Robert Schumann |

Robert Schuman

Kuwunikira mu kuya kwa mtima wa munthu - ndi ntchito ya wojambula. R. Schumann

P. Tchaikovsky amakhulupirira kuti mibadwo yamtsogolo idzatcha zaka za zana la XNUMX. Nthawi ya Schumann mu mbiri ya nyimbo. Ndipo ndithudi, nyimbo za Schumann zinagwira chinthu chachikulu mu luso la nthawi yake - zomwe zili mkati mwake zinali "njira zosadziwika bwino za moyo wauzimu" wa munthu, cholinga chake - kulowa mu "kuya kwa mtima wa munthu."

R. Schumann anabadwira m’tauni ya Zwickau ya chigawo cha Saxon, m’banja la wofalitsa ndi wogulitsa mabuku August Schumann, yemwe anamwalira kumayambiriro (1826), koma anatha kupereka kwa mwana wake mkhalidwe wolemekeza zaluso ndi kum’limbikitsa kuphunzira nyimbo. ndi woimba wamba I. Kuntsch. Kuyambira ali wamng'ono, Schumann ankakonda kuimba piyano, ali ndi zaka 13 analemba Masalimo a kwaya ndi oimba, koma nyimbo zinamukopa ku mabuku, zomwe adaphunzira kwambiri m'zaka zake. malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi. Mnyamata wokonda chikondi analibe chidwi ndi malamulo, zomwe adaphunzira ku yunivesite ya Leipzig ndi Heidelberg (1828-30).

Maphunziro ndi mphunzitsi wotchuka wa piyano F. Wieck, amapita kumakonsati ku Leipzig, kudziŵa bwino ntchito za F. Schubert kunathandizira kuti asankhe kudzipereka pa nyimbo. Ndizovuta kuthana ndi kutsutsa kwa achibale ake, Schumann anayamba maphunziro a piyano kwambiri, koma matenda a dzanja lake lamanja (chifukwa cha kuphunzitsidwa kwa makina a zala) anatseka ntchito yake monga woyimba piyano kwa iye. Ndi chidwi chochuluka, Schumann amadzipereka yekha kupanga nyimbo, amatenga maphunziro a nyimbo kuchokera kwa G. Dorn, amaphunzira ntchito ya JS Bach ndi L. Beethoven. Kale woyamba lofalitsidwa limba ntchito (Kusiyanasiyana pa mutu Abegg, "Gulugufe", 1830-31) anasonyeza kudziimira payokha wolemba wamng'ono.

Kuyambira 1834, Schumann anakhala mkonzi ndiyeno wofalitsa New Musical Journal, amene cholinga chake ndi kulimbana ndi ntchito zachiphamaso za oimba virtuoso amene anasefukira siteji konsati pa nthawi imeneyo, ndi handicraft kutsanzira tingachipeze powerenga, chifukwa cha luso latsopano, zakuya. , owunikiridwa ndi kudzoza kwa ndakatulo. M'nkhani zake, zolembedwa mu mawonekedwe oyambirira aluso - nthawi zambiri muzithunzi, zokambirana, aphorisms, ndi zina zotero - Schumann amapereka owerenga ndi luso lazojambula zenizeni, zomwe amaziwona mu ntchito za F. Schubert ndi F. Mendelssohn , F. Chopin ndi G Berlioz, mu nyimbo za Viennese classics, mu masewera a N. Paganini ndi woimba piyano wamng'ono Clara Wieck, mwana wamkazi wa mphunzitsi wake. Schumann adatha kusonkhanitsa anthu amalingaliro ofanana omwe adawonekera pamasamba a magazini monga Davidsbündlers - mamembala a "David Brotherhood" ("Davidsbund"), mtundu wa mgwirizano wauzimu wa oimba enieni. Schumann mwiniyo nthawi zambiri amasaina ndemanga zake ndi mayina a Davidsbündlers Florestan ndi Eusebius. Florestan amakonda kukwera ndi kutsika kwamphamvu kwa zongopeka, zododometsa, ziweruzo za Eusebius wolota zimakhala zofewa. M'gulu la masewero "Carnival" (1834-35), Schumann amapanga zithunzi za nyimbo za Davidsbündlers - Chopin, Paganini, Clara (m'dzina la Chiarina), Eusebius, Florestan.

