Melodi |

zina zachi Greek μελῳδία - nyimbo za ndakatulo, kuchokera ku μέλος - chant, ndi ᾠδή - kuimba, kuimba

Lingaliro lanyimbo limodzi (malinga ndi IV Sposobin). Mu nyimbo za homophonic, ntchito ya nyimbo nthawi zambiri imakhala yodziwika pamwamba, mawu otsogolera, pamene mawu apakati apakati amakhala ogwirizana. kudzaza ndi mabasi omwe amapanga harmonic. chithandizo, osakhala nacho chokwanira. Makhalidwe anyimbo. M. amaimira chachikulu. chiyambi cha nyimbo; "Nyimbo yofunika kwambiri ndi nyimbo" (SS Prokofiev). Ntchito ya zigawo zina za nyimbo - counterpoint, zida, ndi mgwirizano - ndi "kukwaniritsa, kukwaniritsa lingaliro la nyimbo" (MI Glinka). Melody ikhoza kukhalapo ndikupereka luso. Chikoka mu monophony, kuphatikiza ndi nyimbo za mawu ena (polyphony) kapena ndi homophonic, harmonic. kutsagana (homophony). Liwu limodzi ndi Nar. nyimbo pl. anthu; pakati pa anthu angapo, kungokhala chete kunali mgwirizano. mtundu wa Prof. nyimbo m'nthawi zina kapena m'mbiri yawo yonse. M'nyimbo, kuwonjezera pa mfundo za dziko, zomwe ziri zofunika kwambiri mu nyimbo, nyimbo zoterezi zimawonekeranso. zinthu monga mode, rhythm, nyimbo. kapangidwe (mawonekedwe). Ndi kudzera mu nyimbo, munyimbo, kuti choyamba amawulula mawu awo. ndi mwayi wokonzekera. Koma ngakhale mu nyimbo za polyphonic M. akulamulira kwathunthu, iye ndi "moyo wa ntchito yoimba" (DD Shostakovich).

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za etymology, tanthauzo ndi mbiri ya mawu akuti "M". (I), chikhalidwe cha M. (II), kapangidwe kake (III), mbiri yakale (IV), ziphunzitso za M. (V).

I. Greek. mawu akuti melos (onani Melos), omwe amapanga maziko a mawu akuti "M.", poyambirira anali ndi tanthauzo lambiri ndipo amatanthauza gawo la thupi, komanso thupi ngati chinthu chodziwika bwino. lonse (G. Hyushen). M'lingaliro limeneli, mawu akuti "M". y Homer ndi Hesiod amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza kutsatizana kwa phokoso lomwe limapanga chithunthu choterocho, choyambirira. tanthauzo la mawu akuti melodia lingamvekenso kukhala “njira yoimbira” ( G. Huschen, M. Vasmer ). Kuchokera muzu mel - mu Greek. mawu ambiri amapezeka m'chinenerocho: melpo - ndimaimba, ndimayendetsa magule ozungulira; melograpia - kulemba nyimbo; melopoipa - zikuchokera ntchito (nyimbo, nyimbo), chiphunzitso chiphunzitso; kuchokera ku melpo - dzina la muse Melpomene ("Kuimba"). Liwu lalikulu la Agiriki ndi "melos" (Plato, Aristotle, Aristoxenus, Aristides Quintilian, etc.). Muse. Olemba a Medieval ndi Renaissance ankagwiritsa ntchito lat. mawu: M., melos, melum (melum) (“melum ndi yofanana ndi canthus” – J. Tinktoris). Mawu amakono (M., melodic, melismatic ndi mawu ofanana a muzu womwewo) adazikika muzoimba-zongopeka. zolemba komanso m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku munthawi yakusintha kuchokera ku lat. chinenero kupita ku dziko (zaka za 16-17), ngakhale kusiyana kwa kutanthauzira kwa mfundo zoyenera kunapitirira mpaka zaka za zana la 20. M’chinenero cha Chirasha, liwu loyambirira lakuti “nyimbo” (komanso “nyimbo”, “mawu”) limodzi ndi matanthauzo ake osiyanasiyana pang’onopang’ono (makamaka kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18) linaloŵedwa m’malo ndi liwu lakuti “M.” Mu 10s. M'zaka za m'ma 20 BV Asafiev anabwerera Greek. mawu akuti "melos" kutanthauza chinthu choyimba. kusuntha, melodiousness ("kulowetsa mawu kukhala mawu"). Pogwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti “M.”, makamaka, amagogomezera mbali yake imodzi ndi mawonedwe osonyezedwa pamwambawo, kumlingo wakutiwakuti wosiyana ndi zina zonse. Mogwirizana ndi izi, liwu lalikulu limatanthauza:

1) M. - zotsatizana zomveka zomveka zolumikizidwa mumtundu umodzi wonse (M. mzere), mosiyana ndi mgwirizano (kwenikweni, chord) monga kuphatikiza kwa mawu munthawi imodzi ("kuphatikiza kwa mawu anyimbo, ... tsatirani wina ndi mzake, ... amatchedwa nyimbo "- PI Tchaikovsky).

2) M. (mu kalata ya homophonic) - liwu lalikulu (mwachitsanzo, m'mawu akuti "M. ndi kutsagana", "M. ndi bass"); nthawi yomweyo, M. sizikutanthauza mgwirizano uliwonse wopingasa wa mawu (amapezekanso mu bass ndi mawu ena), koma okhawo, omwe ndi cholinga cha melodiousness, nyimbo. mgwirizano ndi tanthauzo.

3) M. - mgwirizano wa semantic ndi wophiphiritsa, "nyimbo. maganizo", kuchuluka kwa nyimbo. kufotokoza; monga gawo losaoneka bwino lomwe linawululidwa m'kupita kwa nthawi, M.-ganizo likuwonetseratu kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kamwebundubundundundundundundundundunduXNUMXzwezwe - kuvawu kudayiwi wowi kutsi kuvala ntchito kokugwirira ntchito kokujambula zithunzi zamtundu wazithunzithunzi kuchokera koyambira mpaka komaliza, zomwe zimamveka ngati kugwirizanitsa kwakanthawi kwa fano limodzi ndi lokhazikika; Magawo omwe akuwonekera motsatizana a M. amawonedwa ngati amtundu womwewo womwe ukubwera pang'onopang'ono. Kukhulupirika ndi kufotokozera kwa M. kumawonekanso kokongola. mtengo wofanana ndi mtengo wa nyimbo (“… Koma chikondi ndi nyimbo” – AS Pushkin). Chifukwa chake kutanthauzira kwa nyimbo ngati ukoma wa nyimbo (M. - "kutsatizana kwa mawu omwe ... zosamveka” – G. Bellerman).

