Gaetano Pugnani |

Gaetano Pugnani

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, Fritz Kreisler adafalitsa masewero angapo akale, mwa iwo Pugnani's Prelude ndi Allegro. Pambuyo pake, zinapezeka kuti ntchito imeneyi, yomwe nthawi yomweyo inakhala yotchuka kwambiri, inalembedwa osati ndi Punyani, koma Kreisler, koma dzina la woyimba zemba la Italy, lomwe linali loiwalika kale, linali litakopa chidwi. Ndindani? Pamene anakhala moyo, kodi cholowa chake chinali chiyani kwenikweni, anali wotani monga woimba ndi wopeka nyimbo? Tsoka ilo, ndizosatheka kupereka yankho lokwanira ku mafunso onsewa, chifukwa mbiri yasunga zolemba zochepa kwambiri za Punyani.

Ofufuza a m'nthawi yake komanso pambuyo pake, omwe adawunika chikhalidwe cha violin yaku Italy chazaka za zana la XNUMX, adawerengera Punyani m'modzi mwa oimira ake otchuka.

Mu Kulankhulana kwa Fayol, kabuku kakang'ono ka oimba nyimbo zoyimba kwambiri m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, dzina la Pugnani lidayikidwa pambuyo pa Corelli, Tartini ndi Gavignier, zomwe zimatsimikizira zomwe adakhala nazo pamasewera anthawi yake. Malinga ndi kunena kwa E. Buchan, “kalembedwe kaulemu ndi kaulemu ka Gaetano Pugnani” kanali komalizira m’kalembedwe kameneka, amene woyambitsa wake anali Arcangelo Corelli.

Pugnani sanali woimba wodabwitsa, komanso mphunzitsi amene anabweretsa mlalang'amba wa violinists kwambiri, kuphatikizapo Viotti. Anali wolemba nyimbo waluso. Nyimbo zake zinachitikira m'mabwalo akuluakulu a zisudzo m'dzikoli, ndipo nyimbo zake zoimbira zidasindikizidwa ku London, Amsterdam, ndi Paris.

Punyani anakhala ndi moyo pa nthawi imene chikhalidwe cha nyimbo ku Italy chinayamba kuzimiririka. Mkhalidwe wauzimu wa dzikoli sunalinso womwe unazungulira Corelli, Locatelli, Geminiani, Tartini - omwe adatsogolera Punyani. Kugunda kwa moyo wosokonekera sikugunda pano, koma ku France yoyandikana nayo, komwe wophunzira wabwino kwambiri wa Punyani, Viotti, sakanathamangira pachabe. Italy idakali yotchuka chifukwa cha mayina a oimba ambiri otchuka, koma, tsoka, chiwerengero chachikulu cha iwo amakakamizika kufunafuna ntchito kwa asilikali awo kunja kwa dziko lawo. Boccherini apeza malo okhala ku Spain, Viotti ndi Cherubini ku France, Sarti ndi Cavos ku Russia… Italy ikusintha kukhala ogulitsa oimba kumayiko ena.