Kulimbana kwakukulu kwamphamvu zauzimu ndi kukwera kwapamwamba kwa luso la kulenga ("Zidutswa Zodabwitsa", "Zovina za Davidsbündlers", Fantasia mu C yaikulu, "Kreisleriana", "Novelettes", "Humoresque", "Viennese Carnival") anabweretsa Schumann. theka lachiwiri la 30s. , yomwe inadutsa pansi pa chizindikiro cha kulimbana kwa ufulu wogwirizana ndi Clara Wieck (F. Wieck m'njira iliyonse yolepheretsa ukwati umenewu). Pofuna kupeza bwalo lalikulu la ntchito zake zoimba ndi utolankhani, Schumann amathera nyengo ya 1838-39. ku Vienna, koma oyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira Metternich adalepheretsa kuti magaziniyi isafalitsidwe kumeneko. Ku Vienna, Schumann adapeza zolembedwa pamanja za Symphony "yachikulu" ya Schubert mu C yayikulu, imodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri za nyimbo zachikondi.

1840 - chaka cha mgwirizano womwe ukuyembekezeredwa kwa nthawi yayitali ndi Clara - idakhala chaka cha nyimbo cha Schumann. Kukhudzika kodabwitsa kwa ndakatulo, chidziwitso chozama cha ntchito ya anthu a m'nthawi imeneyo chinathandizira kukwaniritsidwa kwa nyimbo zambirimbiri komanso nyimbo zapayekha za mgwirizano weniweni ndi ndakatulo, mawonekedwe enieni a nyimbo za mawu a ndakatulo a G. Heine ("Circle of Nyimbo” op. 24, “The Poet’s Love”), I. Eichendorff (“Circle of Songs”, op. 39), A. Chamisso (“Love and Life of a Woman”), R. Burns, F. Rückert, J. Byron, GX Andersen ndi ena. Ndipo pambuyo pake, gawo lachidziwitso cha mawu linapitiriza kukula ntchito zodabwitsa ("Nyimbo zisanu ndi imodzi za N. Lenau" ndi Requiem - 1850, "Nyimbo zochokera ku "Wilhelm Meister" ndi IV Goethe "- 1849, etc.).

Moyo ndi ntchito ya Schumann mu 40-50s. kumayenda mosinthana kukwera ndi kutsika, komwe kumakhudzana kwambiri ndi matenda amisala, zizindikiro zoyamba zomwe zidawoneka kale mu 1833. likulu la Saxony mu 40-1845. ), mogwirizana ndi zochitika zakusintha ku Ulaya, ndi chiyambi cha moyo ku Düsseldorf (50). Schumann analemba zambiri, amaphunzitsa ku Leipzig Conservatory, yomwe inatsegulidwa mu 1850, ndipo kuyambira chaka chomwecho akuyamba kuchita ngati wotsogolera. Ku Dresden ndi Düsseldorf, amatsogoleranso kwaya, kudzipereka yekha kuntchitoyi ndi chidwi. Pa maulendo ochepa omwe adapangidwa ndi Clara, wautali kwambiri komanso wochititsa chidwi kwambiri unali ulendo wopita ku Russia (1843). Kuyambira 1844-60s. Nyimbo za Schumann mwamsanga zinakhala mbali yofunika kwambiri ya chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za ku Russia. Anakondedwa ndi M. Balakirev ndi M. Mussorgsky, A. Borodin makamaka Tchaikovsky, omwe ankaona kuti Schumann ndi wolemba nyimbo wamakono kwambiri. A. Rubinstein anali woimba mwaluntha kwambiri pa ntchito za piyano za Schumann.

Kupanga kwa 40-50s. zodziwika ndi kufalikira kwakukulu kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Schumann amalemba ma symphonies (Choyamba - "Spring", 1841, Chachiwiri, 1845-46; Chachitatu - "Rhine", 1850; Chachinayi, 1841-1st edition, 1851 - 2nd edition), ensembles chamber (3 zingwe 1842 quartet, 3 trios quartet , piano quartet ndi quintet, ensembles ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa clarinet - kuphatikizapo "Nkhani Zodabwitsa" za clarinet, viola ndi piyano, 2 sonatas ya violin ndi piyano, etc.); nyimbo za piyano (1841-45), cello (1850), violin (1853); konsati ya pulogalamu ("Mkwatibwi wa Messina" malinga ndi Schiller, 1851; "Hermann ndi Dorothea" molingana ndi Goethe ndi "Julius Caesar" malinga ndi Shakespeare - 1851), kusonyeza luso losamalira mitundu yakale. Piano Concerto ndi Fourth Symphony zimadziwikiratu chifukwa cha kulimba mtima kwawo pakukonzanso, Quintet mu E-flat yayikulu chifukwa chakugwirizana kwapadera komanso kudzoza kwa malingaliro anyimbo. Chimodzi mwa zomaliza za ntchito yonse ya wolembayo chinali nyimbo ya Byron yochititsa chidwi ndakatulo "Manfred" (1848) - chofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha symphonism yachikondi panjira kuchokera ku Beethoven kupita ku Liszt, Tchaikovsky, Brahms. Schumann sapereka piyano yake yokondedwa (Forest Scenes, 1848-49 ndi zidutswa zina) - ndi phokoso lake lomwe limapangitsa kuti chipinda chake chikhale ndi mawu omveka bwino. Kufufuza kwa wopeka mu gawo la nyimbo zoyimba ndi zisudzo kunali kosatopa (oratorio "Paradaiso ndi Peri" lolemba T. Moore - 1843; Zithunzi zochokera ku "Faust" ya Goethe, 1844-53; ma ballads a solo, kwaya ndi okhestra; ntchito za mitundu yopatulika, ndi zina zotero) . Masewero a Leipzig a Schumann yekha opera Genoveva (1847-48) zochokera F. Gobbel ndi L. Tieck, ofanana chiwembu ndi German okonda "knightly" opera KM Weber ndi R. Wagner, sizinamubweretsere bwino.