II. Atatuluka ngati mtundu woyamba wanyimbo, M. imasungabe zizindikiro za kugwirizana kwake koyambirira ndi mawu, vesi, kayendetsedwe ka thupi. Kufanana ndi mawu kumawonekera muzinthu zingapo za kapangidwe ka M. ngati nyimbo. lonse ndi ntchito zake zamagulu. Monga kulankhula, M. ndi kukopa kwa womvetsera ndi cholinga chomusonkhezera, njira yolankhulirana ndi anthu; M. imagwira ntchito ndi mawu omveka (mawu a M. - zinthu zomwezo - mawu); mawu M. amadalira kamvekedwe kake ka mtima. Liwu (tessitura, register), kamvekedwe ka mawu, kamvekedwe ka mawu, kamvekedwe ka mawu, kamvekedwe ka mawu, kugawanikana kwina, ndi kuganiza n'zofunika ponse paŵiri m'mawu ndi m'mawu. chiŵerengero cha zigawo, makamaka mphamvu za kusintha kwawo, kugwirizana kwawo. Kulumikizana ndi mawu, kulankhula (makamaka, oratorical) kumawonekeranso pamtengo wapakati wa nyimbo. mawu olingana ndi kutalika kwa mpweya wa munthu; m'njira zofanana (kapena zonse) zokometsera mawu ndi nyimbo (muz.-rhetoric. ziwerengero). Kapangidwe ka nyimbo. kuganiza (kuwonetseredwa mu M.) kumawulula malamulo ake odziwika bwino ndi mfundo zofananira. mfundo zamaganizo (cf. malamulo opangira malankhulidwe muzolankhula - Inventio, Dispositio, Elaboratio, Pronuntiatio - ndi mfundo za nyimbo. kuganiza). Kumvetsetsa mozama za zochitika zenizeni komanso zomveka-zaluso (nyimbo) zamalankhulidwe amalola B. AT. Asafiev kuti awonetsere mawu omveka a muses ndi mawu akuti tonation. lingaliro, lomveka ngati chodabwitsa chomwe chimatsimikiziridwa ndi anthu osungiramo zinthu zakale. chidziwitso (malinga ndi iye, "tonation system imakhala imodzi mwa ntchito za chikhalidwe cha anthu", "nyimbo zimasonyeza zenizeni kudzera mu mawu"). Kusiyana kwanyimbo. kalankhulidwe ka mawu kamakhala kosiyana ndi nyimbo (komanso nyimbo zonse) - pogwira ntchito ndi mamvekedwe okwera ndendende, muses. kusinthasintha kwa ndondomeko yofananira ikukonzekera; mu modal ndi wapadera rhythmic. bungwe, mumtundu wina wanyimbo wa M. Kufanana ndi vesi ndi nkhani yapadera komanso yapadera yolumikizana ndi mawu. Chosiyana ndi syncretic yakale. "Sangita", "trochai" (umodzi wa nyimbo, mawu ndi kuvina), M., nyimbo sizinataye chinthu chodziwika bwino chomwe chinagwirizanitsa ndi vesi ndi kayendedwe ka thupi - metrorhythm. dongosolo la nthawi (mu mawu, komanso kuguba ndi kuvina). nyimbo zogwiritsidwa ntchito, kaphatikizidwe kameneka kamasungidwa pang'ono kapena kusungidwa kwathunthu). "Order in motion" (Plato) ndi ulusi wamba womwe mwachilengedwe umagwira magawo atatu onsewa palimodzi. Nyimboyi ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndipo imatha kugawidwa molingana ndi dec. zizindikiro - mbiri, stylistic, mtundu, structural. M'njira zambiri, munthu ayenera kulekanitsa M. nyimbo za monophonic zochokera kwa M. zamitundumitundu. Mu monotone M. chimakwirira nyimbo zonse. lonse, mu polyphony, ndi chinthu chimodzi chokha cha nsalu (ngakhale ndi yofunika kwambiri). Chifukwa chake, ponena za monophony, kufotokozedwa kwathunthu kwa chiphunzitso cha M. ndi kufotokoza kwa chiphunzitso chonse cha nyimbo. Mu polyphony, kuphunzira kwa liwu losiyana, ngakhale ndilo lalikulu, sikuli kovomerezeka (kapena ngakhale kosaloledwa). Kapena ndikuwonetsa malamulo athunthu (polyphonic) a muses. amagwira ntchito pa liwu lalikulu (ndiye ichi sichiri "chiphunzitso cha nyimbo" m'lingaliro loyenera). Kapena imalekanitsa liwu lalikulu ndi ena omwe amalumikizana nalo. mawu ndi zinthu za nsalu za nyimbo zamoyo. zamoyo (ndiye "chiphunzitso cha nyimbo" ndi cholakwika mu nyimbo. mgwirizano). Kulumikizana kwa liwu lalikulu ndi mawu ena a nyimbo za homophonic. Komabe, minofu siyenera kuthetsedwa. Pafupifupi nyimbo iliyonse yanyumba yosungiramo ma homophonic imatha kupangidwa ndipo imapangidwa ndi polyphony m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, pakati pa malo akutali a M. ndi, ndi dr. mbali, kulingalira kosiyana kwa mgwirizano (mu "ziphunzitso za mgwirizano"), zotsutsana, zoimbira, palibe fanizo lokwanira, chifukwa phunziro lomalizali, ngakhale la mbali imodzi, nyimbo zonse. Lingaliro lanyimbo (M.) la polyphonic mu imodzi ya M. osafotokozedwa kwathunthu; izi zimatheka pokhapokha pagulu la mavoti onse. Chifukwa chake, madandaulo pakukula kwa sayansi ya M., kusowa kwa maphunziro oyenera (E. Tokh ndi ena) ndizoletsedwa. Ubale wokhazikika pakati pa magulu akuluakulu oundana ndi achilengedwe, makamaka poyerekeza ndi ku Europe. nyimbo zachikale, polyphonic m'chilengedwe. Choncho mwachindunji. mavuto a chiphunzitso cha M.

III. M. ndi gawo lalikulu la nyimbo. Udindo waukulu wa nyimbo pakati pa zinthu zina za nyimbo umafotokozedwa ndi mfundo yakuti nyimbo imaphatikiza zigawo zingapo za nyimbo zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa, zomwe nyimbo zimatha ndipo nthawi zambiri zimayimira nyimbo zonse. chonse. Zolunjika kwambiri. chigawo M. - phula mzere. Ena ndi iwo eni. zinthu za nyimbo: zochitika za modal-harmonic (onani Harmony, Mode, Tonality, Interval); mita, rhythm; kugawikana kwa nyimbo mu motifs, mawu; maubwenzi apamtima mu M. (onani Mawonekedwe a Nyimbo, Mutu, Cholinga); Mitundu yamitundu, yamphamvu. ma nuances, tempo, agogics, mithunzi yowoneka bwino, zikwapu, utoto wa timbre ndi kusintha kwa timbre, mawonekedwe amawu. Phokoso la mawu ena ovuta (makamaka m'nyumba yosungiramo anthu) limakhudza kwambiri M., kupatsa mawonekedwe ake kudzaza kwapadera, kutulutsa ma modal, ma harmonic, ndi mawu omveka bwino, ndikupanga maziko omwe amathandizira kuti M. Zochita za zovuta zonsezi zazinthu zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri zimachitidwa kudzera mwa M. ndipo zimawonedwa ngati kuti zonsezi ndi za M.

Mitundu ya melodic. mizere imakhazikika mu zoyambira zoyambira. katundu wa kaundula kukwera ndi zotsika. Chitsanzo cha M. - mawu M. amawawululira mosiyanitsa kwambiri; chida M. chimamveka pa chitsanzo cha mawu. Kusintha kwa ma frequency apamwamba a kugwedezeka kumachitika chifukwa cha kuyesayesa kwina, kuwonetseredwa kwa mphamvu (yomwe imawonetsedwa mu kuchuluka kwa kugwedezeka kwa mawu, kugwedezeka kwa zingwe, ndi zina zotero), ndi mosemphanitsa. Choncho, kusuntha kulikonse kwa mzere wopita mmwamba mwachibadwa kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukwera kwakukulu (kwamphamvu, kwamalingaliro), ndi kutsika ndi kuchepa (nthawi zina olemba amaphwanya mwadala chitsanzo ichi, kuphatikiza kukwera kwa kayendetsedwe kake ndi kufooka kwa mphamvu, ndi kutsika. ndi chiwonjezeko, ndipo potero amakwaniritsa mawonekedwe achilendo). Kukhazikika komwe kumafotokozedwa kumawonetseredwa muzovuta zolukana ndi kukhazikika kwa mphamvu yokoka ya modal; Choncho, phokoso lapamwamba la fret silikhala lamphamvu nthawi zonse, ndipo mosiyana. Amapindika melodic. mizere, kukwera ndi kugwa kumakhala kosavuta kuwonetsa mithunzi vnutr. mkhalidwe wamalingaliro mu mawonekedwe awo oyambira. Mgwirizano ndi kutsimikizika kwa nyimbo zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kukopa kwa phokoso la phokoso kumalo ovomerezeka okhazikika - abutment ("melodic tonic," malinga ndi BV Asafiev), pomwe gawo lamphamvu la mawu oyandikana limapangidwira. Kutengera acoustically anazindikira ndi khutu. pachibale, chithandizo chachiwiri chimayamba (nthawi zambiri quart kapena gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu pamwamba pa maziko omaliza). Chifukwa cha mgwirizano wachinayi-quint, ma toni am'manja omwe amadzaza malo pakati pa maziko pamapeto pake amakhala mu dongosolo la diatonic. gamma. Kusintha kwa phokoso la M. kwa sekondi mmwamba kapena pansi moyenera "kumachotsa tsatanetsatane" wa m'mbuyomo ndikupereka kumverera kwa kusintha, kayendetsedwe kamene kachitika. Choncho, ndime ya masekondi (Sekundgang, mawu a P. Hindemith) ndi enieni. njira ya M. (ndime ya masekondi imapanga mtundu wa "melodic trunk"), ndipo mfundo yoyambira yoyambira ya M. ndi nthawi yomweyo, cell yake ya melodic-modal. Ubale wachilengedwe pakati pa mphamvu ya mzere ndi njira ya melodic. kusuntha kumatsimikizira chitsanzo chakale kwambiri cha M. - mzere wotsika ("mzere woyamba", malinga ndi G. Schenker; "mzere wotsogolera wotsogola, womwe nthawi zambiri umatsika masekondi", malinga ndi IV Sposobin), womwe umayamba ndi phokoso lalikulu ( "mutu wamutu" wa mzere woyamba, malinga ndi G. Schenker; "top-source", malinga ndi LA Mazel) ndipo umatha ndi kugwa kumunsi:

Nyimbo yachi Russia "Panali birch m'munda."

