Zisudzo nyimbo |

zisudzo nyimbo - nyimbo zoseweredwa m'masewero. zisudzo, mu kaphatikizidwe ndi mitundu ina ya luso-va nawo siteji. mawonekedwe a sewero. Nyimbo zitha kuperekedwa ndi wolemba masewero, ndiyeno, monga lamulo, lolimbikitsidwa ndi chiwembucho ndipo sichidutsa mitundu ya tsiku ndi tsiku (zizindikiro, mafilimu, nyimbo, maulendo, kuvina). Muse. magawo omwe amalowetsedwa mu sewerolo atapemphedwa ndi wotsogolera ndi woipeka nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe okhazikika ndipo sangakhale ndi chiwembu chachindunji. T.m. ndi wochita masewero olimbitsa thupi. chinthu chofunika kwambiri cha semantic ndi kupanga; amatha kupanga chikhalidwe chamaganizo, kutsindika DOS. Lingaliro la sewerolo (mwachitsanzo, Beethoven's Victorious Symphony mu nyimbo ya sewero la Egmont ndi Goethe, nyimbo ya Mozart's Requiem mu Pushkin's Mozart ndi Salieri), tchulani nthawi ndi malo a chochitikacho, kuwonetsa khalidwe, chikoka. tempo ndi rhythm ya sewerolo, wonetsani chachikulu . pachimake, kupereka mgwirizano pakuchita mothandizidwa ndi mawu. chitukuko ndi mfundo zazikuluzikulu. Malinga ndi ntchito ya wolemba maseŵero, nyimbo zikhoza kugwirizana ndi zimene zikuchitika pabwalo (zoimbaimba za makonsonanti) kapena kusiyana nazo. Siyanitsani nyimbo, zotengedwa kuchokera pabwalo. zochita (zodutsa, zodutsamo, mitu yamutu), ndi intrastage. Nyimbo zitha kulembedwa mwapadera kuti ziwonekere kapena kupangidwa ndi zidutswa za nyimbo zodziwika kale. Kukula kwa manambala kumasiyana - kuchokera ku zidutswa mpaka zingapo. cycles kapena otd. mawu omveka (omwe amatchedwa ma accents) ku ma symphonies akulu. magawo. T.m. amalowa mu ubale wovuta ndi sewero la sewero ndi kutsogolera: wolembayo ayenera kugwirizana ndi zolinga zake ndi mtundu wa sewero, kalembedwe ka wolemba masewero, nthawi yomwe zochitikazo zikuchitika, ndi cholinga cha wotsogolera.

Mbiri ya t. m. amabwerera ku mitundu yakale kwambiri ya zisudzo, zotengera ku zipembedzo. zochita zamwambo za kupanga kwawo. khalidwe. Kumayambiriro akale ndi akale. sewero mawu amodzi, nyimbo, kuvina kofanana. Mu Chigriki china. tsoka lomwe linamera kuchokera ku dithyramb, muses. maziko anali kwaya. kuyimba pamodzi ndi zida: adzalowa. nyimbo ya kwaya (parod), pakati. nyimbo (stasima), akumaliza. kwaya (eksod), makwaya otsagana ndi magule (emmeley), mawu. kukambirana-kudandaula kwa wosewera ndi kwaya (kommos). Classic ku India. m’bwalo la zisudzo munayambika sewero lanyimbo. mitundu ya mabedi zisudzo. zisudzo: lila (sewero lanyimbo-kuvina), katakali (pantomime), yakshagana (kuphatikiza kuvina, kukambirana, kubwereza, kuyimba), etc. Pambuyo pake ndi. bwalo lamasewera lasunga nyimbo ndi kuvina. chilengedwe. M'mbiri ya zisudzo za whale, gawo lotsogola limakhalanso la osakanikirana a zisudzo-muses. zoyimira; kaphatikizidwe nyimbo ndi sewero ikuchitika m'njira yachilendo mu imodzi mwa zisudzo kutsogolera. Mitundu ya Middle Ages - zaju. Mu zaju, chochitacho chinakhazikika mozungulira munthu m'modzi, yemwe adachita zilembo zingapo pachiwonetsero chilichonse. ma arias ku nyimbo zapadera zovomerezeka pazochitika zina. Arias amtunduwu ndi mphindi za generalization, ndende ya malingaliro. Voteji. Ku Japan, kuchokera kumitundu yakale ya zisudzo. zoyimira zimaonekera makamaka bugaku (8th century) - predv. zisudzo ndi nyimbo za gagaku (onani nyimbo za ku Japan). Udindo wofunikira umaseweredwanso ndi nyimbo za m'mabwalo a zisudzo noh (kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 14 mpaka 15), joruri (kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 16), ndi kabuki (kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 17). Palibe masewero omwe amamangidwa pazifukwa zofotokozera momveka bwino ndi katchulidwe kakang'ono ka mawu ndi liwu lapadera. sitampu. Kwaya imathirira ndemanga pazochitikazo, imayendetsa zokambirana, kufotokoza, kutsagana ndi kuvina. Mawu oyamba ndi nyimbo zoyendayenda (miyuki), pachimake kuvina kolingalira (yugen) kumapangidwa. Mu joruri - Japanese wakale. zisudzo za zidole - woimba-wofotokozera amatsagana ndi pantomime ndi nyimbo, mu mzimu wa nar. Epic tale pofotokoza motsagana ndi shamisen. M’bwalo la zisudzo la kabuki, mawuwo akuimbidwanso, ndipo sewerolo limatsagana ndi gulu la oimba a nar. zipangizo. Nyimbo zokhudzana ndi kuchita masewera zimatchedwa "degatari" mu kabuki ndipo zimachitidwa pa siteji; zomveka (genza ongaku) ​​zimayimira phokoso ndi zochitika za chilengedwe (kugunda kwa ng'oma kumapereka phokoso la mvula kapena kuphulika kwa madzi, kugogoda kwina kumasonyeza kuti kwagwa chipale chofewa, kuwombera pamatabwa apadera kumatanthauza maonekedwe a mwezi, ndi zina zotero), ndi oimba - ochita masewera amaikidwa kuseri kwa chinsalu cha timitengo tansungwi. Kumayambiriro ndi kumapeto kwa seweroli, ng'oma yaikulu (nyimbo zamwambo) imamveka, pamene chinsalu chimakwezedwa ndikutsitsidwa, bolodi la "ki" likusewera, nyimbo zapadera zimayimba panthawi ya "serie" - malo okongola. amakwezedwa pa siteji. Nyimbo zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa kabuki. kutsagana ndi pantomime (dammari) ndi kuvina.