Panali zifukwa zazikulu zochitira zimenezi. Pofika pakati pa zaka za zana la XNUMX, dzikolo lidagawika m'maboma angapo; Kuponderezedwa kwakukulu kwa Austria kunachitika ndi zigawo zakumpoto. Mayiko ena onse a ku Italy "odziimira", makamaka, adadalira Austria. Chuma chinali pachiswe kwambiri. Mizinda yomwe kale inali yosangalatsa kwambiri yochita zamalonda inasanduka mtundu wa “malo osungiramo zinthu zakale” okhala ndi moyo wozizira, wosasuntha. Kuponderezana kwankhanza ndi kumayiko ena kudayambitsa zipolowe za anthu wamba komanso kusamuka kwa anthu wamba kupita ku France, Switzerland, ndi Austria. N’zoona kuti alendo amene anabwera ku Italy ankasirirabe chikhalidwe chake chapamwamba. Ndipo ndithudi, pafupifupi m'madera onse ngakhale m'tauni munali oimba odabwitsa. Koma ochepa mwa alendo akunja anamvetsa kuti chikhalidwe ichi chinali kale kuchoka, kusunga kugonjetsa kwapita, koma osati kukonza tsogolo. Mabungwe oimba opatulidwa ndi miyambo yakale adasungidwa - Academy of the Philharmonic yotchuka ku Bologna, nyumba za ana amasiye - "conservatories" pa akachisi a Venice ndi Naples, otchuka chifukwa cha kwaya ndi oimba; pakati pa unyinji wa anthu, chikondi cha nyimbo chinasungidwa, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri ngakhale m’midzi yakutali munthu amamva kuyimba kwa oimba opambana. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mu chikhalidwe cha moyo wa khoti, nyimbo zinayamba kukhala zokongola kwambiri, ndipo m'mipingo - zosangalatsa zadziko. Vernon Lee analemba kuti: “Nyimbo za tchalitchi za m’zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, ngati mungafune, ziri nyimbo za dziko, zimachititsa oyera mtima ndi angelo kuyimba ngati ngwazi za opera ndi ngwazi.”

Moyo wanyimbo wa ku Italy udayenda pang'onopang'ono, pafupifupi osasinthika kwazaka zambiri. Tartini ankakhala ku Padua kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu, akusewera mlungu uliwonse m'gulu la St. Anthony; Kwa zaka zopitilira makumi awiri, Punyani anali muutumiki wa Mfumu ya Sardinia ku Turin, akuchita ngati woyimba zeze m'bwalo lamilandu. Malinga ndi Fayol, Pugnani anabadwira ku Turin mu 1728, koma Fayol akulakwitsa. Mabuku ena ambiri ndi ma encyclopedia amapereka tsiku losiyana - November 27, 1731. Punyani adaphunzira kusewera violin ndi wophunzira wotchuka wa Corelli, Giovanni Battista Somis (1676-1763), yemwe ankaonedwa kuti ndi mmodzi mwa aphunzitsi abwino kwambiri a violin ku Italy. Somis anapereka kwa wophunzira wake zambiri zomwe zinaleredwa mwa iye ndi mphunzitsi wake wamkulu. Anthu a ku Italy onse anagoma ndi kukongola kwa kulira kwa violin ya Somis, akudabwa ndi uta wake "wosatha", akuimba ngati mawu a munthu. Kudzipereka kwa vocalized kalembedwe violin, zeze wakuya "bel canto" anatengera kwa iye ndi Punyani. Mu 1752, adatenga malo a woyimba violini woyamba m'gulu la oimba lamilandu la Turin, ndipo mu 1753 adapita ku Mecca yazaka za m'ma XNUMX - Paris, komwe oimba padziko lonse lapansi adathamangira panthawiyo. Ku Paris, holo yoyamba yamakonsati ku Europe idagwira ntchito - wotsogola waholo zamtsogolo zazaka za zana la XNUMX - Concert Spirituel (Concert Yauzimu). Sewero la Concert Spirituel lidawonedwa ngati lolemekezeka kwambiri, ndipo onse ochita bwino kwambiri m'zaka za zana la XNUMX adayendera gawo lake. Zinali zovuta kwa virtuoso wamng'ono, chifukwa ku Paris anakumana ndi ovina omveka bwino monga P. Gavinier, I. Stamitz ndi mmodzi mwa ophunzira abwino kwambiri a Tartini, Mfalansa A. Pagen.

Ngakhale masewera ake adalandiridwa bwino, komabe Punyani sanakhale ku likulu la France. Kwa nthawi ndithu iye anayendayenda ku Ulaya, kenako anakhazikika ku London, kupeza ntchito monga woperekeza gulu la oimba a ku Italy Opera. Ku London, luso lake monga woimba ndi wopeka pamapeto pake limakhwima. Apa akupanga opera yake yoyamba Nanette ndi Lubino, amachita ngati woyimba zeze ndikudziyesa ngati woyendetsa; Kuchokera kuno, atadedwa ndi kulakalaka kwawo, mu 1770, atatengera mwayi pakuitana kwa mfumu ya Sardinia, adabwerera ku Turin. Kuyambira pano mpaka imfa yake, yomwe inatsatira pa July 15, 1798, moyo wa Punyani umagwirizana makamaka ndi mzinda wake.