Chochitika chachikulu cha zaka zomaliza za moyo wa Schumann chinali msonkhano wake ndi Brahms wazaka makumi awiri. Nkhani yakuti "Njira Zatsopano", momwe Schumann ananeneratu za tsogolo lalikulu la wolowa nyumba wake wauzimu (nthawi zonse ankachitira oimba achichepere ndi chidwi chodabwitsa), anamaliza ntchito yake yofalitsa. Mu February 1854, kuukira koopsa kwa matenda kunayambitsa kuyesa kudzipha. Atakhala zaka 2 m'chipatala (Endenich, pafupi ndi Bonn), Schumann anamwalira. Zambiri mwa zolembedwa pamanja ndi zolemba zimasungidwa mu Nyumba yake yosungiramo zinthu zakale ku Zwickau (Germany), komwe mipikisano ya oyimba piyano, oimba nyimbo ndi ma ensembles am'chipinda amatchulidwa pambuyo pa woipekayo amachitikira nthawi zonse.

Ntchito ya Schumann idawonetsa gawo lokhwima la chikondi chanyimbo ndi chidwi chake chokulirapo pakuwonetsetsa kwazovuta zamaganizidwe amoyo wamunthu. Piyano ya Schumann ndi maulendo a mawu, zambiri za chipinda-zida, nyimbo za symphonic zinatsegula dziko latsopano laluso, mawonekedwe atsopano a nyimbo. Nyimbo za Schumann zitha kuganiziridwa ngati mndandanda wanthawi zoyimba modabwitsa, zomwe zikuwonetsa kusintha komanso kusiyanitsa bwino kwambiri malingaliro amunthu. Izi zithanso kukhala zojambula zanyimbo, zogwira bwino mawonekedwe akunja ndi umunthu wamkati wa chithunzicho.

Schumann anapereka maudindo a pulogalamu kwa ntchito zake zambiri, zomwe zinapangidwa kuti zisangalatse malingaliro a omvera ndi oimba. Ntchito yake imagwirizana kwambiri ndi mabuku - ndi ntchito ya Jean Paul (JP Richter), TA Hoffmann, G. Heine ndi ena. Tizigawo tating'ono ta Schumann titha kufananizidwa ndi ndakatulo zanyimbo, masewero atsatanetsatane - ndi ndakatulo, nkhani zachikondi, pomwe nthano zosiyanasiyana nthawi zina zimalumikizana modabwitsa, zenizeni zimasandulika kukhala zosangalatsa, kusokonezeka kwanyimbo kumachitika, ndi zina zambiri. Pakuzungulira uku kwa zidutswa zongopeka za piyano, komanso mumayendedwe amawu a ndakatulo za Heine "Chikondi cha Ndakatulo", chithunzi cha wojambula wachikondi chimawuka, wolemba ndakatulo weniweni, wokhoza kumva lakuthwa kwambiri, "wamphamvu, wamoto komanso wachifundo. ”, nthawi zina amakakamizika kubisa zenizeni zake monyanyira komanso kunyada, kuti pambuyo pake awulule moona mtima komanso mwachikondi kapena kulowa mmalingaliro akuya ... chisonkhezero chopanduka, chomwe chifaniziro chake chilinso ndi filosofi ndi zomvetsa chisoni. Zithunzi zamakanema achilengedwe, maloto odabwitsa, nthano zakale ndi nthano, zithunzi zaubwana ("Zowoneka za Ana" - 1838; piano (1848) ndi mawu (1849) "Albums for Youth") zimathandizira dziko laluso la woyimba wamkulu, " wolemba ndakatulo wabwino kwambiri”, monga momwe V. Stasov anatchulira.