M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages. Zap. Europe, komwe kuli zisudzo. mbiri yakale idasiyidwa kuiwalika, Prof. sewero linapangidwa. ayi. mogwirizana ndi mlandu wa mpingo. M'zaka za 9-13. m’matchalitchi a Katolika, atsogoleri achipembedzo ankasewera kutsogolo kwa guwa lansembe. masewero achipembedzo; m'zaka za 14-15. mwamwambo sewero linakula kukhala chinsinsi ndi zokambirana, zochitidwa kunja kwa kachisi pa dziko. zilankhulo. M’malo achikunja, nyimbo zinkamveka panthaŵi ya kubwera. zikondwerero, maulendo a zinyalala, nar. zoyimira. Kuchokera kwa Prof. nyimbo za ku Middle Ages. Masewerowa adasunga "Gawo la Robin ndi Marion" la Adam de la Halle, momwe nyimbo zing'onozing'ono (virele, ballads, rondo) zimasinthana, wok. dialogues, kuvina ndi instr. kuperekeza.

Mu Renaissance, Western-European. luso linatembenukira ku miyambo yakale. zisudzo; Tsoka, nthabwala, ubusa unakula pa nthaka yatsopano. Nthawi zambiri amaseweredwa ndi zisudzo zabwino kwambiri. zophiphiritsira. ndi nthano. zomwe zili, zopangidwa ndi wok. manambala mu madrigal style and dances (Chintio's sewero la "Orbecchi" with music by A. della Viola, 1541; "Trojanki" by Dolce with C. Merulo, 1566; "Oedipus" by Giustiniani with music by A. Gabrieli, 1585 ; "Aminta" lolemba Tasso ndi nyimbo za C. Monteverdi, 1628). Panthawi imeneyi, nyimbo (zobwerezabwereza, ma arias, kuvina) nthawi zambiri zinkamveka panthawi yobwera. masquerade, zikondwerero (mwachitsanzo, ku Italy Canti, Trionfi). M'zaka za zana la 16 potengera ma polygons. kalembedwe ka madrigal kudapangidwa mwapadera. mtundu - madrigal comedy.

English idakhala imodzi mwamagawo ofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri ya T. m. zisudzo m'zaka za zana la 16 Zikomo W. Shakespeare ndi a m'nthawi yake - olemba masewera F. Beaumont ndi J. Fletcher - mu Chingerezi. masewero a nthawi ya Elizabethan anayamba miyambo yokhazikika ya otchedwa. nyimbo zosayembekezereka - zojambulajambula zazing'ono. manambala, ophatikizidwa mu sewerolo. Masewero a Shakespeare ali odzaza ndi mawu a wolemba omwe amafotokoza momwe nyimbo, ma ballads, kuvina, ziwonetsero, ziwonetsero, moni amachitira, zizindikiro zankhondo, ndi zina zotero. Nyimbo zambiri ndi zochitika za masoka ake zimapanga sewero lofunika kwambiri. ntchito (nyimbo za Ophelia ndi Desdemona, maulendo amaliro ku Hamlet, Coriolanus, Henry VI, kuvina pa mpira wa Capulet ku Romeo ndi Juliet). Zopanga za nthawi ino zimadziwika ndi machitidwe angapo a nyimbo. zotsatira, kuphatikizapo kusankha kwapadera kwa zida malinga ndi siteji. zochitika: m'mawu oyamba ndi maepilogue, ziwonetsero zimamveka pamene anthu apamwamba adatuluka, pamene angelo, mizimu, ndi zolengedwa zina zauzimu zinkawonekera. mphamvu - malipenga, m'zochitika zankhondo - ng'oma, m'zithunzi za abusa - oboe, m'zithunzi zachikondi - zitoliro, m'malo osaka - lipenga, m'magulu a maliro - trombone, lyric. nyimbozo zinatsagana ndi lute. Mu "Globe" t-re, kuwonjezera pa nyimbo zoperekedwa ndi wolemba, panali zoyambira, zopumira, nthawi zambiri mawuwo amanenedwa motsutsana ndi maziko a nyimbo (melodrama). Nyimbo zomwe zimaseweredwa muzochita za Shakespeare panthawi ya moyo wa wolemba sizinasungidwe; zodziwika ndi zolemba za Chingerezi zokha. olemba a nthawi yobwezeretsa (theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 2). Pa nthawi imeneyi, ngwazi ankalamulira zisudzo. masewero ndi chigoba. Zochita mu mtundu wa heroic. maseŵerowo anali odzaza ndi nyimbo; mawu apakamwa kwenikweni anangogwirizira muses pamodzi. zakuthupi. Chigoba chomwe chinachokera ku England mu con. M’zaka za m’ma 17, m’nthawi ya Kukonzanso zinthu, inalowa m’bwalo lamasewero, ndipo inali ndi anthu ochititsa chidwi osiyanasiyana. M'zaka za zana la 16 mu mzimu wa chigoba, ambiri adapangidwanso. Masewero a Shakespeare ("The Tempest" ndi nyimbo za J. Banister ndi M. Locke, "The Fairy Queen" yochokera pa "A Midsummer Night's Dream" ndi "The Tempest" ndi nyimbo za G. Purcell). Chochitika chodziwika bwino mu Chingerezi. T. m. nthawi ino ndi ntchito ya G. Purcell. Zambiri mwa ntchito zake ndi za gawo la T. m. Komabe, ambiri aiwo, chifukwa cha kudziyimira pawokha kwa muses. sewero ndi nyimbo zapamwamba kwambiri zikuyandikira sewero (Mneneri wamkazi, Mfumukazi Yaikulu, The Tempest, ndi nyimbo zina zimatchedwa semi-operas). Kenako mu English nthaka anapanga latsopano kupanga. mtundu - ballad opera. Opanga ake J. Gay ndi J. Pepusch adapanga sewero la "Opera of the Beggars" (17) pakusinthana kwamakanema ndi nyimbo ku Nar. mzimu. Ku Chingerezi. sewero linajambulidwanso ndi G. F.