Mfundo ya kutsika kwa mzere woyamba (mapangidwe a M.), yomwe ili pansi pa nyimbo zambiri, imawonetsera machitidwe a mzere wolunjika kwa M.: chiwonetsero cha mphamvu mumayendedwe a nyimbo. mzere ndi gulu lake kumapeto, zofotokozedwa pomaliza. kuchepa kwachuma; kuchotsa (kuchotsa) kukangana komwe kumachitika nthawi imodzi kumapereka kumverera kwachisangalalo, kutha kwa nyimbo. mphamvu zimathandizira kutha kwa nyimbo. kusuntha, kutha kwa M. Mfundo ya kutsika imalongosolanso zenizeni, "ntchito zofananira" za M. (mawu a LA Mazel). "Sounding movement" (G. Grabner) monga chiyambi cha nyimbo. mzere uli ndi cholinga chake kamvekedwe komaliza (chomaliza). Cholinga choyamba cha melodic. mphamvu imapanga "malo olamulira" a kamvekedwe kolamulira (mzati wachiwiri wa mzere, m'lingaliro lalikulu - lomveka bwino; onani phokoso la e2 mu chitsanzo pamwambapa; melodic dominant sikuti ndi gawo lachisanu lapamwamba kuposa finalis, ikhoza asiyanitsidwe ndi wachinayi, wachitatu). Koma kusuntha kwa rectilinear ndikwakale, kosalala, kosawoneka bwino. Zojambulajambula. chidwi ndi mitundu yake yosiyanasiyana, zovuta, zokhotakhota, nthawi zotsutsana. Ma toni am'mapangidwe apamwamba (mzere waukulu wotsikira) wadzaza ndi ndime za nthambi, kubisa chikhalidwe choyambirira cha nyimbo. thunthu (polyphony yobisika):

A. Thomas. "Thawirani kwa ife, madzulo opanda phokoso."

Nyimbo yoyamba. olamulira as1 amakongoletsedwa ndi chothandizira. phokoso (losonyezedwa ndi chilembo "v"); kamvekedwe kalikonse ka kamangidwe kake (kupatula komaliza) kamapereka moyo ku mamvekedwe anyimbo amene amatulukamo. "kuthawa"; mapeto a mzere ndi maziko apangidwe (amamveka es-des) asunthidwa ku octave ina. Chotsatira chake, melodic mzere umakhala wolemera, wosinthasintha, popanda kutaya nthawi yomweyo kukhulupirika ndi mgwirizano woperekedwa ndi kayendedwe koyambirira kwa masekondi mkati mwa consonance as1-des-1 (des2).

Mu harmonic. European system. Mu nyimbo, udindo wa malankhulidwe okhazikika umaseweredwa ndi mawu a consonant triad (osati ma quarts kapena asanu; maziko a triad nthawi zambiri amapezeka munyimbo zamtundu, makamaka za nthawi zam'tsogolo; mu chitsanzo cha nyimbo ya anthu aku Russia. zaperekedwa pamwambapa, mizere ya triad yaying'ono imaganiziridwa). Zotsatira zake, mawu anyimbo amalumikizana. olamulira - amakhala wachitatu ndi wachisanu wa triad, womangidwa pa liwu lomaliza (prime). Ndipo mgwirizano pakati pa mawu a melodic. mizere (zonse zomangika ndi nthambi zake), zodzazidwa ndi machitidwe a ma triadic kulumikizana, zimaganiziridwanso mkati. Zojambulazo zikukulirakulira. tanthauzo la polyphony yobisika; M. organically kuphatikiza ndi mawu ena; kujambula M. akhoza kutsanzira kayendedwe ka mawu ena. Kukongoletsa kwa kamvekedwe ka mutu wa mzere woyamba kumatha kukula mpaka kupanga odziyimira pawokha. zigawo; kutsika pansi mu nkhani iyi chimakwirira kokha theka lachiwiri la M. kapena kusuntha motalikirapo, chakumapeto. Ngati kukwera kumapangidwira kumutu wamutu, ndiye kuti mfundo yotsika ndi:

amasintha kukhala mfundo ya symmetry:

(ngakhale kutsika kwa mzere kumapeto kumasungabe mtengo wake wa kutulutsa mphamvu yanyimbo):

VA Mozart. "Little Night Music", gawo I.

F. Chopin. Nocturn op. 15 n2.

Kukongoletsa pachimake pachimake kungatheke osati mothandizidwa ndi mizere yofanana ndi sikelo (yonse yotsika ndi yokwera), komanso mothandizidwa ndi kusuntha motsatira phokoso la nyimbo, mitundu yonse ya nyimbo. zokongoletsera (ziwerengero monga trills, gruppetto; kuthandizira othandizira, ofanana ndi ma mordents, etc.) ndi kuphatikiza kulikonse kwa iwo ndi wina ndi mzake. Choncho, mapangidwe a nyimbo amawululidwa ngati mitundu yambiri, pomwe pansi pa chithunzi chapamwamba pali melodic. mafanizo ndi yosavuta komanso okhwima melodic. kusuntha, komwe, komwe, kumakhala fanizo la zomangamanga zoyambira kwambiri zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera kumapangidwe oyambira. Chigawo chotsika kwambiri ndi chosavuta kwambiri. kudandaula chitsanzo. (Lingaliro la magawo angapo a nyimbo zoyimbidwa linapangidwa ndi G. Schenker; njira yake yotsatizana "kuchotsa" zigawo za kapangidwe kake ndikuzichepetsa kukhala zitsanzo zoyambirira zimatchedwa "njira yochepetsera"; "njira yowunikira" ya IP Shishov. mafupa” ndi ogwirizana nawo.)

IV. Magawo a chitukuko cha nyimbo amagwirizana ndi chachikulu. magawo m'mbiri ya nyimbo zonse. Gwero lenileni komanso chuma chosatha cha M. - Nar. kupanga nyimbo. Nar. M. ndi chisonyezero cha kuya kwa magulu amagulu. chidziwitso, chikhalidwe "chachirengedwe" chochitika mwachibadwa, chomwe chimalimbikitsa akatswiri, nyimbo za wolemba. Mbali yofunika ya Russian nar. ukadaulo umapukutidwa kwazaka zambiri ndi mlimi wakale M., wokhala ndi chiyero chambiri, epic. kumveka bwino ndi zolinga za dziko. Kudekha kwakukulu, kuya ndi kufulumira kwakumverera kumalumikizidwa mwa iwo ndi kuuma, "kufunitsitsa" kwa diatonic. dongosolo lopweteka. Chojambula choyambirira cha M. cha nyimbo ya anthu aku Russia "Pali njira yoposa imodzi m'munda" (onani chitsanzo) ndi chitsanzo cha c2-h1-a1.

Nyimbo yachi Russia "Palibe njira imodzi m'munda."

Kapangidwe ka organic ka M. kamakhala mu hierarchical. kugonjera kwa magulu onsewa apangidwe ndipo amawonekera mosavuta komanso mwachibadwa chamtengo wapatali kwambiri, chapamwamba.

Rus. mapiri nyimboyi imatsogoleredwa ndi mautatu atatu. chigoba (chodziwika, makamaka, kusuntha kotseguka motsatira phokoso la chord), squareness, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zolinga zomveka bwino, mawu omveka bwino:

Nyimbo ya anthu aku Russia "Kulira kwamadzulo".

Mugham "Shur". Lembani nambala. A. Karaeva.

Nyimbo zakale kwambiri zakum'maŵa (ndi zina za ku Ulaya) zimakhazikika pa mfundo ya maqam (mfundo ya raga, fret-model). Kubwereza kobwerezabwereza kwa chimango (bh kutsika) kumakhala chitsanzo (chitsanzo) cha katsatidwe ka mawu achindunji. kusintha-kusinthika kwamitundu yayikulu yamawu.

Chitsanzo chanyimbo chowongolera ndi M. komanso mawonekedwe ena. Ku India, mtundu woterewu umatchedwa para, m'maiko a chikhalidwe cha Aarabu ndi Perisiya komanso m'magulu angapo aku Central Asia. maiko - maqam (poppy, mugham, torment), ku Greece wakale - nom ("lamulo"), ku Java - patet (patet). Ntchito yofananira mu Old Russian. nyimbo zimachitidwa ndi liwu ngati nyimbo zoimbidwa, zomwe M. za gulu ili zimayimbidwa (nyimbozo ndi zofanana ndi melody-model).