E. Tsareva

• Moyo ndi ntchito ya Schumann →
• Piyano ya Schumann imagwira ntchito →
• Chamber-instrumental ntchito za Schumann →
• Ntchito ya mawu a Schumann →
• Ntchito za Schumann ndi zochititsa chidwi →
• Ntchito za Symphonic za Schumann →
• Mndandanda wa ntchito za Schumann →

Mawu a Schuman "kuwunikira kuya kwa mtima wa munthu - ichi ndi cholinga cha wojambula" - njira yolunjika yopita ku chidziwitso cha luso lake. Ndi anthu ochepa amene angafanane ndi Schumann pa malowedwe amene akupereka mipata yabwino kwambiri ya moyo wa munthu ndi phokoso. Dziko lakumverera ndi kasupe wosatha wa zithunzi zake zanyimbo ndi ndakatulo.

Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti mawu ena a Schumann akuti: “Munthu sayenera kudziloŵetsa mopambanitsa, pamene kuli kosavuta kunyalanyaza dziko lozungulira.” Ndipo Schumann anatsatira uphungu wake. Pa zaka makumi awiri iye anatenga kulimbana inertia ndi philistinism. (Philistine ndi liwu lachijeremani lachijeremani lomwe limayimira munthu wamalonda, munthu yemwe ali ndi malingaliro obwerera m'mbuyo pa moyo, ndale, zaluso) mu Art. Mzimu wankhondo, wopanduka ndi wokonda kwambiri, unadzaza nyimbo zake ndi zolemba zake zolimba mtima, zotsutsa, zomwe zinatsegula njira ya zochitika zatsopano zamakono.

Kusalumikizana ndi chizolowezi, zonyansa za Schumann zidachitika moyo wake wonse. Koma matendawa, omwe amakula kwambiri chaka chilichonse, amachulukitsa mantha ndi chikondi cha chikhalidwe chake, nthawi zambiri amalepheretsa chidwi ndi mphamvu zomwe adadzipereka nazo ku nyimbo ndi zochitika zamagulu. Kuvuta kwa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ndi ndale ku Germany panthawiyo kunalinso ndi zotsatira. Komabe, m'mikhalidwe ya theka-feudal reactionary boma dongosolo, Schumann anatha kusunga chiyero cha makhalidwe abwino, nthawi zonse kukhala mwa iye yekha ndi kudzutsa moto kulenga ena.

“Palibe chenicheni chimene chimapangidwa m’zojambula popanda kuchita changu,” mawu odabwitsa ameneŵa a wolemba nyimboyo amavumbula chenicheni cha zokhumba zake za kulenga. Wojambula wozindikira komanso woganiza mozama, sakanachitira mwina koma kuyankha kuyitanidwa kwanthawiyo, kugonja ku chikoka chanthawi ya zigawenga ndi nkhondo zomasula dziko zomwe zidagwedeza Europe mzaka zoyambirira za zana la XNUMX.

Kusazolowereka kwachikondi kwa zithunzi za nyimbo ndi nyimbo, chilakolako chimene Schumann anabweretsa ku ntchito zake zonse, chinasokoneza mtendere wa tulo wa Afilisti a ku Germany. N'zosadabwitsa kuti ntchito Schumann anatonthozedwa ndi atolankhani ndipo sanapeze kuzindikirika mu dziko lakwawo kwa nthawi yaitali. Njira ya moyo wa Schumann inali yovuta. Kuyambira pachiyambi, kulimbana kwa ufulu kukhala woimba kunatsimikizira mkhalidwe wovuta komanso nthawi zina wamanjenje wamoyo wake. Kugwa kwa maloto nthawi zina kunasinthidwa ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwadzidzidzi kwa ziyembekezo, mphindi zachisangalalo chachikulu - kuvutika maganizo kwakukulu. Zonsezi zinalembedwa m'masamba onjenjemera a nyimbo za Schumann.

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Kwa anthu a m’nthaŵi ya Schumann, ntchito yakeyo inkawoneka ngati yachinsinsi ndiponso yosafikirika. Chilankhulo chachilendo chanyimbo, zithunzi zatsopano, mitundu yatsopano - zonsezi zimafuna kumvetsera mozama komanso kukangana, zachilendo kwa omvera m'malo ochitirako konsati.

Zomwe zinachitikira Liszt, yemwe anayesa kulimbikitsa nyimbo za Schumann, zinatha momvetsa chisoni. M’kalata yopita kwa wolemba mbiri ya Schumann, Liszt analemba kuti: “Nthaŵi zambiri ndinkalephera kuchita maseŵero a Schumann m’nyumba za anthu ndi m’makonsati moti ndinalimba mtima kuziika pazikwangwani zanga.”