Ku Spain, gawo loyamba la chitukuko cha nat. sewero lachikale limalumikizidwa ndi mitundu ya ma rappresentationes (masewero opatulika), komanso ma eclogues (idyll ya m'busa) ndi farce - zisudzo zosakanikirana ndi muses. prod. ndi kuyimba kwa nyimbo, kubwereza ndakatulo, kuvina, miyambo yomwe idapitilira mu zarzuelas. Zochita za wojambula wamkulu waku Spain zimalumikizidwa ndi ntchito zamitundu iyi. ndakatulo ndi comp. X. del Encina (1468-1529). Mu 2nd floor. Zaka za m'ma 16-17th m'masewero a Lope de Vega ndi P. Calderon, makwaya ndi ma divertissements a ballet adachitidwa.

Ku France, ma recitatives, kwaya, instr. magawo a zochitika zakale za J. Racine ndi P. Corneille zinalembedwa ndi M. Charpentier, JB Moreau ndi ena. Ntchito yogwirizana ya JB Molière ndi JB Lully, omwe adapanga mtundu wosakanikirana - comedy-ballet (" Ukwati mwaufulu", "Mfumukazi ya Elis", "Bambo de Pursonyak", "Georges Dandin", etc.). Makambirano amakambirana apa ndi mawu obwerezabwereza, ma ariasi, magule. amatuluka (entrées) mwamwambo wa Chifalansa. adv. ballet (ballet de cour) 1st floor. Zaka za zana la 17

M'zaka za zana la 18 ku France, mankhwala oyamba adawonekera. mu mtundu wa melodrama - mawu. siteji ya "Pygmalion" yolembedwa ndi Rousseau, yomwe idachitika mu 1770 ndi nyimbo za O. Coignet; inatsatiridwa ndi melodramas Ariadne auf Naxos (1774) ndi Pygmalion (1779) ndi Venda, Sofonisba ndi Nefe (1782), Semiramide ndi Mozart (1778; osasungidwa), Orpheus ndi Fomin (1791), Ogontha ndi Wopempha (1802) ) ndi The Mystery (1807) ndi Holcroft.

Kufikira pa 2nd floor. Nyimbo zazaka za m'ma 18 za zisudzo. zisudzo nthawi zambiri zinkangogwirizana kwambiri ndi zomwe zili mu sewerolo ndipo zimatha kusamutsidwa momasuka kuchoka ku sewero lina kupita ku lina. Wolemba nyimbo wa ku Germany ndi katswiri wanthanthi I. Scheibe mu “Critischer Musicus” (1737-40), ndiyeno G. Lessing mu “Hamburg Dramaturgy” (1767-69) anaika patsogolo zofunika zatsopano za siteji. nyimbo. "Chiyimba choyambirira chiyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi sewero lonse, nthawi yopuma ndi mapeto a m'mbuyo ndi chiyambi cha zochitika zina ..., symphony yomaliza ndi mapeto a sewero ... Ndikofunikira kukumbukira khalidwe la protagonist ndi lingaliro lalikulu la sewero ndikutsogozedwa ndi iwo popanga nyimbo "(I. Sheibe). “Popeza kuti okhestra m’masewero Athu mwa njira ina alowa m’malo mwa kwaya yakale, akatswiri odziwa bwino nyimbo akhala akusonyeza kwa nthawi yaitali kuti mtundu wa nyimbozo … ukhale wogwirizana kwambiri ndi zomwe zili m’masewerowo, sewero lililonse limafuna nyimbo yapadera yoimbidwa yokha” (G. . Kuchepa). T.m. posakhalitsa anaonekera mu mzimu wa zofunika zatsopano, kuphatikizapo za Viennese classics - WA Mozart (ya sewero "Tamos, Mfumu ya Egypt" ndi Gebler, 1779) ndi J. Haydn (wa sewero "Alfred, kapena the Mfumu-Patriot” Bicknell, 1796); Komabe, nyimbo za L. Beethoven zopita ku Goethe's Egmont (1810) zidakhudza kwambiri tsogolo la bwalo la zisudzo, lomwe ndi mtundu wa zisudzo zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawonetsa zomwe zili mumphindi zazikulu za sewero. Kufunika kwa ma symphonies akulu, athunthu mu mawonekedwe awonjezeka. magawo (owonjezera, zodutsa, zomaliza), zomwe zitha kupatulidwa ndikuchita ndikuchitidwa kumapeto. siteji (nyimbo za "Egmont" zikuphatikizanso "Nyimbo za Clerchen" za Goethe, melodramas "Death of Clerchen", "Egmont's Dream").