M'Chirasha chakale Mukuyimba kwachipembedzo, ntchito yachitsanzo imachitika mothandizidwa ndi zomwe zimatchedwa zokongola, zomwe ndi nyimbo zazifupi zomwe zakhala zikuwonekera pochita mwambo woimba pakamwa ndipo zimapangidwa ndi nyimbo zoimbira zomwe zikuphatikizidwa. zovuta zozindikiritsa liwu lolingana.

Poglasica and Psalm.

Nyimbo zamakedzana zimatengera chikhalidwe cholemera kwambiri cha chikhalidwe, chomwe, mwa kusiyanitsa kwake, chimaposa nyimbo za ku Ulaya pambuyo pake. nyimbo. Kuphatikiza pa miyeso iwiri ya phula yomwe ilipobe lero - mode ndi tonality, kalelo panalinso ina, yofotokozedwa ndi lingaliro la jenda (genos). Amuna atatu (diatonic, chromatic ndi enharmonic) okhala ndi mitundu yawo adapereka mwayi wambiri wama toni am'manja (Greek kinoumenoi) kudzaza mipata pakati pa ma toni okhazikika (estotes) amtundu wa tetrachord (kupanga "symphony" yachinayi), kuphatikiza (pamodzi ndi diatonic. phokoso) ndi zomveka mu microintervals - 1/3,3/8, 1/4 matani, etc. Chitsanzo M. (excerpt) enharmonic. mtundu (wodutsa akuwonetsa kuchepa kwa 1/4 toni):

Stasim yoyamba yochokera ku Euripides 'Orestes (chidutswa).

Mzere wa M. uli ndi (monga kale Kum'mawa kwa M.) kufotokozera momveka bwino kutsika pansi (malinga ndi Aristotle, chiyambi cha M. pamwamba ndi kutha m'mabuku otsika kumathandizira kutsimikizika kwake, ungwiro). Kudalira kwa M. pa liwulo (nyimbo zachigiriki makamaka ndi mawu), mayendedwe a thupi (m’mavinidwe, mayendedwe, maseŵero a maseŵero a maseŵero olimbitsa thupi) anadziwonetsera okha m’nthaŵi zamakedzana ndi kukwanira kwakukulu ndi mwamsanga. Chifukwa chake udindo waukulu wa rhythm mu nyimbo monga chinthu chomwe chimawongolera dongosolo la ubale wanthawi yochepa (malinga ndi Aristides Quintilian, rhythm ndi mfundo yachimuna, ndipo nyimbo ndi yachikazi). Magwero ake ndi akale. M. ndiyozama kwambiri - awa ndi gawo la uXNUMXbuXNUMXb "motor-motor mayendedwe omwe amathandizira nyimbo ndi ndakatulo, mwachitsanzo, triune chorea ”(RI Gruber).

Nyimbo ya nyimbo ya Gregorian (onani nyimbo ya Gregorian) imayankha ku mapemphero ake achikhristu. kusankhidwa. Zomwe zili mu Gregorian M. zikutsutsana kotheratu ndi zomwe amati zakale zachikunja. mtendere. Mphamvu ya thupi-minofu ya M. yakale imatsutsidwa pano ndi kuchotsedwa komaliza kuchokera ku thupi-motor. mphindi ndikuyang'ana pa tanthauzo la liwulo (lomveka ngati "vumbulutso laumulungu"), pa kusinkhasinkha kwapamwamba, kumizidwa mu kulingalira, kudzikuza. Chifukwa chake, mu nyimbo zakwaya, chilichonse chomwe chimagogomezera zochitikazo sichipezeka - nyimbo yothamangitsidwa, kukula kwa mawu, zochita za zolinga, mphamvu yokoka ya tonal. Nyimbo za Gregorian ndi chikhalidwe cha melodrama yokwanira ("umodzi wa mitima" sugwirizana ndi "kusagwirizana"), zomwe sizili zachilendo chabe ku mgwirizano uliwonse wa chordal, koma sichilola "polyphony" iliyonse. The modal maziko a Gregorian M. - otchedwa. ma toni a tchalitchi (mapawiri anayi amitundu ya diatonic, osankhidwa molingana ndi mawonekedwe a finalis - kamvekedwe komaliza, ambitus ndi repercussion - kamvekedwe ka kubwereza). Iliyonse mwa mitunduyi, komanso, imalumikizidwa ndi gulu lina la mawonekedwe a nyimbo zoimbira (zokhazikika zomwe zimatchedwa ma toni a salmodic - toni psalmorum). Kukhazikitsidwa kwa nyimbo zamtundu womwe wapatsidwa mu zida zosiyanasiyana zoimbira zokhudzana nazo, komanso nyimbo. kusiyana kwa mitundu ina ya nyimbo za Gregorian, mofanana ndi mfundo yakale ya maqam. Kukhazikika kwa mzere wanyimbo zakwaya kumawonekera m'mawu ake omveka; gawo loyamba la M. (initium) ndilokwera ku liwu lobwerezabwereza (tenor kapena tuba; komanso repercussio), ndipo gawo lomaliza ndilotsika ku liwu lomaliza (finalis). Kayimbidwe ka chorale samakhazikika ndendende ndipo amadalira katchulidwe ka mawu. Mgwirizano pakati pa mawu ndi nyimbo. chiyambi chimawulula DOS ziwiri. mtundu wa kuyanjana kwawo: kubwerezabwereza, masalmo (lectio, orationes; accentue) ndi kuimba (cantus, modulatio; concentus) ndi mitundu yawo ndi masinthidwe. Chitsanzo cha Gregorian M.:

Antiphon "Asperges me", kamvekedwe ka IV.

Melodika polyphonic. Masukulu a Renaissance amadalira nyimbo za Gregorian, koma amasiyana mosiyanasiyana (mogwirizana ndi aesthetics of humanism), mtundu wa kachitidwe ka mawu, opangidwira polyphony. Dongosolo loyimbira limachokera pa "mamvekedwe a tchalitchi" asanu ndi atatu akale ndikuwonjezera kwa Ionian ndi Aeolian ndi mitundu yawo ya plagal (mitundu yomalizayi mwina idakhalapo kuyambira koyambirira kwa nthawi ya polyphony yaku Europe, koma idalembedwa m'lingaliro chabe pakati m'zaka za zana la 16). Udindo waukulu wa diatonic mu nthawi ino sichikutsutsana ndi mfundo yadongosolo. kugwiritsa ntchito kamvekedwe koyambilira (nyimbo ficta), nthawi zina kumakulirakulira (mwachitsanzo, mu G. de Machaux), nthawi zina kufewetsa (ku Palestrina), nthawi zina kumakhuthala kwambiri mpaka kumayandikira kukula kwazaka za zana la 20. (Gesualdo, kutha kwa madrigal "Chifundo!"). Ngakhale kugwirizana ndi polyphonic, chordal mgwirizano, polyphonic. nyimboyi imayimbidwabe motsatira (ndiko kuti, simafunika thandizo la harmonic ndipo imalola kusakanikirana kulikonse). Mzerewu umamangidwa pa mfundo ya sikelo, osati katatu; monofunctionality wa matani pa mtunda wa gawo lachitatu si kuwonetseredwa (kapena kuwululidwa mofooka kwambiri), kusuntha kwa diatonic. chachiwiri ndi Ch. chida chotukula mzere. Mzere wamba wa M. umayandama komanso wosasunthika, osawonetsa chizolowezi cha jakisoni wofotokozera; mtundu wa mzere umakhala wosafika pachimake. Mwachidziwitso, phokoso la M. limakonzedwa mokhazikika, mosadziwika bwino (zomwe zatsimikiziridwa kale ndi nyumba yosungiramo zinthu za polyphonic, polyphony). Komabe, mita ili ndi mtengo woyezera nthawi popanda kusiyanitsa kulikonse kwa metric. ntchito zapafupi. Tsatanetsatane wa kayimbidwe ka mzere ndi ma intervals amafotokozedwa ndi kuwerengetsa kwa mawu ophatikizira (njira zosungirako zokonzekera, ma syncopations, cambites, etc.). Pankhani ya kapangidwe ka nyimbo, komanso kutsutsa, pali chizoloŵezi chachikulu choletsa kubwereza (maphokoso, magulu a mawu), zopatuka zomwe zimaloledwa motsimikizika, zoperekedwa ndi mawu oimba. malangizo, zodzikongoletsera M.; cholinga cha chiletso ndi zosiyanasiyana (rule redicta, y ndi J. Tinktoris). Kukonzanso kosalekeza mu nyimbo, makamaka mawonekedwe a polyphony yolemba mwamphamvu m'zaka za zana la 15 ndi 16. (otchedwa Prosamelodik; mawu a G. Besseler), samaphatikizapo kuthekera kwa metric. ndi symmetry structural (periodicity) ya pafupi, mapangidwe a squareness, nthawi zachikale. mtundu ndi mafomu ogwirizana.

