamvu," adatero.

Ku Ulaya, Arrau anali ndi mbiri kwa nthawi yaitali monga "katswiri wapamwamba kwambiri", "virtuoso pamwamba pa zonse".

Zoonadi, pamene chifaniziro chaluso cha wojambulayo chinali kupangidwa, luso lake linali litafikira kale ungwiro ndi nzeru. Ngakhale misampha yakunja yopambana idatsagana naye mosalekeza, nthawi zonse amatsagana ndi malingaliro odabwitsa a otsutsa omwe adamunyoza chifukwa cha zikhalidwe zachikhalidwe zaukoma - kungoyang'ana, kutanthauzira mwadala, kuthamanga kwadala. Izi ndizo zomwe zinachitika paulendo woyamba ku USSR, pamene adadza kwa ife mu halo ya wopambana wa mpikisano woyamba wapadziko lonse wa nthawi yathu, womwe unachitikira ku Geneva mu 1927. Arrau adasewera madzulo amodzi ndi concertos oimba - Chopin (No. 2), Beethoven (No. 4) ndi Tchaikovsky (No. 1), ndiyeno pulogalamu yaikulu payekha yomwe inaphatikizapo "Petrushka" ya Stravinsky, "Islamey" ya Balakirev, Sonata mu B wamng'ono Chopin, Partita ndi ma preludes awiri ndi fugues kuchokera ku Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, chidutswa cha Debussy. Ngakhale kumbuyo kwa anthu otchuka akunja, Arrau adachita chidwi ndi njira yodabwitsa, "kukakamiza kwamphamvu", ufulu wokhala ndi zida zonse zoyimba piyano, njira ya chala, kuwongolera, kulimba mtima, kukongola kwa phale lake. Anakantha - koma sanapambane mitima ya okonda nyimbo ku Moscow.

Malingaliro a ulendo wake wachiwiri mu 1968 anali osiyana. Wotsutsa L. Zhivov analemba kuti: “Arrau anasonyeza luso loimba piyano mwanzeru ndipo anasonyeza kuti sanataye kalikonse monga katswiri waluso, ndipo koposa zonse, anapeza nzeru ndi kukhwima kwa kumasulira. Woyimba piyano samawonetsa kupsa mtima kosadziletsa, samaphika ngati mnyamata, koma, monga mwala wonyezimira amasilira mbali za mwala wamtengo wapatali kudzera mugalasi la kuwala, iye, atazindikira kuya kwa ntchitoyo, amagawana zomwe adapeza ndi omvera, kusonyeza mbali zosiyanasiyana za ntchito, kulemera ndi kuchenjera kwa malingaliro, kukongola kwakumverera komwe kumayikidwa mmenemo. Ndipo kotero nyimbo zochitidwa ndi Arrau zimasiya kukhala nthawi yowonetsera makhalidwe ake; m'malo mwake, wojambulayo, monga katswiri wodalirika wa lingaliro la wolembayo, mwanjira ina amagwirizanitsa omvera mwachindunji ndi Mlengi wa nyimbo.

Ndipo kuchita kotereku, tikuwonjezera, pamphamvu kwambiri yodzoza, kumawunikira holoyo ndi kuwala kwamoto weniweni wolenga. "Mzimu wa Beethoven, maganizo a Beethoven - ndi zomwe Arrau ankalamulira," anatsindika D. Rabinovich mu ndemanga yake ya konsati yokha ya wojambula. Anayamikiranso kwambiri sewero la ma concerto a Brahms: “Apa ndipamene kuzama kwaluntha kwa Arrau ndi chizoloŵezi cha maganizo, mawu omveka ndi kamvekedwe kamphamvu ka mawu, ufulu woimba ndi kulingalira kosasunthika kwa nyimbo kumagonjetsadi. - chifukwa chake mawonekedwe opangidwa, kuphatikiza kuyaka kwamkati ndi bata lakunja ndi kudziletsa kwakukulu pofotokoza zakukhosi; chifukwa chake zokonda zimaperekedwa pakuyenda pang'onopang'ono komanso kusinthasintha kwapakati.