Mkhalidwe umene Pugnani anadzipeza ali wofotokozedwa bwino ndi Burney, yemwe anapita ku Turin mu 1770, ndiko kuti, atangosamukira kumene woyimba zezeyo. Burney analemba kuti: “M’makhoti m’mabwalo amilandu m’mabwalo amilandu m’mabwalo amilandu m’mabwalo amilandu m’mabwalo amilandu m’mabwalo amilandu m’mabwalo amilandu m’mabwalo amilandu, m’mabwalo amilandu m’mabwalo amilandu osoŵa cinthu cacikulu . pa masiku wamba, umulungu wawo umapezeka mwakachetechete mu Messa bassa (ie, "Silent Misa" - msonkhano wa tchalitchi cha m'mawa. - LR) panthawi ya symphony. Patchuthi Signor Punyani amasewera yekha… Chiwalocho chili m'bwalo lamasewera moyang'anizana ndi mfumu, ndipo wamkulu wa oimba violin oyamba alinso pomwepo." “Malipiro awo (ie, Punyani ndi oyimba ena. – LR) pokonza nyumba yopemphereramo amaposa pang’ono nkhokwe zisanu ndi zitatu pachaka; koma ntchitoyo ndi yopepuka kwambiri, chifukwa amangosewera payekha, ndipo ngakhale atangowakonda.

Mu nyimbo, malinga ndi Burney, mfumu ndi omvera ake anamvetsa pang'ono, zomwe zinawonekeranso muzochitika za oimba: "M'mawa uno, Signor Pugnani adaimba konsati m'nyumba yachifumu, yomwe inali yodzaza ndi zochitika ... Ine pandekha sindiyenera kunena chilichonse chokhudza masewera a Signor Pugnani; talente yake imadziwika bwino ku England kotero kuti palibe chifukwa chake. Ndiyenera kunena kuti akuwoneka kuti sakuchita khama; koma izi n’zosadabwitsa, chifukwa ngakhale Mfumu Yake ya ku Sardinia, kapena aliyense wa m’banja lalikulu lachifumu panthaŵi ino akuwoneka kuti ali ndi chidwi ndi nyimbo.

Pokhala wochepa ntchito muutumiki wachifumu, Punyani adayambitsa ntchito yophunzitsa kwambiri. “Pugnani,” akulemba motero Fayol, “anayambitsa sukulu yoimba violin mu Turin, monga Corelli ku Rome ndi Tartini ku Padua, kumene kunachokera oimba violin oyambirira chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu—Viotti, Bruni, Olivier, ndi zina zotero. “N’zochititsa chidwi,” iye akupitiriza kufotokoza kuti, “ophunzira a Pugnani anali otsogolera oimba aluso kwambiri,” ndipo malinga ndi kunena kwa Fayol, anali ndi ngongole chifukwa cha luso la mphunzitsi wawo.

Pugnani ankaonedwa kuti ndi wochititsa kalasi yoyamba, ndipo pamene zisudzo zake zinkachitika ku Turin Theatre, ankazichita nthawi zonse. Iye analemba mokhudzidwa mtima ndi zimene Punyani Rangoni anachita: “Anali kulamulira gulu la oimba ngati mkulu wa asilikali. Uta wake unali ndodo ya mkulu wa asilikali, imene aliyense anaimvera mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri. Ndi kuwomba kumodzi kwa uta, woperekedwa m'kupita kwa nthawi, iye mwina anawonjezera sonority wa oimba, kenaka akuchedwetsa, ndiyeno anatsitsimutsa mwa kufuna kwake. Iye adawonetsa kwa ochita zisudzo zapang'ono kwambiri ndipo adabweretsa aliyense ku umodzi wangwiro womwe sewerolo limachita. Kuzindikira modabwitsa mu chinthucho chinthu chachikulu chomwe wotsogolera waluso aliyense ayenera kuganiza, kuti atsindike ndikuwonetsa zofunikira kwambiri m'magawo, adazindikira mgwirizano, mawonekedwe, kayendetsedwe ndi kalembedwe ka nyimboyo nthawi yomweyo komanso momveka bwino kotero kuti atha nthawi yomweyo perekani kumverera uku kwa miyoyo. oimba ndi membala aliyense wa okhestra. M'zaka za zana la XNUMX, luso la wotsogolera wotere komanso kumasulira kwaluso kunali kodabwitsa.