Palestrina. "Missa brevis", Benedictus.

Nyimbo yakale yaku Russia. woyimba. art-va typologically imayimira kufanana ndi nyimbo ya Western Gregorian, koma imasiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zili m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Popeza adabwereka ku Byzantium M. sizinali zokhazikika, ndiye pamene adasamutsidwa ku Russia. nthaka, ndipo makamaka mu ndondomeko ya kukhalapo kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri za Ch. ayi. pakamwa (kuyambira mbiri ya mbedza zisanafike zaka za zana la 17. sanasonyeze kutalika kwenikweni kwa mawu) pansi pa chisonkhezero chopitirizabe cha Nar. Kulemba nyimbo, adaganizanso mozama ndipo, mu mawonekedwe omwe adabwera kwa ife (m'zaka za m'ma 17), mosakayikira adasandulika kukhala Chirasha. chodabwitsa. Nyimbo za ambuye akale ndi chikhalidwe chamtengo wapatali cha Russian. anthu. (“Malinga ndi zimene zili m’nyimbo zake, nyimbo zoimbidwa zakale za ku Russia n’zofunika kwambiri ngati zipilala za zithunzi zakale za ku Russia,” anatero B. AT. Asafiev.) Maziko ambiri a modal dongosolo la Znamenny kuimba, osachepera 17 atumwi. (cm. Znamenny nyimbo), - otchedwa. sikelo ya tsiku ndi tsiku (kapena mawonekedwe a tsiku ndi tsiku) GAH cde fga bc'd' (mwa "ma accordion" anayi a dongosolo lomwelo; sikelo monga dongosolo si octave, koma yachinayi, ikhoza kutanthauziridwa ngati ma tetrachords anayi a Ionian, ofotokozedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana). Zambiri za M. osankhidwa molingana ndi amodzi mwa mawu 8. Mawu ndi gulu la nyimbo zina (pali dazeni zingapo pa liwu lililonse), zoyikidwa mozungulira nyimbo zawo. tonic (2-3, nthawi zina zambiri za mawu ambiri). Kuganiza kwa kunja kwa octave kumawonekeranso mumapangidwe a modal. M. zitha kukhala ndi timagulu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono mkati mwa sikelo imodzi. Line M. yodziwika ndi kusalala, kuchulukira kwa gamma, kuyenda kwachiwiri, kupewa kulumpha mkati mwa zomangamanga (nthawi zina pamakhala magawo atatu ndi anayi). Ndi chikhalidwe chofewa cha mawuwo (ayenera "kuyimbidwa mofatsa ndi mawu achete") momveka bwino. mzerewu ndi wamphamvu komanso wamphamvu. Old Russian. nyimbo zachipembedzo nthawi zonse zimakhala zomveka ndipo makamaka zimakhala za monophonic. Fotokozani. katchulidwe ka mawu amatsimikizira kamvekedwe ka mawu a M. (kutsindika masilabulo otsindika m'mawu, mphindi zofunika kutanthawuza; kumapeto kwa M. wamba rhythmic. kamba, ch. ayi. ndi nthawi yayitali). Miyezo yoyezera imapewedwa, kamvekedwe kapafupi kamayendetsedwa ndi utali ndi kufotokozera kwa mizere ya malemba. Nyimbo zimasiyanasiyana. M. ndi njira zomwe ali nazo, nthawi zina amawonetsa maiko kapena zochitika zomwe zatchulidwa m'mawuwo. Zonse za M. zambiri (ndipo zitha kukhala zazitali kwambiri) zimamangidwa pa mfundo yosinthira nyimbo. Kusiyanaku kumakhala ndi kuyimba kwatsopano ndi kubwereza kwaulere, kuchotsa, kuwonjezera otd. mawu ndi magulu onse amawu (cf. chitsanzo nyimbo ndi masalimo). Luso la woyimba (wopeka) adawonekera pakutha kupanga mtundu wautali komanso wosiyanasiyana wa M. kuchokera kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha zifukwa zoyambira. Mfundo yoyambira idawonedwa mosamalitsa ndi Old Russian. akatswiri oimba, mzere watsopano umayenera kukhala ndi nyimbo yatsopano (meloprose). Chifukwa chake kufunikira kwakukulu kwa kusiyanasiyana mu lingaliro lalikulu la mawu ngati njira yachitukuko.

Stichera pa Phwando la Vladimir Icon ya Amayi a Mulungu, nyimbo zoyenda. Zolemba ndi nyimbo (monga) za Ivan the Terrible.

European melodic 17th-19th Century idakhazikitsidwa pamayendedwe ang'onoang'ono a tonal ndipo amalumikizidwa ndi nsalu za polyphonic (osati kokha mu homophony, komanso m'nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zama polyphonic). "Nyimbo zanyimbo sizingawonekere m'malingaliro mosiyana ndi mgwirizano" (PI Tchaikovsky). M. akupitiriza kukhala cholinga cha ganizo, komabe, kupanga M., wolemba (mwinamwake mosadziwa) amazipanga pamodzi ndi chachikulu. counterpoint (bass; malinga ndi P. Hindemith - "mawu awiri oyambirira"), malinga ndi mgwirizano womwe wafotokozedwa M.. Kukula kwakukulu kwa nyimbo. lingaliro lili mu chodabwitsa cha melodic. mapangidwe chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa majini mmenemo. zigawo, mu mawonekedwe oponderezedwa okhala ndi mitundu yam'mbuyomu yanyimbo:

1) choyambirira liniya-mphamvu. chinthu (mu mawonekedwe a mphamvu zokwera ndi zotsika, zomanga msana wa mzere wachiwiri);

2) chinthu cha metrorhythm chomwe chimagawanitsa chinthu ichi (mu mawonekedwe a dongosolo losiyana kwambiri la maubwenzi osakhalitsa pamagulu onse);

3) bungwe la modal la rhythmic line (mu mawonekedwe a dongosolo lotukuka kwambiri la kulumikizana kwa tonal, komanso pamagulu onse a nyimbo).

Pazigawo zonsezi za kapangidwe kameneka, chomaliza chimawonjezedwa - mgwirizano wamagulu, womwe umapangidwira pamzere wa mawu amodzi pogwiritsa ntchito zatsopano, osati monophonic, komanso zitsanzo za polyphonic popanga zida zoimbira. Kupanikizidwa mu mzere, mgwirizano umakonda kukhala ndi mawonekedwe ake achilengedwe a polyphonic; choncho, M. ya nthawi ya "harmonic" nthawi zambiri imabadwa pamodzi ndi mgwirizano wake womwe umasinthidwanso - ndi mabasi otsutsana ndi kudzaza mawu apakati. Muchitsanzo chotsatirachi, kutengera mutu wa Cis-dur fugue kuchokera mu voliyumu yoyamba ya Well-Tempered Clavier yolembedwa ndi JS Bach ndi mutu wankhani yongopeka Romeo ndi Juliet yolembedwa ndi PI Tchaikovsky, zikuwonetsedwa momwe chord mogwirizana (A. ) imakhala yoyimba ngati mtundu (B), yomwe, yophatikizidwa mu M., imatulutsanso mgwirizano wobisika mmenemo (V; Q 1, Q1, Q2, etc. - chord ntchito za choyamba, chachiwiri, chachitatu, ndi zina zotero. Q3 - motsatana magawo asanu pansi; 1 - "zero zisanu", zolimbikitsa); kusanthula (mwa njira yochepetsera) pamapeto pake kumawonetsa chinthu chake chapakati (G):

Choncho, mkangano wotchuka pakati pa Rameau (amene ankati kugwirizana kumasonyeza njira ya liwu lililonse, kumayambitsa nyimbo) ndi Rousseau (amene ankakhulupirira kuti "nyimbo mu nyimbo n'zofanana kujambula kujambula; zochita zamitundu”) Rameau anali wolondola; Mapangidwe a Rousseau amachitira umboni kusamvetsetsana kwa ma harmonics. maziko a nyimbo zachikale ndi chisokonezo cha malingaliro: "mgwirizano" - "chord" (Rousseau angakhale olondola ngati "mgwirizano" ukhoza kumveka ngati mawu otsagana nawo).