Koma ngakhale pakati pa oimba, luso Schumann anafika njira yake kumvetsa movutikira. Osanenapo za Mendelssohn, yemwe mzimu wopanduka wa Schumann unali wachilendo kwambiri, Liszt yemweyo - mmodzi mwa akatswiri ozindikira komanso okhudzidwa kwambiri - adalandira Schumann pang'ono, ndikudzilola yekha ufulu wotere monga kuchita "Carnival" ndi mabala.

Kuyambira m'ma 50s, nyimbo za Schumann zinayamba kuzika mizu m'moyo wa nyimbo ndi konsati, kuti zikhale ndi anthu ambiri omwe amawakonda komanso okondedwa. Pakati pa anthu oyambirira amene anaona kufunika kwake kwenikweni anali otsogolera Russian oimba. Anton Grigoryevich Rubinshtein ankaimba kwambiri ndi mofunitsitsa Schumann, ndipo anali ndendende ndi sewero la "Carnival" ndi "Symphonic Etudes" kuti anachititsa chidwi kwambiri omvera.

Chikondi cha Schumann chinatsimikiziridwa mobwerezabwereza ndi Tchaikovsky ndi atsogoleri a Mighty Handful. Tchaikovsky analankhula mozama za Schumann, powona zamakono osangalatsa a ntchito ya Schumann, zachilendo za zomwe zili mkati, zachilendo za kulingalira kwa nyimbo za wolembayo. "Nyimbo za Schumann," analemba Tchaikovsky, "zogwirizana ndi ntchito ya Beethoven ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo kudzipatula kwambiri, zimatsegula dziko lonse la mitundu yatsopano ya nyimbo kwa ife, zimakhudza zingwe zomwe akale ake akuluakulu sanakhudzebe. M'menemo timapeza kugwirizana kwa machitidwe odabwitsa auzimu a moyo wathu wa uzimu, kukayikira kuja, kutaya mtima ndi zikhumbo zomwe zimagonjetsa mtima wa munthu wamakono.

Schumann ndi wa m'badwo wachiwiri wa oimba chikondi amene m'malo Weber, Schubert. Schumann m'mbali zambiri anayamba kuchokera malemu Schubert, kuchokera mzere wa ntchito yake, imene nyimbo-zochititsa chidwi ndi zamaganizo anachita mbali yaikulu.

Mutu waukulu wa kulenga wa Schumann ndi dziko la mkati mwa munthu, moyo wake wamaganizo. Pali mawonekedwe a ngwazi ya Schumann yomwe ili yofanana ndi ya Schubert, palinso zambiri zatsopano, zobadwa mwa wojambula wa m'badwo wosiyana, wokhala ndi malingaliro ndi malingaliro ovuta komanso otsutsana. Zithunzi zaluso ndi ndakatulo za Schumann, zosalimba komanso zoyengedwa bwino, zidabadwa m'maganizo, ndikuzindikira kutsutsana komwe kumachulukirachulukira nthawiyo. Zinali zovuta kwambiri zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zochitika za moyo zomwe zinayambitsa mikangano yodabwitsa komanso mphamvu ya "mphamvu ya Schumann" (Asafiev). Palibe m'modzi wa Schumann wa ku Western Europe, kupatula Chopin, yemwe ali ndi chidwi chotere komanso malingaliro osiyanasiyana.

Mu chikhalidwe chomvera mantha cha Schumann, kumverera kwa kusiyana pakati pa kuganiza, umunthu wokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zochitika zenizeni za zochitika zozungulira, zomwe zimachitikira akatswiri otsogolera a nthawiyo, zimakulitsidwa kwambiri. Amafuna kudzaza kusakwanira kwa kukhalapo ndi zongopeka zake, kutsutsa moyo wosawoneka bwino ndi dziko loyenera, malo a maloto ndi zopeka za ndakatulo. Potsirizira pake, izi zinachititsa kuti kuchulukitsa kwa zochitika za moyo kunayamba kuchepa mpaka kumalire a gawo laumwini, moyo wamkati. Kudzikuza, kuganizira za momwe munthu akumvera, zomwe zinamuchitikira zinalimbikitsa kukula kwa mfundo zamaganizo mu ntchito ya Schumann.