Pakati pa maulendo awiri a woyimba piyano ku USSR pali zaka makumi anayi za ntchito yovuta komanso kudzitukumula mosatopa, zaka makumi angapo zomwe zimapangitsa kumvetsetsa ndi kufotokoza zomwe otsutsa a ku Moscow, omwe adamumva "ndiye" ndi "tsopano", ankawoneka ngati. kukhala kusintha kosayembekezereka kwa wojambulayo, zomwe zinawakakamiza kutaya malingaliro awo akale za iye. Koma kodi ndizosowa kwenikweni?

Njirayi ikuwoneka bwino muzojambula za Arrau - pali zonse zomwe sizinasinthe komanso zomwe zimakhala zotsatira za chitukuko cha ojambula. Yoyamba ndi mayina a akale kwambiri azaka za m'ma 1956, omwe amapanga maziko a repertoire yake: Beethoven, Schumann, Chopin, Brahms, Liszt. Inde, izi siziri zonse - amatanthauzira momveka bwino ma concerto a Grieg ndi Tchaikovsky, mofunitsitsa amasewera Ravel, mobwerezabwereza anatembenukira ku nyimbo za Schubert ndi Weber; nyimbo yake ya Mozart, yomwe inaperekedwa m’chaka cha 200 mogwirizana ndi chaka cha 1967 cha kubadwa kwa wolembayo, inakhala yosaiŵalika kwa omvera. Mu mapulogalamu ake mungapeze mayina a Bartok, Stravinsky, Britten, ngakhale Schoenberg ndi Messiaen. Malinga ndi wojambulayo mwiniwake, pofika zaka 63 kukumbukira kwake kunasunga makonsati 76 ndi oimba ndi zina zambiri payekhapayekha kuti zikanakwanira pamapulogalamu XNUMX akonsati!

Kuphatikiza muzojambula zake zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masukulu amtundu uliwonse, kudziwika kwa repertoire ndi kusinthasintha, ungwiro wa masewerawa adapatsanso wofufuza I. Kaiser chifukwa cholankhula za "chinsinsi cha Arrau", za zovuta pakuzindikira mawonekedwe ake. mawonekedwe ake opanga. Koma kwenikweni, maziko ake, chithandizo chake chiri mu nyimbo za zaka za m'ma 1935. Maganizo a Arrau pa nyimbo zomwe zikuimbidwa zikusintha. Kwa zaka zambiri, amakhala "osankha" kwambiri posankha ntchito, akusewera zomwe zili pafupi ndi umunthu wake, amayesetsa kumangirira pamodzi mavuto a luso ndi kutanthauzira, kupereka chidwi chapadera ku chiyero cha kalembedwe ndi mafunso a phokoso. Ndikoyenera kuwona momwe kusewera kwake kumasonyezera kusinthika kosasintha kwa kalembedwe ka Beethoven pojambula ma concerto onse asanu opangidwa ndi B. Haitink! Pachifukwa ichi, maganizo ake kwa Bach akuwonetseranso - Bach yemweyo yemwe adasewera "kokha" ali mnyamata wazaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Mu 12, Arrau adagwira maulendo a Bach ku Berlin ndi Vienna, omwe anali ndi makonsati XNUMX, momwe pafupifupi nyimbo zonse za oimba zidachitika. "Chifukwa chake ndidayesa kulowa mumayendedwe ake a Bach, kudziko lake lomveka, kuti ndidziwe umunthu wake." Zowonadi, Arrau adapeza zambiri ku Bach kwa iye yekha komanso kwa omvera ake. Ndipo pamene anaitsegula, “mwadzidzidzi anapeza kuti kunali kosatheka kuimba nyimbo zake pa piyano. Ndipo ngakhale ndimalemekeza kwambiri wolemba wanzeru, kuyambira pano sindimasewera ntchito zake pamaso pa anthu "... Arrau amakhulupirira kuti woimbayo amayenera kuphunzira lingaliro ndi kalembedwe ka wolemba aliyense, "zomwe zimafuna kuphunzitsidwa bwino, chidziwitso chozama cha nthawi yomwe wolembayo amagwirizanitsidwa nayo, mkhalidwe wake wamaganizo pa nthawi ya chilengedwe. Amapanga imodzi mwa mfundo zake zazikulu ponse paŵiri m’kachitidwe ndi kaphunzitsidwe motere: “Peŵani zikhulupiriro. Ndipo chofunika kwambiri ndi kutengeka kwa "mawu oimba", ndiko kuti, ungwiro waluso chifukwa palibe zolemba ziwiri zofanana mu crescendo ndi decrescendo. Mawu otsatirawa a Arrau ndi ochititsa chidwinso: "Popenda ntchito iliyonse, ndimayesetsa kudzipangira ndekha chithunzithunzi chamtundu wa mawu omwe angagwirizane nawo kwambiri." Ndipo kamodzi ananena kuti woyimba piyano weniweni ayenera kukhala wokonzeka “kukwaniritsa cholowa chenicheni popanda kuthandizidwa ndi pedal.” Iwo omwe adamva Arrau akusewera sadzakayikira kuti iye mwini amatha kuchita izi ...