Kukula kwa nyengo ya "harmonic" ya ku Europe ndi mndandanda wambiri komanso zolemba. magawo (malinga ndi B. Sabolchi, baroque, rococo, Viennese classics, romanticism), iliyonse yomwe imadziwika ndi zovuta zenizeni. zizindikiro. Mitundu yamtundu wa JS Bach, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, F. Chopin, R. Wagner, MI Glinka, PI Tchaikovsky, MP Mussorgsky. Koma mutha kuzindikiranso mitundu ina yanyimbo zanthawi ya "harmonic", chifukwa cha zowoneka bwino za kukongola kwakukulu. unsembe umalimbana Kuwulura kotheratu za mkati. dziko la munthu, munthu. umunthu: kafotokozedwe kake, “padziko lapansi” (mosiyana ndi katchulidwe kena ka nyimbo ka nyengo yapita); kulumikizana kwachindunji ndi gawo la nyimbo zamtundu watsiku ndi tsiku; permeation ndi rhythm ndi mita ya kuvina, kuguba, kuyenda kwa thupi; zovuta, nthambi za metric bungwe ndi ma multilevel masiyanidwe a kuwala ndi heavy lobes; kukopa kolimba kochokera ku rhythm, motif, mita; Metrorhythm. ndi kubwereza zolimbikitsa monga chisonyezero cha ntchito ya malingaliro a moyo; kukokera ku squareness, yomwe imakhala malo ofotokozera; katatu ndi chiwonetsero cha ma harmonics. ntchito mu M., polyphony yobisika pamzere, mgwirizano umatanthawuza ndi kulingalira kwa M.; kumveka kwapadera kwa mawu omwe amamveka ngati mbali za chord imodzi; pazifukwa izi, kukonzanso kwamkati kwa mzere (mwachitsanzo, c - d - shift, c - d - e - kunja, "quantitatively" kusuntha kwina, koma mkati - kubwerera ku consonance yapitayi); njira yapadera yothanirana ndi kuchedwa kotereku pakukula kwa mzere pogwiritsa ntchito kamvekedwe, kakulidwe ka zolinga, mgwirizano (onani chitsanzo pamwambapa, gawo B); kapangidwe ka mzere, motif, mawu, mutu umatsimikiziridwa ndi mita; metric dismemberment ndi periodicity zimaphatikizidwa ndi kudulidwa ndi periodicity ya ma harmonics. zida zanyimbo (zomveka zomveka bwino za melodic cadences); pokhudzana ndi zenizeni (mutu wochokera ku Tchaikovsky mu chitsanzo chomwecho) kapena kutanthauza (mutu wochokera ku Bach) mgwirizano, mzere wonse wa M. ndi wodziwika bwino (mu kalembedwe ka Viennese classics ngakhale motsimikiza) wogawidwa kukhala chord ndi osakhala- chord imamveka, mwachitsanzo, pamutu kuchokera ku Bach gis1 koyambirira gawo loyamba - kutsekeredwa. Kuphatikizika kwa maubwenzi a mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi mita (ndiko kuti, kulumikizana kwa magawo) kumafikira kuzinthu zazikulu (nthawi zina zazikulu kwambiri), zomwe zimathandizira kuti pakhale ma mita omwe akutukuka komanso odabwitsa kwambiri (Chopin, Tchaikovsky).

Melodika zaka za m'ma 20 zimasonyeza chithunzi cha kusiyana kwakukulu - kuchokera kumakedzana a zigawo zakale kwambiri za bunks. nyimbo (IF Stravinsky, B. Bartok), chiyambi cha omwe si a ku Ulaya. zikhalidwe za nyimbo (Negro, East Asia, Indian), misa, pop, nyimbo za jazi ku tonal yamakono (SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, AI Khachaturyan, RS Ledenev, R K. Shchedrin, BI Tishchenko, TN Khrennikov, AN Alexandrov, A. Ya. Stravinsky ndi ena),-modal yatsopano (O. Messiaen, AN Cherepnin), nyimbo khumi ndi ziwiri, serial, serial music (A. Schoenberg, A. Webern, A. Berg, mochedwa Stravinsky, P. Boulez, L. Nono, D Ligeti, EV Denisov, AG Schnittke, RK Shchedrin, SM Slonimsky, KA Karaev ndi ena), zamagetsi, aleatoric (K. Stockhausen, V. Lutoslavsky ndi ena .), stochastic (J. Xenakis), nyimbo ndi luso collage (L. Berio, CE Ives, AG Schnittke, AA Pyart, BA Tchaikovsky), ndi zina ngakhale kwambiri mafunde ndi mayendedwe. Sipangakhale funso la kalembedwe kalikonse komanso kamvekedwe kalikonse ka nyimbo pano; pokhudzana ndi zochitika zambiri, lingaliro lenileni la nyimbo mwina silikugwira ntchito konse, kapena liyenera kukhala ndi tanthauzo lina (mwachitsanzo, "nyimbo ya timbre", Klangfarbenmelodie - mu Schoenbergian kapena lingaliro lina). Zitsanzo za M. 20th century: purely diatonic (A), matone khumi ndi awiri (B):

SS Prokofiev "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere", Kutuzov's aria.

DD Shostakovich. 14 symphony, gulu V.

V. Chiyambi cha chiphunzitso cha M. chili mu ntchito za nyimbo za Dr. Greece ndi Dr. East. Popeza nyimbo za anthu akale nthawi zambiri zimakhala za monophonic, chiphunzitso chonse cha nyimbo chinali sayansi ya nyimbo ("Music is the science of perfect melos" - Anonymous II Bellerman; "wangwiro", kapena "wodzaza", melos ndiye mgwirizano wa mawu, nyimbo ndi rhythm). Momwemonso mu njira. Zosakhudza kwambiri za nyimbo za nthawi ya ku Ulaya. ya Middle Ages, m'njira zambiri, kupatulapo zambiri za chiphunzitso chotsutsa, komanso cha Renaissance: "Music is the science of melody" (Musica est peritia modulationis - Isidore wa Seville). Chiphunzitso cha M. m’lingaliro loyenerera la mawuwa chinayambira panthaŵi imene muses. chiphunzitso anayamba kusiyanitsa harmonics, rhythms ndi nyimbo monga choncho. Woyambitsa chiphunzitso cha M. amatengedwa kukhala Aristoxenus.

Chiphunzitso chakale cha nyimbo chimachiwona ngati chodabwitsa: "Melos ali ndi magawo atatu: mawu, mgwirizano, ndi rhythm" (Plato). Kumveka kwa mawu kumakhala kofala pa nyimbo ndi kulankhula. Mosiyana ndi malankhulidwe, melos ndi kagawo kakang'ono ka mawu (Aristoxenus); kuyenda kwa mawu kuli pawiri: "imodzi imatchedwa mosalekeza ndi colloquial, nthawi ina (diastnmatikn) ndi melodic" (Anonymous (Cleonides), komanso Aristoxenus). Kusuntha kwapakati "kumaloleza kuchedwa (kwa phokoso pamlingo womwewo) ndi kusinthasintha pakati pawo" kusinthasintha. Kusintha kuchokera ku utali kupita ku wina kumatanthauzidwa ngati chifukwa cha minyewa. zinthu ("kuchedwa timatcha mikangano, ndi nthawi pakati pawo - kusintha kuchokera ku zovuta zina kupita ku zina. Zomwe zimapanga kusiyana pakati pa mikangano ndizovuta ndi kumasulidwa "- Osadziwika). Yemweyo Anonymous (Cleonides) amaika mitundu ya melodic. mayendedwe: "pali matembenuzidwe anayi a nyimbo omwe nyimboyi imayimbidwa: agogy, plok, petteia, tone. Agogue ndi kayendedwe ka nyimbo pazifukwa zomwe zikutsatira motsatira nthawi yomweyo (kusuntha kwapang'onopang'ono); ploke - kamangidwe ka phokoso mu intervals kudzera nambala yodziwika ya masitepe (kulumpha kuyenda); petteiya - kubwereza mobwerezabwereza phokoso lomwelo; kamvekedwe - kuchedwetsa mawu kwa nthawi yayitali popanda kusokoneza. Aristides Quintilian ndi Bacchius Wamkulu amagwirizanitsa kuyenda kwa M. kuchokera pamwamba mpaka kutsika phokoso ndi kufooka, ndipo mosiyana ndi kukulitsa. Malinga ndi Quintilian, M. amasiyanitsidwa ndi kukwera, kutsika, ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira (wavy). M'nthawi yamakedzana, kukhazikika kunadziwika, momwe kulumpha m'mwamba (prolnpiz kapena prokroysiz) kumaphatikizapo kubwereranso pansi pamasekondi (kusanthula), ndi mosemphanitsa. M. adapatsidwa mawonekedwe ofotokozera ("ethos"). "Kunena za nyimbo, iwo eni ali ndi kubwereza zilembo" (Aristotle).