Chirengedwe, moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, dziko lonse lokhala ndi cholinga, titero, zimadalira momwe wojambulayo alili, amapangidwa ndi maonekedwe ake. Chilengedwe mu ntchito ya Schumann palibe kunja kwa zochitika zake; nthawi zonse amawonetsa malingaliro ake, amatenga mtundu wolingana nawo. Zomwezo zikhoza kunenedwa za zithunzi zochititsa chidwi-zosangalatsa. M'ntchito ya Schumann, poyerekeza ndi ntchito ya Weber kapena Mendelssohn, kugwirizana ndi kukongola kopangidwa ndi malingaliro a anthu kumachepa kwambiri. Zongopeka za Schumann ndi zongopeka chabe za masomphenya ake, nthawi zina zodabwitsa komanso zowoneka bwino, zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi sewero lamalingaliro aluso.

Kulimbikitsidwa kwa kumvera komanso zolinga zamaganizidwe, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapangidwira, sizimachotsa phindu lapadera la nyimbo za Schumann, chifukwa zochitikazi ndizofanana kwambiri ndi nthawi ya Schumann. Belinsky adalankhula modabwitsa za kufunika kwa mfundo yodziyimira payokha mu zaluso: "Mu talente yayikulu, kupitilira muyeso wamkati, wokhazikika ndi chizindikiro cha umunthu. Musaope malangizo awa: sichidzakupusitsani, sichidzakusokeretsani. Wandakatulo wamkulu, akuyankhula za iyemwini, zake я, amalankhula za ambiri - za umunthu, chifukwa mu chikhalidwe chake muli chirichonse chimene anthu amakhala nacho. Ndipo kotero, mu chisoni chake, mu moyo wake, aliyense amazindikira zake ndipo amawona mwa iye osati yekha ndakatulokoma anthum'bale wake mu umunthu. Pomuzindikira kuti ndi wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa iye, aliyense nthawi yomweyo amazindikira ubale wake ndi iye.

Pamodzi ndi kuzama kwa dziko lamkati mu ntchito ya Schumann, njira ina yofunika yofanana ikuchitika: kukula kwa zofunikira za nyimbo kukukulirakulira. Moyo wokha, kudyetsa ntchito ya woimbayo ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana kwambiri, kumayambitsa zinthu zodziwika bwino, zodziwika bwino komanso zowoneka bwino. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu nyimbo zoimbira, zithunzi, zojambula, zowoneka bwino pamakhalidwe awo zimawonekera. Chifukwa chake, zenizeni zenizeni nthawi zina molimba mtima komanso modabwitsa zimasokoneza masamba anyimbo za nyimbo za Schumann. Schumann mwiniyo akuvomereza kuti "amasangalala ndi zonse zomwe zimachitika padziko lapansi - ndale, mabuku, anthu; Ndikuganiza zonsezi mwa njira yanga, ndiyeno zonse zimapempha kuti zituluke, kufunafuna kufotokozera mu nyimbo.

Kulumikizana kosalekeza kwakunja ndi mkati kumadzaza nyimbo za Schumann mosiyanitsa kwambiri. Koma ngwazi yakeyo imatsutsana. Ndipotu, Schumann anapatsa chikhalidwe chake ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana Florestan ndi Eusebius.

Kupanduka, kukangana kwakusaka, kusakhutira ndi moyo kumayambitsa kusintha kwachangu kwa malingaliro - kuchokera ku kukhumudwa kwamphamvu kupita ku kudzoza ndi chidwi chambiri - kapena m'malo mwake amangoganiza mofatsa, kulota mofatsa.

Mwachibadwa, dziko lino lopangidwa kuchokera ku zotsutsana ndi zosiyana linkafuna njira zapadera ndi mawonekedwe kuti likhazikitsidwe. Schumann adawulula mwachangu komanso mwachindunji mu piyano yake ndi mawu ake. Kumeneko adapeza mafomu omwe amamulola kuti azichita nawo mwaufulu masewero osangalatsa a zongopeka, osakakamizidwa ndi machitidwe operekedwa a mafomu omwe adakhazikitsidwa kale. Koma m'mabuku ambiri, mu ma symphonies, mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwanyimbo nthawi zina kumatsutsana ndi lingaliro la mtundu wa symphony ndi kufunikira kwake kwachibadwidwe cha chitukuko chomveka komanso chokhazikika cha lingaliro. Kumbali ina, m'njira imodzi yopita kwa Manfred, kuyandikira kwa mbali zina za ngwazi ya Byron ku dziko lamkati la wolemba nyimboyo kunamulimbikitsa kupanga munthu wozama komanso wokonda chidwi. Academician Asafiev amatcha "Manfred" wa Schumann ngati "munthu wodzikuza" wokhumudwitsidwa, wotayika pagulu.

Masamba ambiri a nyimbo za kukongola kosaneneka ali ndi nyimbo za chipinda cha Schumann. Izi ndizowona makamaka pa piano quintet yokhala ndi chidwi chamayendedwe ake oyamba, zithunzi zomvetsa chisoni zachiwiri komanso mayendedwe omaliza a chikondwerero.