T.m. Zaka za zana la 19. idapangidwa motsatira malangizo a Beethoven, koma m'malo a aesthetics of romanticism. Mwa mankhwala 1st pansi. Nyimbo za m'ma 19 za F. Schubert ku "Rosamund" lolemba G. von Chezy (1823), lolemba C. Weber ku "Turandot" ndi Gozzi lomasuliridwa ndi F. Schiller (1809) ndi "Preziosa" ndi Wolff (1821), ndi F. . Mendelssohn mpaka ku “Ruy Blas” lolembedwa ndi Hugo , “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” lolembedwa ndi Shakespeare (1843), “Oedipus in Colon” ​​ndi “Atalia” lolembedwa ndi Racine (1845), R. Schumann mpaka “Manfred” Byron (1848-51) . Udindo wapadera umaperekedwa kwa nyimbo mu Goethe's Faust. Wolembayo amafotokoza zambiri za woks. ndi instr. zipinda - kwaya, nyimbo, kuvina, kuguba, nyimbo za zochitika mu cathedral ndi Walpurgis Night, asilikali. nyimbo zankhondo. Njira zambiri. nyimbo zimagwira ntchito, lingaliro lomwe limagwirizanitsidwa ndi Goethe's Faust, ndi G. Berlioz ("Zithunzi zisanu ndi zitatu kuchokera? Faust", 1829, pambuyo pake zinasinthidwa kukhala oratorio "The Condemnation of Faust"). Zitsanzo zomveka bwino za mtundu wa nat. T.m. Zaka za zana la 19. - "Peer Gynt" ndi Grieg (ku sewero la G. Ibsen, 1874-75) ndi "Arlesian" ndi Bizet (ku sewero la A. Daudet, 1872).

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19-20. mu njira ya T.m. zizolowezi zatsopano zinalongosoledwa. Otsogolera odziwika a nthawi ino (KS Stanislavsky, VE Meyerhold, G. Craig, O. Falkenberg, etc.) anasiya nyimbo za conc. mtundu, ankafuna mitundu phokoso wapadera, unconventional zida, organic kuphatikizapo muses. magawo a sewero. The zisudzo wotsogolera pa nthawi imeneyi anayambitsa mtundu watsopano wa zisudzo. wopeka, osaganiziranso zenizeni za sewerolo, komanso mawonekedwe amtunduwu. M'zaka za zana la 20 2 zizolowezi zimagwirizana, kubweretsa nyimbo pafupi ndi sewero; woyamba wa iwo amadziwika ndi kulimbikitsa udindo wa nyimbo mu sewero. ntchito (zoyesera za K. Orff, B. Brecht, olemba ambiri a nyimbo), yachiwiri ikugwirizana ndi zisudzo za muses. mitundu (siteji cantatas ndi Orff, The Wedding by Stravinsky, theatrical oratorios ndi A. Honegger, etc.). Kufufuza kwa mitundu yatsopano yophatikiza nyimbo ndi sewero nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kupanga ma syntheses apadera. zisudzo ndi nyimbo zanyimbo ("Nkhani ya Msilikali" yolemba Stravinsky ndi "nthano yowerengedwa, kuseweredwa ndi kuvina", "Oedipus Rex" yake ndi opera-oratorio ndi owerenga, "Clever Girl" ndi Orff ndi opera yokhala ndi ziwonetsero zazikulu zokambitsirana), komanso kutsitsimutsidwa kwamitundu yakale yopangira. zisudzo: zakale. tragedy ("Antigone" ndi "Oedipus" ndi Orff ndi kuyesa kubwezeretsa mwasayansi katchulidwe ka mawu mu bwalo lachi Greek lakale), comedy madrigal ("Tale" lolemba Stravinsky, gawo "Catulli Carmina" lolemba Orff), pakati- zaka zana. zinsinsi ("The Resurrection of Christ" lolemba Orff, "Joan of Arc pamtengo" lolemba Honegger), mwambo wamapemphero. masewero (mafanizo "The Cave Action", "Mwana Wolowerera", mbali ina "Mtsinje wa Carlew" wolemba Britten). Mtundu wa melodrama ukupitilira kukula, kuphatikiza ballet, pantomime, kwaya ndi kuyimba payekha, melodeclamation (Emmanuel's Salamena, Roussel's The Birth of the World, Onegger's Amphion ndi Semiramide, Persephone ya Stravinsky).

Oimba ambiri otchuka a m'zaka za m'ma 20 amagwira ntchito mwakhama mumtundu wa T. M.: ku France, izi ndi ntchito limodzi. mamembala a "Six" (chithunzi "The Newlyweds of the Eiffel Tower", 1921, malinga ndi mlembi wa malemba a J. Cocteau - "kuphatikiza kwa tsoka lakale ndi masewero amakono a konsati, kwaya ndi ziwerengero za nyimbo"). machitidwe ena ophatikizana (mwachitsanzo, "The Queen Margot" Bourdet ndi nyimbo za J. Ibert, D. Millau, D. Lazarus, J. Auric, A. Roussel) ndi zisudzo. prod. Honegger (nyimbo za “Dance of Death” zolembedwa ndi C. Laronde, maseŵero a m’Baibulo akuti “Judith” ndi “Mfumu Davide”, “Antigone” lolembedwa ndi Sophocles, ndi zina zotero); zisudzo ku Germany. Nyimbo za Orff (kuphatikiza ndi ntchito zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, nthabwala zoseketsa za The Sly Ones, mawuwo ndi omveka, otsatiridwa ndi gulu la zida zoimbira; sewero lopangidwa ndi Loto la Midsummer Night lolembedwa ndi Shakespeare), komanso nyimbo m'bwalo la zisudzo. ndi B. Brecht. Muse. mapangidwe a machitidwe a Brecht ndi imodzi mwa njira zazikulu zopangira zotsatira za "kupatukana", zomwe zimapangidwira kuti ziwononge chinyengo cha zomwe zikuchitika pa siteji. Malinga ndi dongosolo la Brecht, nyimbo ziyenera kukhala ndi manambala a banal, amtundu wamtundu wopepuka - zongs, ballads, makwaya, omwe ali ndi zilembo zolowetsedwa, zomwe mawu ake amafotokozera malingaliro a wolemba mokhazikika. Othandizira odziwika a ku Germany adagwirizana ndi Brecht. oimba - P. Hindemith (An Instructive Play), C. Weil (The Threepenny Opera, Mahagonny Opera sketch), X. Eisler (Amayi, Roundheads ndi Sharpheads, Galileo Galilei, Dreams Simone Machar" ndi ena), P. Dessau (" Mayi Kulimba Mtima ndi ana ake”, “The Good Man from Sezuan”, etc.).