M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages ndi Renaissance, chatsopano mu chiphunzitso cha nyimbo chinasonyezedwa makamaka pakukhazikitsa maubwenzi ena ndi mawu, kulankhula ngati okhawo ovomerezeka. Amayimba kuti asakhale mawu a woyimba, koma mawu okondweretsa Mulungu "(Jerome). "Modulatio", yomwe imamveka osati ngati nyimbo yeniyeni ya M., komanso nyimbo yosangalatsa, "konsonanti" komanso zomangamanga zabwino za nyimbo. lonse, lopangidwa ndi Augustine kuchokera ku muzu modus (muyeso), limatanthauzidwa ngati "sayansi yoyenda bwino, ndiko kuti, kuyenda motsatira muyeso", kutanthauza "kusunga nthawi ndi nthawi"; mawonekedwe ndi kusasinthasintha kwa zinthu za rhythm ndi mode zimaphatikizidwanso mu lingaliro la "modulation". Ndipo popeza M. ("modulation") amachokera ku "muyeso", ndiye, mu mzimu wa neo-Pythagoreanism, Augustine amaona kuti chiwerengerocho ndicho maziko a kukongola kwa M.

Malamulo a "nyimbo zomveka bwino" (modulatione) mu "Microlog" lolemba Guido d'Arezzo b.ch. Osakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nyimbo za mawu (mosiyana ndi rhythm, mode), koma kapangidwe kake. “Mawu a nyimboyo ayenera kumagwirizana ndi mutu weniweniwo, kotero kuti m’mikhalidwe yachisoni nyimboyo iyenera kukhala yofunika kwambiri, m’mikhalidwe yabata ikhale yosangalatsa, m’mikhalidwe yachisangalalo ikhale yachisangalalo, ndi zina zotero.” Kapangidwe ka M. akuyerekezeredwa ndi kalembedwe ka mawu: “monga m’mamita andakatulo muli zilembo ndi masilabi, zigawo ndi maimidwe, mavesi, momwemonso mu nyimbo (mu harmonia) muli phthongs, ndiko kuti, mawu ... amaphatikizidwa kukhala masilabi, ndipo iwowo (ma sillables), osavuta komanso owirikiza, amapanga nevma, ndiye kuti, gawo la nyimbo (cantilenae), ", zigawozo zimawonjezeredwa ku dipatimentiyo. Kuyimba kuyenera kukhala "monga ngati kuyeza pamapazi a metric." Madipatimenti a M., monga mu ndakatulo, ayenera kukhala ofanana, ndipo ena ayenera kubwerezana. Guido akulozera ku njira zomwe zingatheke zolumikizira madipatimenti: "kufanana mumayendedwe okwera kapena otsika", mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maubwenzi ofananira: gawo lobwerezabwereza la M. litha kupita "mozungulira mozungulira komanso ngakhale masitepe omwewo. pamene chinayamba kuonekera”; chithunzi cha M., chochokera ku liwu lapamwamba, chimasiyanitsidwa ndi chifaniziro chomwecho chochokera ku phokoso lapansi ("zili ngati momwe ife, tikuyang'ana m'chitsime, timawona maonekedwe a nkhope yathu"). "Maganizo a mawu ndi zigawo ayenera kugwirizana ndi mfundo zomwezo za lembalo, ... mawu omwe ali kumapeto kwa gawolo ayenera kukhala, ngati kavalo wothamanga, mochedwa kwambiri, ngati akutopa, movutikira kupuma. .” Kupitilira apo, Guido - woyimba wakale - amapereka njira yodziwika bwino yopangira nyimbo, zomwe zimatchedwa. njira ya equivocalism, momwe mamvekedwe a M. amasonyezedwa ndi mavawelo omwe ali mu silabi yoperekedwa. Mu M. wotsatira, mavawelo "a" nthawi zonse amagwera pa liwu la C (c), "e" - pa liwu D (d), "i" - pa E (e), "o" - pa F ( f) ndi “ndi” pa G(g). (“Njirayo ndi yophunzitsa kwambiri kuposa kulemba,” akutero K. Dahlhaus):

Woimira wodziwika bwino wa aesthetics a Renaissance Tsarlino m'mawu akuti "Establishments of Harmony", ponena za tanthauzo lakale (Platonic) la M., amalangiza wolembayo "kubwereza tanthauzo (soggetto) lomwe lili m'mawu." Mu mzimu wa miyambo yakale, Zarlino amasiyanitsa mfundo zinayi mu nyimbo, zomwe pamodzi zimatsimikizira zotsatira zake zodabwitsa pa munthu, izi ndi: mgwirizano, mita, kulankhula (oratione) ndi lingaliro laluso (soggetto - "chiwembu"); atatu oyambirira a iwo kwenikweni ndi M. Kufananiza mawu. mwayi wa M. (m’lingaliro lopapatiza la mawuwa) ndi kamvekedwe, amakonda M. monga amene ali ndi “mphamvu yoposa ya kusintha zilakolako ndi makhalidwe mkati mwake.” Artusi (mu "The Art of Counterpoint") pachitsanzo chamagulu akale amitundu yanyimbo. kusuntha kumayika nyimbo zina. zojambula. Kutanthauzira kwa nyimbo monga chiwonetsero cha kukhudzidwa (mogwirizana kwambiri ndi malembawo) kumakhudzana ndi kumvetsetsa kwake pamaziko a nyimbo zoimbira, chitukuko chatsatanetsatane chomwe chimagwera m'zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18. Ziphunzitso za nyimbo za nthawi yatsopano zimafufuza kale nyimbo zamtundu wa homophonic (mawu ake omwe nthawi yomweyo amafotokozera nyimbo zonse). Komabe, mu Ser. M'zaka za m'ma 18 mukhoza kukumana lolingana ndi chikhalidwe chake sayansi ndi methodological. maziko. Kudalira kwa nyimbo za homophonic pa kumvana, kogogomezeredwa ndi Rameau (“Chimene timachitcha nyimbo, ndiko kuti, kuyimba kwa liwu limodzi, kumapangidwa ndi dongosolo la mawu a diatonic molumikizana ndi kutsatizana kofunikira komanso ndi madongosolo onse otheka a mawu ogwirizana. yotengedwa kuchokera ku "chikhazikitso" omwe adayika patsogolo pa chiphunzitso cha nyimbo, vuto la kugwirizana kwa nyimbo ndi mgwirizano, zomwe kwa nthawi yaitali zinatsimikizira kukula kwa chiphunzitso cha nyimbo. Kuphunzira kwa nyimbo m'zaka za 17th-19th. anachita bh osati mu ntchito zoperekedwa mwapadera kwa iye, koma mu ntchito zopanga, mgwirizano, zotsutsana. Chiphunzitso cha nthawi ya Baroque chimawunikira kapangidwe ka M. pang'ono kuchokera kumalingaliro a nyimbo zolankhulirana. ziwerengero (makamaka matembenuzidwe owoneka bwino a M. amafotokozedwa ngati zokongoletsera za mawu oimba - zojambula zina za mizere, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yobwerezabwereza, mawu ofuula, ndi zina zotero). Kuchokera ku Ser. Zaka za zana la 18 chiphunzitso cha M. zimakhala zomwe tsopano zikutanthauzidwa ndi mawu awa. Lingaliro loyamba la chiphunzitso chatsopano cha M. idapangidwa m'mabuku a I. Mattheson (1, 1737), J. Ripel (1739), K. Nickelman (1755). Mavuto a M. (kuphatikiza ndi nyimbo zachikhalidwe, mwachitsanzo, ku Mattheson), Chijeremani ichi. Theorists amasankha pamaziko a chiphunzitso cha mita ndi rhythm ("Taktordnung" ndi Ripel). Mu mzimu wowunikira momveka bwino, Mattheson amawona tanthauzo la M. mu aggregate, choyamba, makhalidwe ake enieni 1755: kuwala, momveka bwino, kusalala (fliessendes Wesen) ndi kukongola (zokopa - Lieblichkeit). Kuti akwaniritse chilichonse mwamakhalidwewa, amalimbikitsa njira zofananira. malamulo.

1) kuyang'anitsitsa kufanana kwa kuyimitsa phokoso (Tonfüsse) ndi rhythm;

2) osaphwanya geometric. ma ratios (Verhalt) a zigawo zina zofananira (Sdtze), zomwe ndi numerum musicum (manambala anyimbo), mwachitsanzo, sungani nyimbo zomveka bwino. chiwerengero cha chiwerengero (Zahlmaasse);

3) mfundo zochepa zamkati (förmliche Schlüsse) mu M., zosalala, ndi zina zotero. Ubwino wa Rousseau ndikuti adatsindika kwambiri tanthauzo la nyimbo. mawu omveka ("Melody ... amatsanzira katchulidwe ka chilankhulo ndi kutembenuka komwe m'chinenero chilichonse kumayenderana ndi mayendedwe ena amalingaliro").