Zatsopano za malingaliro a Schumann zidafotokozedwa muchilankhulo chanyimbo - choyambirira komanso choyambirira. Melody, mgwirizano, rhythm ikuwoneka kuti ikumvera kuyenda pang'ono kwa zithunzi zodabwitsa, kusinthasintha kwa malingaliro. Nyimboyi imakhala yosinthika modabwitsa komanso yotanuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyimbo zantchitozo zikhale ndi mawonekedwe akuthwa mwapadera. "Kumvetsera" mozama ku "zochitika zachinsinsi za moyo wauzimu" kumapangitsa chidwi kwambiri ku mgwirizano. Sizopanda pake kuti mmodzi wa aphorisms a Davidsbündlers akunena kuti: “M’nyimbo, monga mu chess, mfumukazi (nyimbo) ndiyo yofunika koposa, koma mfumu (mgwirizano) ndiyo imasankha nkhaniyo.”

Chirichonse khalidwe, mwangwiro "Schumannian", ophatikizidwa ndi kuwala kwambiri mu nyimbo zake limba. Zachilendo za chinenero cha Schumann zimapeza kupitiriza ndi chitukuko m'mawu ake.

V. Galatskaya

Ntchito ya Schumann ndi imodzi mwamaluso apamwamba kwambiri oimba nyimbo padziko lonse lapansi m'zaka za zana la XNUMX.

Zizolowezi zapamwamba zokometsera za chikhalidwe cha ku Germany chazaka za m'ma 20 ndi 40 zinapeza mawu omveka bwino mu nyimbo zake. Zotsutsana zomwe zili m'ntchito ya Schumann zimasonyeza kutsutsana kwakukulu kwa moyo wa chikhalidwe cha nthawi yake.

Zojambula za Schumann zimadzazidwa ndi mzimu wosakhazikika, wopanduka womwe umamupangitsa kukhala wogwirizana ndi Byron, Heine, Hugo, Berlioz, Wagner ndi akatswiri ena odziwika bwino achikondi.

Oh ndisiye magazi Koma ndipatseni malo posachedwapa. Ndikuchita mantha kuziziritsa pano M'dziko lotembereredwa la amalonda… Ayi, umbava wabwino kwambiri, chiwawa, umbava, Kuposa makhalidwe osunga mabuku ndi ukoma wa nkhope zokhutiritsidwa. Hei mtambo, nditengereni nanu paulendo wautali Wopita ku Lapland, kapena ku Africa, Kapena ku Stettin - kwinakwake! - (Yotembenuzidwa ndi V. Levik)

Heine analemba za tsoka la munthu wina woganiza bwino. Pansi pa mavesi awa Schumann akhoza kulembetsa. M'nyimbo zake zachikondi, zokwiyitsidwa, kutsutsa kwa umunthu wosakhutira ndi wosakhazikika kumamveka nthawi zonse. Ntchito ya Schumann inali yovuta kwa "dziko la amalonda" lodedwa, kusasamala kwake kopusa komanso kudzikhutitsidwa ndi maganizo opapatiza. Polimbikitsidwa ndi mzimu wotsutsa, nyimbo za Schumann zimasonyeza bwino zomwe anthu akufuna komanso zomwe anthu amafuna.

Woganiza ndi malingaliro apamwamba a ndale, womvera mayendedwe osintha zinthu, wodziwika bwino pagulu, wokonda kufalitsa zolinga zamaluso zaluso, Schumann mokwiya adadzudzula kupanda pake kwauzimu, kulimba mtima kwaubwanawe wamasiku ano. Nyimbo zake zachifundo zinali kumbali ya Beethoven, Schubert, Bach, yemwe luso lake linamuthandiza kukhala luso lapamwamba kwambiri. M'ntchito yake, adafuna kudalira miyambo yamtundu wa anthu, pamitundu ya demokalase yomwe imapezeka m'moyo wa Germany.

Ndi chikhumbo chake chobadwa nacho, Schumann adafuna kukonzanso zomwe zili mu nyimbo, mawonekedwe ake ophiphiritsa.