Pakati pa olemba ena a T. m. 19-1 pansi. Zaka za zana la 20 - J. Sibelius ("Mfumu ya Akhristu" lolemba Paul, "Pelléas and Mélisande" lolemba Maeterlinck, "The Tempest" lolemba Shakespeare), K. Debussy (chinsinsi G. D'Annunzio "Martyrdom of St. Sebastian") ndi R. Strauss (nyimbo za sewero la Molière "The tradesman in the nobility" mumasewero aulere a G. von Hofmannsthal). Mu 50s - 70s. Zaka za m'ma 20 O. Messiaen anatembenukira ku zisudzo (nyimbo za sewero la "Oedipus" la mafunde a Martenot, 1942), E. Carter (nyimbo za tsoka la Sophocles "Philoctetes", "The Merchant of Venice" lolemba Shakespeare), V. Lutoslavsky ("Macbeth" ndi "The Merry Wives of Windsor" Shakespeare, "Sid" Corneille - S. Wyspiansky, "Ukwati Wamagazi" ndi "The Wonderful Shoemaker" F. Garcia Lorca, etc.), olemba zamagetsi ndi konkire nyimbo, kuphatikizapo A. Coge ("Zima ndi mawu opanda munthu" J. Tardieu), A. Thirier ("Scheherazade"), F. Arthuis ("Phokoso kuzungulira umunthu kumenyana J. Vautier"), etc.

Russian T.m. ili ndi mbiri yakale. Kale, zochitika zokambitsirana zoseweredwa ndi mabuffoon zinkatsagana ndi "nyimbo za ziwanda", kuimba zeze, domra, ndi nyanga. Mu Nar. sewero lomwe linachokera ku zisudzo za buffoon ("Ataman", "Mavrukh", "Comedy za Tsar Maximilian", ndi zina zotero), zidamveka Chirasha. nyimbo ndi instr. nyimbo. Mtundu wa nyimbo za Orthodox unayamba mu mpingo. zochita zamwambo - "Kutsuka mapazi", "chitofu zochita", etc. (15th century). Mu zaka 17-18. chuma kamangidwe nyimbo anali osiyana otchedwa. sewero la sukulu (olemba masewera - S. Polotsky, F. Prokopovich, D. Rostovsky) ndi ma arias, makwaya mu mpingo. kalembedwe, mipope ya dziko, maliro, instr. manambala. Comedy Choromina (yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1672) inali ndi gulu lalikulu la oimba ndi violin, viola, zitoliro, clarinets, malipenga, ndi organ. Kuyambira nthawi ya Petro Wamkulu, zikondwerero zafalikira. zisudzo (mawu oyambilira, cantatas) kutengera kusinthana kwa masewero. zithunzi, zokambirana, monologues ndi ma arias, kwaya, ballets. Akuluakulu a ku Russia (OA Kozlovsky, VA Pashkevich) ndi olemba nyimbo a ku Italy adagwira nawo ntchito yojambula. Mpaka zaka za zana la 19 ku Russia kunalibe magawano mu opera ndi masewero. magulu; pang'ono pachifukwa ichi nthawi idzapitirira. Nthawi, mitundu yosakanikirana idapambana pano (opera-ballet, vaudeville, sewero lamasewera ndi kwaya, sewero lanyimbo, sewero "panyimbo", melodrama, ndi zina). Njira. udindo m'mbiri ya Russia. T.m. ankasewera masoka ndi masewero "nyimbo", amene makamaka anakonza Russian. classical opera m'zaka za zana la 19 Mu nyimbo za OA Kozlovsky, EI Fomin, SI Davydov ku zovuta zakale. ndi nthano. nkhani ndi Russian. masewero okonda dziko la VA Ozerov, Ya. zisudzo za m'zaka za m'ma 19 high heroic sewero. mavuto, kupangidwa kwa makwaya akuluakulu kunachitika. ndi instr. mafomu (makwaya, ma overtures, intermissions, ballets); m'masewero ena monga machitidwe obwereza, aria, nyimbo adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zithunzi za Russian. nat. masitayelo amawonekera kwambiri m'makwaya (mwachitsanzo, mu Natalya the Boyar's Daughter ndi SN Glinka ndi nyimbo za AN Titov); chizindikiro. magawo amasinthidwe amalumikizana ndi miyambo yachikale cha Viennese. sukulu ndi chikondi choyambirira.

Mu 1st floor. M'zaka za zana la 19 AN Verstovsky, yemwe adapanga pafupifupi. 15 AMD Prod. (Mwachitsanzo, nyimbo za Pushkin's Gypsies zomwe zidapangidwa ndi VA Karatygin, 1832, za Beaumarchais's The Marriage of Figaro, 1829) ndipo adapanga ma cantata angapo m'miyambo yazaka za zana la 18. (mwachitsanzo, "A Singer in the Camp of Russian Warriors" ku mawu a VA Zhukovsky, 1827), AA Alyabyev (nyimbo zamatsenga za AA Shakhovsky zochokera ku Shakespeare's The Tempest, 1827; "Rusalka" lolemba Pushkin, 1838 ; melodrama "Mkaidi wa Caucasus" yochokera ku ndakatulo ya Pushkin ya dzina lomwelo, 1828), AE Varlamov (mwachitsanzo, nyimbo za Shakespeare's Hamlet, 1837). Koma makamaka mu 1st floor. Nyimbo za m'zaka za zana la 19 zidasankhidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zodziwika kale. olemba osiyanasiyana ndipo adagwiritsidwa ntchito pazochita zochepa. Nthawi yatsopano mu Russian. zisudzo m'zaka za m'ma 19 anatsegula MI Glinka ndi nyimbo sewero ndi NV Kukolnik "Prince Kholmsky", olembedwa posakhalitsa "Ivan Susanin" (1840). M'kupita kwanthawi ndi nthawi, zophiphiritsa za mphindi zazikulu za sewero zimakulitsa symphony. mfundo za pambuyo-Beethoven tm Palinso 3 ntchito zazing'ono ndi Glinka kwa sewero. zisudzo - ndi aria wa kapolo ndi kwaya kwa sewero "Moldavian Gypsy" ndi Bakhturin (1836), orc. mawu oyamba ndi kwaya ya "Tarantella" ya Myatlev (1841), ma couplets a Chingerezi a sewero la "Bought Shot" ndi Voikov (1854).