Ponena za cholowa cha Punyani, zambiri za iye zimatsutsana. Fayol akulemba kuti zisudzo zake zidachitika m'mabwalo ambiri ku Italy bwino kwambiri, ndipo mu Riemann's Dictionary of Music timawerenga kuti kupambana kwawo kunali pafupifupi. Zikuwoneka kuti pankhaniyi ndikofunikira kudalira Fayol kwambiri - pafupifupi wanthawi ya woyimba violinist.

M'magulu oimba a Punyani, Fayol amawona kukongola ndi kusangalatsa kwa nyimbozo, ponena kuti atatu ake anali ochititsa chidwi kwambiri chifukwa cha kalembedwe kamene Viotti adabwereka chimodzi mwa zifukwa za concerto yake yoyamba, mu E-flat major.

Ponseponse, Punyani adalemba ma opera 7 ndi cantata yochititsa chidwi; 9 zoimbaimba za violin; adasindikiza ma sonata 14 a violin imodzi, ma quartet a zingwe 6, ma quintets 6 a violin 2, zitoliro 2 ndi mabasi, zolemba 2 za nyimbo za violin, zolemba 3 za trios za 2 violin ndi mabass ndi 12 "ma symphonies" (mawu 8 - a chingwe quartet, 2 oboes ndi 2 nyanga).

Mu 1780-1781, Punyani, pamodzi ndi wophunzira wake Viotti, adapita ku Germany, kutha ndi ulendo wopita ku Russia. Ku St. Petersburg, Punyani ndi Viotti ankakondedwa ndi khoti la mfumu. Viotti anachita konsati m’nyumba yachifumu, ndipo Catherine Wachiŵiri, wokondweretsedwa ndi sewero lake, “anayesa m’njira iriyonse kusunga virtuoso mu St. Koma Viotti sanakhalitse kumeneko ndipo anapita ku England. Viotti sanapereke zoimbaimba mu likulu la Russia, kusonyeza luso lake mu salons abwenzi. Petersburg anamva ntchito ya Punyani mu "zochita" za ochita sewero a ku France pa March 11 ndi 14, 1781. Mfundo yakuti "woimba nyimbo zaulemerero Mr. Pulliani" adzasewera nawo inalengezedwa mu St. Petersburg Vedomosti. Mu Nambala 21 ya 1781 ya nyuzipepala yomweyi, Pugnani ndi Viotti, oimba omwe ali ndi mtumiki Defler, ali pa mndandanda wa omwe amachoka, "amakhala pafupi ndi Blue Bridge m'nyumba ya Wolemekezeka Count Ivan Grigorievich Chernyshev." Kuyenda ku Germany ndi Russia kunali komaliza m'moyo wa Punyani. Zaka zina zonse adakhala popanda kupuma ku Turin.

Fayol akufotokoza m'nkhani yake ya Punyani mfundo zochititsa chidwi kuchokera mu mbiri yake. Kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yake luso, monga violini kale kutchuka, Pugnani anaganiza kukumana Tartini. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anapita ku Padua. Mbuye wolemekezeka anamulandira iye mwachisomo kwambiri. Polimbikitsidwa ndi kulandiridwa, Punyani adatembenukira ku Tartini ndi pempho kuti afotokoze maganizo ake ponena za kusewera kwake momasuka ndipo anayamba sonata. Komabe, atatha mipiringidzo ingapo, Tartini anamuletsa motsimikiza.

- Mukusewera kwambiri!

Punyani adayambanso.

“Ndipo tsopano ukusewera motsika kwambiri!”