Koma mutu wa kupanduka analandira kwa iye mtundu wa kutanthauzira mnyimbo ndi maganizo. Mosiyana ndi Heine, Hugo, Berlioz ndi ojambula ena okondana, njira zachitukuko sizinali zodziwika kwambiri kwa iye. Schumann ndi wamkulu mwa njira ina. Mbali yabwino kwambiri ya choloŵa chake chosiyanasiyana ndicho “chivomerezo cha mwana wa nthaŵiyo.” Mutuwu udadetsa nkhawa anthu ambiri odziwika bwino a m'nthawi ya Schumann ndipo udaphatikizidwa mu buku la Byron's Manfred, Müller-Schubert's The Winter Journey, ndi Fantastic Symphony ya Berlioz. Dziko lolemera lamkati la wojambula monga chithunzi cha zovuta za moyo weniweni ndizo zomwe zili mu luso la Schumann. Apa woipeka amakwaniritsa kuzama kwamalingaliro ndi mphamvu zofotokozera. Schumann anali woyamba kuwonetsa mu nyimbo zokumana nazo zambiri za mnzake, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mithunzi yawo, kusintha kosawoneka bwino kwamaganizidwe. Sewero la nthawiyo, zovuta zake ndi kusagwirizana kwake kunalandira kutsutsidwa kwapadera m'maganizo a nyimbo za Schumann.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ntchito ya wolembayo imadzazidwa osati ndi chikhumbo chopanduka, komanso ndi kulota kwa ndakatulo. Popanga zithunzi za Florestan ndi Eusebius m'mabuku ake ndi nyimbo, Schumann adaphatikizamo mitundu iwiri yopitilira muyeso yowonetsa kusagwirizana kwachikondi ndi zenizeni. Mu ndakatulo yomwe ili pamwambayi ya Heine, munthu akhoza kuzindikira ngwazi za Schumann - Florestan wotsutsa wotsutsa (amakonda kubera "makhalidwe owerengera a nkhope zodyetsedwa bwino") ndi wolota Eusebius (pamodzi ndi mtambo wotengedwa kupita ku mayiko osadziwika). Mutu wa maloto achikondi umayenda ngati ulusi wofiira pa ntchito yake yonse. Pali china chake chofunikira kwambiri pa mfundo yakuti Schumann adagwirizanitsa imodzi mwa ntchito zake zokondedwa kwambiri komanso zaluso ndi chithunzi cha Hoffmann's Kapellmeister Kreisler. Zolinga zamphepo zowoneka bwino zimapangitsa Schumann kukhala wogwirizana ndi woyimba wopupuluma uyu, wosakhazikika.

Koma, mosiyana ndi chitsanzo chake cholemba, Schumann "sakwera" pamwamba pa zenizeni monga momwe amalembera ndakatulo. Iye ankadziwa kuona akamanena ake ndakatulo pansi pa chipolopolo tsiku ndi tsiku, iye ankadziwa kusankha wokongola kuchokera ku zochitika zenizeni za moyo. Schumann amabweretsa nyimbo zatsopano, zachikondwerero, zonyezimira, zomwe zimawapatsa mitundu yambiri yamitundu.

Pankhani yazatsopano zamitu yaluso ndi zithunzi, malinga ndi kubisika kwake pamaganizidwe komanso zowona, nyimbo za Schumann ndizochitika zomwe zidakulitsa kwambiri malire a luso lanyimbo lazaka za zana la XNUMX.

Ntchito ya Schumann, makamaka ntchito za piyano ndi mawu amawu, zidakhudza kwambiri nyimbo za theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la XNUMX. Zidutswa za piyano ndi ma symphonies a Brahms, ntchito zambiri zoyimba ndi zida za Grieg, ntchito za Wolf, Frank ndi olemba ena ambiri amayambira nyimbo za Schumann. Olemba nyimbo a ku Russia anayamikira kwambiri luso la Schumann. Chikoka chake chinaonekera mu ntchito ya Balakirev, Borodin, Kui, makamaka Tchaikovsky, amene osati mu chipinda, komanso mu sphere symphonic, anayamba ndi generalized ambiri makhalidwe a Schumann aesthetics.

"Tinganene motsimikiza," analemba PI Tchaikovsky, "kuti nyimbo za theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana lino zidzapanga nthawi ya mbiri yakale ya luso, yomwe mibadwo yamtsogolo idzatcha Schumann's. Nyimbo za Schumann, zomwe zili pafupi ndi ntchito ya Beethoven ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo zimapatukana nazo, zimatsegula dziko lonse la mitundu yatsopano ya nyimbo, zimakhudza zingwe zomwe akale ake akuluakulu sanakhudzebe. M'menemo timapeza maunanso a ... njira zozama za moyo wathu wa uzimu, kukayika, kukhumudwa ndi zikhumbo zomwe zimapyola mu mtima wa munthu wamakono.

V. Konen

• Moyo ndi ntchito ya Schumann →
• Piyano ya Schumann imagwira ntchito →
• Chamber-instrumental ntchito za Schumann →
• Ntchito ya mawu a Schumann →
• Ntchito za Symphonic za Schumann →