Zotsatira zachindunji za malingaliro awa pa nyimbo ndizodziwikiratu za Arrau pamapulogalamu ndi zolemba. Kumbukirani kuti paulendo wake wachiwiri ku Moscow, poyamba anachita ma sonata asanu a Beethoven, kenako ma concerto awiri a Brahm. Zinali zosiyana chotani nanga ndi 1929! Koma nthawi yomweyo, osati kuthamangitsa chipambano chophweka, amachimwa kwambiri ndi maphunziro. Ena, monga amati, "zoseweredwa" (monga "Appassionata") nthawi zina saphatikizepo mapulogalamu kwa zaka zambiri. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti m'zaka zaposachedwapa iye makamaka anatembenukira ku ntchito ya Liszt, kusewera, mwa ntchito zina, mawu ake onse mafotokozedwe. "Izi sizongopeka chabe," Arrau akutsindika. "Omwe akufuna kutsitsimutsa Liszt virtuoso amayambira pabodza. Zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri kuyamikira Liszt woimbayo kachiwiri. Ndikufuna potsiriza kuthetsa kusamvana kwachikale komwe Liszt adalemba ndime zake kuti asonyeze njira. Muzolemba zake zazikulu zimakhala ngati njira yofotokozera - ngakhale muzolemba zake zovuta kwambiri, momwe adalenga china chatsopano kuchokera pamutu, ngati sewero laling'ono. Zitha kuwoneka ngati nyimbo zabwino kwambiri ngati zikuseweredwa ndi metronomic pedantry yomwe tsopano yatchuka. Koma “kulondola” kumeneku ndi mwambo woipa chabe, wochokera ku umbuli. Kukhulupirika kwamtunduwu ku zolemba ndi kosiyana ndi mpweya wa nyimbo, ku chirichonse chomwe chimatchedwa nyimbo. Ngati amakhulupirira kuti Beethoven iyenera kuseweredwa momasuka momwe mungathere, ndiye kuti ku Liszt kulondola kwa metronomic ndizopanda pake. Akufuna woyimba piyano wa Mephistopheles!”

Chotero moona "Mephistopheles woyimba piyano" ndi Claudio Arrau - mosatopa, wodzala ndi mphamvu, nthawi zonse kuyesetsa patsogolo. Maulendo aatali, zojambulira zambiri, zophunzitsa ndi zolemba - zonsezi zinali zomwe zili m'moyo wa wojambula, yemwe nthawi ina amatchedwa "super virtuoso", ndipo tsopano amatchedwa "piano strategist", "wolemekezeka pa piyano" , woimira "lyrical intellectualism". Arrau adakondwerera kubadwa kwake kwa zaka 75 mu 1978 ndi ulendo wopita kumayiko 14 ku Europe ndi America, pomwe adapereka ma concert 92 ndikulemba zolemba zingapo zatsopano. Iye anati: “Sindikhoza kuchita zambiri. "Ndikapuma, ndiye kuti zimakhala zowopsa kwa ine kupitanso pa siteji" ... .

Madzulo a kubadwa kwake kwa zaka 80, Arrau anachepetsa chiwerengero cha makonsati pachaka (kuchokera zana mpaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi kapena makumi asanu ndi awiri), koma anapitiriza ulendo wake ku Ulaya, North America, Brazil ndi Japan. Mu 1984, kwa nthawi yoyamba pambuyo yopuma yaitali, makonsati woyimba piyano kunachitika kwawo ku Chile, chaka chimodzi zisanachitike kuti anali kupereka Chile National Arts Prize.

Claudio Arrau anamwalira ku Austria mu 1991 ndipo anaikidwa m’manda kwawo ku Chillan.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.