Rus. T.m. 2 pansi. M'zaka za m'ma 19 kumlingo waukulu wokhudzana ndi sewero la AN Ostrovsky. Connoisseur ndi wokhometsa Russian. nar. Nyimbo, Ostrovsky nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira yodziwika bwino ndi nyimbo. Masewero ake ankamveka achi Russia akale. nyimbo, nyimbo zapamwamba, mafanizo, zachikondi za bourgeois zazing'ono, nyimbo zafakitale ndi zandende, ndi zina. - Nyimbo za PI Tchaikovsky za The Snow Maiden (19), zomwe zidapangidwira ku Bolshoi Theatre, momwe opera, ballet ndi sewero ziyenera kuphatikizidwa. magulu. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nyimbo. zigawo ndi kulemera kwa mtundu wawo, kubweretsa sewero kufupi ndi zisudzo (mawu oyambilira, ma intervals, symphonic episode ya zochitika m'nkhalango, kwaya, melodrama, nyimbo). Chiwembu cha "nthano ya kasupe" inkafuna kutenga nawo mbali kwa nyimbo zamtundu wa anthu (kuyendayenda, kuvina kozungulira, nyimbo zovina).

Miyambo ya MI Glinka inapitilizidwa ndi MA Balakirev mu nyimbo za Shakespeare's King Lear (1859-1861, overture, intermissions, promotions, songs, melodramas), Tchaikovsky - for Shakespeare's Hamlet (1891) ndi ena. (nyimbo ya "Hamlet" ili ndi pulogalamu yokhazikika pamwambo wanyimbo-zodabwitsa za symphonism ndi manambala 16 - melodramas, nyimbo za Ophelia, the gravedigger, ulendo wamaliro, fanfare).

Kuchokera ku ntchito za Russian ena. Olemba azaka za 19th ballad of AS Dargomyzhsky kuchokera ku nyimbo kupita ku "Catherine Howard" lolemba Dumas père (1848) ndi nyimbo zake ziwiri kuchokera ku nyimbo mpaka "The Schism in England" lolemba Calderon (1866), ed. manambala kuchokera ku nyimbo za AN Serov kupita ku "Imfa ya Ivan Woopsa" ndi AK Tolstoy (1867) ndi "Nero" ndi Gendre (1869), kwaya ya anthu (zochitika m'kachisi) ndi MP Mussorgsky kuchokera ku tsoka la Sophocles "Oedipus Rex" (1858-61), nyimbo za EF Napravnik za masewero. ndakatulo ya AK Tolstoy "Tsar Boris" (1898), nyimbo ya Vas. S. Kalinnikov kupanga zomwezo. Tolstoy (1898).

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19-20. mu T.m. pakhala kusintha kwakukulu. KS Stanislavsky anali mmodzi mwa oyamba kufotokoza, m'dzina la kukhulupirika kwa ntchitoyo, kuti tidzitsekere tokha ku zojambula zosonyezedwa ndi wolemba masewero. manambala, anachititsa oimba kuseri kwa siteji, anafuna kuti woimbayo “azoloŵere” lingaliro la wotsogolera. Nyimbo zoimbira zoyamba zamtunduwu zinali za AS Arensky (zopuma, ma melodramas, kwaya za Shakespeare's The Tempest at the Maly T-re, zoyendetsedwa ndi AP Lensky, 1905), AK Glazunov (Masquerade a Lermontov) positi ndi VE Meyerhold, 1917, kuwonjezera pa kuvina, pantomimes, chikondi cha Nina, zochitika za symphonic za Glazunov, Glinka's Waltz-Fantasy ndi chikondi chake The Venetian Night amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pachiyambi. Zaka za zana la 20 The Death of Ivan the Terrible lolemba Tolstoy ndi The Snow Maiden lolemba Ostrovsky ndi nyimbo za AT Grechaninov, Shakespeare's Twelfth Night with music by AN Koreshchenko, Macbeth lolemba Shakespeare ndi The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish with music by NN Cherepnin. Mgwirizano wa chisankho cha wotsogolera ndi nyimbo. sewero la Moscow Art Theatre ndi nyimbo za IA Sats (nyimbo za "Drama of Life" ya Hamsun ndi "Anatem" ya Andreev, "The Blue Bird" ya Maeterlinck, "Hamlet" ya Shakespeare mu post. English motsogoleredwa ndi G. Craig, etc.) zosiyana m'mapangidwe.

Ngati Moscow Art Theatre kuchepetsa udindo wa nyimbo chifukwa cha kukhulupirika kwa sewero, ndiye otsogolera monga A. Ya. Tairov, KA Mardzhanishvili, PP Komissarzhevsky, VE Meyerhold, EB Vakhtangov adateteza lingaliro la zisudzo zopangidwa. Meyerhold adawona kuti zomwe wotsogolera adalemba pamasewerawa adapangidwa motsatira malamulo a nyimbo. Ankakhulupirira kuti nyimbo ziyenera kubadwa kuchokera ku sewerolo ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo amazipanga, amafunafuna contrapuntal. kuphatikizika kwa nyimbo ndi mapulani a siteji (okhudza DD Shostakovich, V. Ya. Shebalin ndi ena pa ntchitoyi). Popanga The Death of Tentagil yolembedwa ndi Maeterlinck ku Studio Theatre pa Povarskaya (1905, yopangidwa ndi IA Sats), Meyerhold anayesa kukhazikitsa ntchito yonseyi pa nyimbo; "Tsoka m'maganizo" (1928) zochokera sewero "Tsoka kwa Wit" ndi Griboedov, iye anachita ndi nyimbo JS Bach, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, J. Field, F. Schubert; mu positi. Sewero la AM Fayko la "Teacher Bubus" nyimbo (pafupifupi 40 fp. ya masewero a F. Chopin ndi F. Liszt) ankamveka mosalekeza, monga mu kanema wawayilesi.