Zoyandikana kwambiri ndi ziphunzitso za m'zaka za zana la 18. A. Reich mu "Treatise on Melody" ndi AB Marx mu "The Doctrine of Musical Composition". Iwo anakonza mwatsatanetsatane mavuto a structural magawano. Reich amatanthauzira nyimbo kuchokera ku mbali ziŵiri—zokongoletsa (“Nyimbo ya chinenero cha kumva”) ndi luso (“Nyimbo yanyimbo ndiyo kutsatizana kwa mawu, monga momwe kugwirizana kuli kutsatizana kwa zoimba”) ndi kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane nyengo, chiganizo (membre), mawu (dessin mélodique), “ mutu kapena motif” ngakhalenso mapazi (pieds mélodiques)—trocheus, iambic, amphibrach, ndi zina zotero. Marx mwaluso akupanga tanthauzo la semantic la motif: “Nyimbo ziyenera kusonkhezeredwa.”

X. Riemann amamvetsetsa M. monga kukwanira ndi kugwirizana kwa zikhazikitso zonse. njira za nyimbo - mgwirizano, rhythm, beat (mita) ndi tempo. Pomanga sikelo, Riemann amachoka pamlingo, kufotokozera mawu ake aliwonse kudzera motsatizana, ndikupita ku kulumikizana kwa tonal, komwe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi ubale wapakati. chord, kenako motsatizana amawonjezera rhythm, melodic. zokongoletsa, mawu omveka kudzera m'ma cadenza ndipo, pomaliza, zimachokera ku zolinga kupita ku ziganizo ndi kupitilira kumitundu yayikulu (malinga ndi "Kuphunzitsa za Nyimbo za Nyimbo" kuchokera mu voliyumu l ya "Chiphunzitso Chachikulu Chokhudza Kupanga"). E. Kurt anagogomezera mwamphamvu mikhalidwe ya chiphunzitso cha m’zaka za zana la 20 lokhudza nyimbo, kutsutsa kumvetsetsa kwa kugwirizana kwa nyimbo ndi kamvekedwe ka nthawi monga maziko a nyimbo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, iye anaika patsogolo lingaliro la mphamvu ya liniya kayendedwe, amene kwambiri mwachindunji kufotokozedwa mu nyimbo, koma zobisika (mu mawonekedwe a "mphamvu zotheka") alipo mu chord, mgwirizano. G. Schenker adawona mu M., choyamba, gulu lomwe likuyesetsa kukwaniritsa cholinga chenichenicho, choyendetsedwa ndi maubwenzi ogwirizana (makamaka mitundu ya 3 - "mizere yoyambirira"

,

и

; onse atatu amaloza pansi). Pamaziko a "mizere yoyambira" iyi, mizere yanthambi "chimake", komwe, nayonso, imawombera "mphukira", etc. Lingaliro la nyimbo la P. Hindemith ndi lofanana ndi la Schenker (osati popanda chikoka chake) (M. Chuma chili munjira zosiyanasiyana zachiwiri, malinga ngati masitepewo ali olumikizidwa ndi tonal). Mabuku angapo amafotokoza chiphunzitso cha nyimbo za dodecaphone (njira yapadera ya njirayi).

Mu chiphunzitso cha Chirasha m'mabuku, ntchito yoyamba yapadera "On Melody" inalembedwa ndi I. Gunke (1859, monga gawo la 1 la "Complete Guide to Composing Music"). Ponena za malingaliro ake ambiri, Gunke ali pafupi ndi Reich. Metrorhythm imatengedwa ngati maziko a nyimbo (mawu otsegulira a Bukhuli: "Nyimbo zimapangidwira ndikupangidwa motsatira miyeso"). M. zomwe zili mkati mwa njira imodzi yotchedwa. wotchi motif, ziwerengero mkati motifs ndi zitsanzo kapena zojambula. Kuphunzira kwa M. kwakukulukulu kumakhudza ntchito zomwe zimafufuza zachikhalidwe, zakale ndi zakummawa. nyimbo (DV Razumovsky, AN Serov, PP Sokalsky, AS Famintsyn, VI Petr, VM Metallov; mu nthawi za Soviet - MV Brazhnikov, VM Belyaev, ND Uspensky ndi ena).

IP Shishov (mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma 2 adaphunzitsa maphunziro a nyimbo ku Moscow Conservatory) amatenga Chigiriki china. mfundo ya kugawikana kwakanthawi kwa M. (yomwe idapangidwanso ndi Yu. N. Melgunov): gawo laling'ono kwambiri ndi mora, mora amaphatikizidwa kukhala maimidwe, omwe amakhala ma pendants, ma pendants kukhala nthawi, nthawi kukhala ma stanza. Fomu M. imamvera b.ch. lamulo lofanana (lowonekera kapena lobisika). Njira yowunikira mawu imaphatikizapo kuganizira nthawi zonse zomwe zimapangidwira ndi kayendedwe ka mawu ndi mgwirizano wamakalata a ziwalo zomwe zimatuluka mu nyimbo. LA Mazel m'buku la "On Melody" amaganizira za M. pakulumikizana kwakukulu. adzafotokoza. njira ya nyimbo - melodic. mizere, mode, rhythm, katchulidwe kamangidwe, amapereka nkhani za mbiriyakale. chitukuko cha nyimbo (kuchokera kwa JS Bach, L. Beethoven, F. Chopin, PI Tchaikovsky, SV Rachmaninov, ndi olemba ena a Soviet). MG Aranovsky ndi MP Papush m'ntchito zawo amadzutsa funso la chikhalidwe cha M. ndi tanthauzo la lingaliro la M.

Zothandizira: Gunke I., The Doctrine of melody, m’buku lakuti: A Complete Guide to Copeng songs, St. Petersburg, 1863; Serov A., nyimbo ya anthu aku Russia monga phunziro la sayansi, "Music. Nyengo", 1870-71, No 6 (gawo 2 - Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zaluso ya nyimbo yaku Russia); momwemonso, m’buku lake: Osankhidwa. zolemba, vol. 1, M.-L., 1950; Petr VI, Panyumba yosungiramo nyimbo ya nyimbo ya Aryan. Zochitika Zakale ndi Zofananitsa, SPV, 1899; Metallov V., Osmosis wa Znamenny Chant, M., 1899; Küffer M., Rhythm, nyimbo ndi mgwirizano, "RMG", 1900; Shishov IP, Pafunso la kusanthula kapangidwe ka nyimbo, "maphunziro anyimbo", 1927, No 1-3; Belyaeva-Kakzemplyarskaya S., Yavorsky V., Mapangidwe a nyimbo, M., 1929; Asafiev BV, Mtundu wanyimbo ngati njira, buku. 1-2, M.-L., 1930-47, L., 1971; yake, Speech intonation, M.-L., 1965; Kulakovsky L., Pa njira ya kusanthula nyimbo, "SM", 1933, No 1; Gruber RI, Mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, vol. 1, gawo 1, M.-L., 1941; Sposobin IV, Mtundu wanyimbo, M.-L., 1947, 1967; Mazel LA, O melody, M., 1952; Nyimbo zamakedzana zamakedzana, kulowa. Art. ndi coll. zolemba za AF Losev, Moscow, 1960; Belyaev VM, Essays pa mbiri ya nyimbo za anthu a USSR, vol. 1-2, M., 1962-63; Uspensky ND, luso lakale loimba la ku Russia, M., 1965, 1971; Shestakov VP (comp.), Musical aesthetics of the Western European Middle Ages ndi Renaissance, M., 1966; ake, Musical aesthetics of Western Europe wa XVII-XVIII zaka, M., 1971; Aranovsky MG, Melodika S. Prokofiev, L., 1969; Korchmar L., The Doctrine of Melody in the XVIII century, in collection: Questions of theory of music, vol. 2, M., 1970; Papush MP, Pakuwunika kwa lingaliro la nyimbo, mu: Musical Art ndi Science, vol. 2, M., 1973; Zemtsovsky I., Melodika wa nyimbo za kalendala, L., 1975; Plato, State, Works, trans. kuchokera ku Greek Greek A. Egunova, vol. 3, gawo 1, M., 1971, p. 181, § 398d; Aristotle, Politics, trans. kuchokera ku Greek Greek S. Zhebeleva, M., 1911, p. 373, §1341b; Osadziwika (Cleonides?), Mau oyamba a harmonica, trans. kuchokera ku Greek Greek G. Ivanova, "Philological Review", 1894, v. 7, bukhu. imodzi.

Yu. N. Kholopov