Woimba wamanyaziyo anaika violin pansi ndipo modzichepetsa anapempha Tartini kuti amutenge ngati wophunzira.

Punyani anali wonyansa, koma izi sizinakhudze khalidwe lake nkomwe. Anali wansangala, amakonda nthabwala, ndipo panali nthabwala zambiri za iye. Nthawi ina adafunsidwa kuti ndi mkwatibwi wotani yemwe angafune kukhala naye ngati atasankha kukwatira - wokongola, koma wamphepo, kapena wonyansa, koma wabwino. “Kukongola kumayambitsa kupweteka m'mutu, ndipo koyipa kumawononga kusawona bwino. Izi, pafupifupi, - ndikanakhala ndi mwana wamkazi ndipo ndikufuna kumukwatira, zingakhale bwino kumusankha munthu wopanda ndalama konse, kusiyana ndi ndalama popanda munthu!

Nthawi ina Punyani anali m'gulu limene Voltaire ankawerenga ndakatulo. Woimbayo anamvetsera mwachidwi. Mbuye wa nyumbayo, Madame Denis, adatembenukira kwa Punyani ndi pempho kuti achitire chinachake kwa alendo omwe anasonkhana. Mphunzitsiyo anavomera mosavuta. Komabe, atayamba kusewera, adamva kuti Voltaire akupitiriza kulankhula mokweza. Poyimitsa sewerolo ndikuyika violin pamlanduwo, Punyani adati: "Monsieur Voltaire amalemba ndakatulo zabwino kwambiri, koma pankhani ya nyimbo, samvetsetsa za satana momwemo.

Punyani anali wokhudza mtima. Tsiku lina, mwini fakitale ya faience ku Turin, yemwe adakwiyira Punyani pazanthu zina, adaganiza zomubwezera ndipo adalamula kuti chithunzi chake chijambulidwe kumbuyo kwa imodzi mwamiphikayo. Wojambula wokhumudwayo adayitana wopanga kupolisi. Atafika kumeneko, wopanga mwadzidzidzi anatulutsa mthumba mwake mpango wokhala ndi chifaniziro cha Mfumu Frederick wa Prussia ndikuwuzira mphuno yake modekha. Kenako anati: “Sindikuganiza kuti Monsieur Punyani ali ndi ufulu wokwiya kuposa Mfumu ya ku Prussia yomwe.”

Pamasewerawa, Punyani nthawi zina adafika pachisangalalo chonse ndipo adasiya kuwona zomwe adazungulira. Nthaŵi ina, akuimba konsati m’kampani ina yaikulu, anatengeka mtima kwambiri mwakuti, ataiwala zonse, anafika pakati pa holoyo ndipo anazindikira bwino pamene cadenza itatha. Nthawi ina, atasiya kuchita bwino, adatembenukira mwakachetechete kwa wojambula yemwe anali pafupi naye: "Mnzanga, werengani pemphero kuti ndibwerere!").

Punyani anali ndi kaimidwe kochititsa chidwi komanso kolemekezeka. Mawonekedwe akulu amasewera ake adagwirizana nawo. Osati chisomo ndi gallantry, chofala kwambiri mu nthawi imeneyo pakati pa ambiri ovina violini ku Italy, mpaka P. Nardini, koma Fayol akugogomezera mphamvu, mphamvu, grandiosity ku Pugnani. Koma ndi mikhalidwe iyi yomwe Viotti, wophunzira wa Pugnani, yemwe kusewera kwake kumawoneka ngati chiwonetsero chapamwamba kwambiri pamasewera a violin chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, angasangalatse omvera nawo. Chifukwa chake, zambiri za kalembedwe ka Viotti zidakonzedwa ndi aphunzitsi ake. Kwa anthu a m'nthawi yake, Viotti anali katswiri wa luso la violin, choncho epitaph pambuyo pa imfa ya Pugnani yofotokozedwa ndi woyimba zeze wotchuka wa ku France JB Cartier imamveka ngati chitamando chachikulu: "Anali mphunzitsi wa Viotti."

L. Raaben