Zodabwitsa za mapangidwe anyimbo angapo a zisudzo 20 - koyambirira. 30s okhudzana ndi kuyesa kwa zisankho zawo zowongolera. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1921, Tairov adachita Shakespeare "Romeo ndi Juliet" mu Kamerny T-re mu mawonekedwe a "chikondi-chojambula chomvetsa chisoni" ndi buffoonery yochititsa chidwi, kuwonetsa zisudzo, kusokoneza maganizo. chidziwitso; molingana ndi izi, mu nyimbo za AN Aleksandrov pakuchitapo panalibe mawu. mzere, mlengalenga wa sewero la masks udapambana. Dr. chitsanzo cha mtundu uwu ndi nyimbo za Shostakovich za Hamlet ya Shakespeare mu T-re im. Evg. Vakhtangov mu positi. NP Akimova (1932): wotsogolera anasintha sewerolo "lokhala ndi mbiri yachisoni ndi yachinsinsi" kukhala yansangala, yansangala, ndi chiyembekezo. sewerolo, momwe nthano ndi zochititsa chidwi zidapambana, panalibe Phantom (Akimov adachotsa munthu uyu), ndipo m'malo mwa Ophelia wamisala panali Ophelia woledzera. Shostakovich adapanga chiwerengero cha manambala oposa 60 - kuchokera ku tizidutswa tating'ono tating'onoting'ono tomwe timalowetsedwa m'malemba mpaka ma symphonies akuluakulu. magawo. Ambiri aiwo ndi masewero a parody (cancan, gallop of Ophelia ndi Polonius, tango ya ku Argentina, philistine waltz), koma palinso ena owopsa. magawo ("Musical Pantomime", "Requiem", "Maliro March"). Mu 1929-31 Shostakovich analemba nyimbo zingapo zisudzo Leningrad. t-ra ya achinyamata ogwira ntchito - "Kuwombera" Bezymensky, "Rule, Britannia!" Piotrovsky, machitidwe osiyanasiyana komanso ma circus "Kuphedwa Mwapang'onopang'ono" ndi Voevodin ndi Ryss ku Leningrad. nyimbo, pamalingaliro a Meyerhold, kwa Mayakovsky's Bedbug, kenako The Human Comedy yolembedwa ndi Balzac ya T-ra im. Evg. Vakhtangov (1934), pa sewero la Salute, Spain! Afinogenov kwa Leningrad. t-ra ine. Pushkin (1936). Mu nyimbo za Shakespeare "King Lear" (zolembedwa ndi GM Kozintsev, Leningrad. Sewero la Bolshoy. tr., 1941), Shostakovich amachoka pamasewero amtundu wa tsiku ndi tsiku omwe ali m'mabuku ake oyambirira, ndipo amawulula mu nyimbo tanthauzo lafilosofi la tsoka mu mzimu wamavuto chizindikiro chake. luso la zaka izi, limapanga mzere wa symphony yodutsana. kukula mkati mwa chimodzi mwazinthu zitatuzi. magawo ophiphiritsa a tsoka (Lear - Jester - Cordelia). Mosiyana ndi mwambo, Shostakovich anamaliza ntchito osati ndi maliro, koma ndi mutu wa Cordelia.

Mu 30s. zisudzo zinayi. zambiri zidapangidwa ndi SS Prokofiev - "Egyptian Nights" pakuchita kwa Tairov mu Chamber Theatre (1935), "Hamlet" ya Theatre-Studio ya SE Radlov ku Leningrad (1938), "Eugene Onegin" ndi "Boris Godunov » Pushkin ya Chamber Chamber (zopanga ziwiri zomaliza sizinachitike). Nyimbo za "Egyptian Nights" (gawo lochokera pamavuto "Kaisara ndi Cleopatra" lolemba B. Shaw, "Antony ndi Cleopatra" lolemba Shakespeare ndi ndakatulo ya "Egyptian Nights" yolembedwa ndi Pushkin) imaphatikizapo mawu oyamba, ma intermissions, pantomimes, kubwereza. ndi gulu la oimba, kuvina ndi nyimbo ndi kwaya. Popanga nyimboyi, wolembayo adagwiritsa ntchito dec. njira za symphonic. ndi operatic dramaturgy - dongosolo la leitmotifs, mfundo ya munthu payekha ndi kutsutsa kwa decomp. zigawo za mawu (Rome - Egypt, Anthony - Cleopatra). Kwa zaka zambiri iye anagwirizana ndi zisudzo Yu. A. Shaporin. Mu 20-30s. zisudzo zambiri ndi nyimbo zake zinachitikira Leningrad. t-rah (Sewero Lalikulu, Maphunziro a t-re a sewero); chidwi kwambiri mwa iwo ndi "The Marriage of Figaro" lolemba Beaumarchais (wotsogolera ndi wojambula AN Benois, 1926), "Flea" ndi Zamyatin (pambuyo pa NS Leskov; dir. HP Monakhov, wojambula BM Kustodiev, 1926), "Sir John Falstaff ” yochokera ku “The Merry Wives of Windsor” yolembedwa ndi Shakespeare (dir. NP Akimov, 1927), komanso masewero ena angapo a Shakespeare, amasewera ndi Moliere, AS Pushkin, G. Ibsen, B. Shaw, kadzidzi. Olemba masewera KA Trenev, VN Bill-Belo-Tserkovsky. Mu 40s. Shaporin analemba nyimbo za zisudzo ku Moscow. Malonda ang'onoang'ono "Ivan the Terrible" wolemba AK Tolstoy (1944) ndi "Twelfth Night" ndi Shakespeare (1945). Pakati pa zisudzo. ntchito za 30s. gulu lalikulu. Nyimbo za TN Khrennikov za sewero lanthabwala la Shakespeare Much Ado About Nothing (1936) zinali ndi zomveka.

M'munda wa T.m. pali mankhwala ambiri. opangidwa ndi AI Khachaturian; amakulitsa miyambo ya conc. chizindikiro. T.m. (pafupifupi zisudzo 20; pakati pawo - nyimbo zamasewera a G. Sundukyan ndi A. Paronyan, Macbeth a Shakespeare ndi King Lear, Masquerade a Lermontov).

Mu zisudzo zochokera masewero a kadzidzi. zolemba pamitu yamakono. moyo, komanso zopanga zachikale. masewero anapanga mtundu wapadera wa nyimbo. kapangidwe, kutengera ntchito kadzidzi. misa, esr. nyimbo zanyimbo ndi zoseketsa, ditties ("The Cook" ndi Sofronov ndi nyimbo ya VA Mokrosov, "The Long Road" yolemba Arbuzov ndi nyimbo ya VP Solovyov-Sedogo, "The Naked King" yolemba Schwartz ndi "Twelfth Night" yolemba Shakespeare ndi nyimbo. ndi ES Kolmanovsky ndi ena); muzochita zina, makamaka muzolemba za Mosk. t-ra sewero ndi sewero la Taganka (lotsogoleredwa ndi Yu. P. Lyubimov), linaphatikizapo nyimbo za kusintha. ndi zaka zankhondo, nyimbo zachinyamata ("masiku 10 omwe anagwedeza dziko", "Ogwa ndi Amoyo", etc.). M'magulu angapo amakono amakokera ku nyimbo, mwachitsanzo. mu sewero la Leningrad. t-ra ine. Leningrad City Council (mtsogoleri wa IP Vladimirov) "Kuweta kwa Shrew" ndi nyimbo za GI Gladkov, kumene otchulidwa amachita estr. nyimbo (zofanana ndi ntchito za nyimbo za B. Brecht), kapena The Chosen One of Fate motsogozedwa ndi S. Yu. Yursky (yolembedwa ndi S. Rosenzweig). Pa ntchito yogwira ntchito ya nyimbo mu dramaturgy ya zomwe zimapanga zikuyandikira mtundu wa zopanga. Meyerhold Theatre ("Pugachev" ndi nyimbo YM Butsko makamaka "The Master ndi Margarita" ndi MA Bulgakov ndi nyimbo EV Denisov mu Moscow Theatre of Drama ndi Comedy pa Taganka, wotsogolera Yu. P. Lyubimov). Chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri. ntchito - nyimbo za GV Sviridov pa sewero la AK Tolstoy "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich" (1973, Moscow. Maly Tr).

B. 70s. 20 c. m'chigawo cha T.m. много работали Yu. M. Butsko, VA Gavrilin, GI Gladkov, SA Gubaidulina, EV Denisov, KA Karaev, AP Petrov, NI Peiko, NN Sidelnikov, SM Slonimsky, ML Tariverdiev, AG Schnittke, RK Shchedrin, A. Ya. Eshpai et al.

Zothandizira: Tairov A., motsogoleredwa ndi Zaptsky, M., 1921; Dasmanov V., Sewero la nyimbo ndi zomveka, M., 1929; Satz NI, Nyimbo mu zisudzo za ana, m'buku lake: Njira Yathu. Moscow Children Theatre…, Moscow, 1932; Lacis A., Revolutionary Theatre ya Germany, Moscow, 1935; Ignatov S., Spanish Theatre of XVI-XVII century, M.-L., 1939; Begak E., Nyimbo zopanga nyimbo, M., 1952; Glumov A., Nyimbo mu bwalo la zisudzo la Russia, Moscow, 1955; Druskin M., Nyimbo za zisudzo, m'magulu: Zolemba pa mbiri ya nyimbo zaku Russia, L., 1956; Bersenev I., Nyimbo mu sewero lochititsa chidwi, m'buku lake: Collected articles, M., 1961; Brecht B., Theatre, vol. 5, M., 1965; B. Izrailevsky, Nyimbo mu Zojambula za Moscow Art Theatre, (Moscow, 1965); Rappoport, L., Arthur Onegger, L., 1967; Meyerhold W., Nkhani. Letter.., ch. 2, M., 1968; Sats I., Kuchokera m'mabuku, M., 1968; Weisbord M., FG Lorca - woimba, M., 1970; Milyutin P., Nyimbo zopanga nyimbo zochititsa chidwi, L., 1975; Nyimbo mu Dramatic Theatre, Sat. st., L., 1976; Konen W., Purcell ndi Opera, M., 1978; Tarshis N., Nyimbo za Performance, L., 1978; Barclay Squire W., nyimbo zochititsa chidwi za Purcell, 'SIMG', Jahrg. 5, 1903-04; Pedrell F., La musique indigine dans le thûvtre espagnol du XVII siîcle, tam je; Waldthausen E. von, Die Funktion der Musik im klassischen deutschen Schauspiel, Hdlb., 1921 (Diss.); Kre11 M., Das deutsche Theatre der Gegenwart, Münch. — Lpz., 1923; Wdtz R., Schauspielmusik zu Goethes «Faust», Lpz., 1924 (Diss.); Aber A., ​​Die Musik im Schauspiel, Lpz., 1926; Riemer O., Musik und Schauspiel, Z., 1946; Gassner J., Kupanga sewero, NY, 1953; Manifold JS, Nyimbo mu sewero la Chingerezi kuchokera ku Shakespeare kupita ku Purcell, L., 1956; Settle R., Nyimbo mu zisudzo, L., 1957; Sternfeld FW, Musio mu tsoka la Shakespearean, L., 1963; Cowling JH, Nyimbo pa Shakespearean siteji, NY, 1964.

TB Baranova