mbiya chiwalo: zida zikuchokera, mfundo ntchito, mbiri ya chiyambi

M'zaka za zana la XNUMX, oimba oyendayenda adasangalatsa owonera m'misewu ndi nyimbo zonyozeka zomwe zimapangidwa ndi chida choimbira pamanja chotchedwa organ organ. Kachipangizo kakang'ono kakang'ono kamene kamaoneka ngati kodabwitsa, kopangidwa mwamatsenga. Chopukusira chiwalocho chinatembenuza pang'onopang'ono chogwirira cha bokosilo, nyimbo yotsanulidwa mmenemo, yomwe phokoso lake linachititsa chidwi akuluakulu ndi ana.

Kapangidwe ndi mfundo ya ntchito

Mapangidwe oyamba anali osavuta. Chogudubuza chokhala ndi zikhomo chinayikidwa mkati mwa bokosi lamatabwa, chinali kupota, zikhomozo zinagwira "michira" yofanana ndi phokoso linalake. Umu ndi momwe nyimbo zosavuta zinkaseweredwa. Posakhalitsa panali ziwalo za mbiya zokhala ndi makina a xylophone, pomwe zikhomo zimagwira makiyi ena. Zojambula zoterezi zinali zowonjezereka, zinali zovuta kuzivala.

Ngakhale zimawoneka zophweka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 18, chiwalo cha mbiya chimakhala ndi makina ovuta kwambiri ndipo ndi chiwalo chaching'ono chopanda makiyi. Chidacho chimagwira ntchito popereka mpweya ku mavuvu. Choyamba, pozungulira chogwirira chapadera, mpweya umapopedwa, ndiyeno kutulutsa mawu kumayamba. Kuzungulira chogwirira cha chodzigudubuza, chopukusira chiwalo chimayika ma levers kuyenda. Amachita pa mabango omwe amatsegula ndi kutseka ma valve a mpweya. Mipope yaing'ono imayikidwa mkati, kukumbukira mapaipi a ziwalo, ndipo mpweya umalowa mkati mwawo, kutalika kwake komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi ma valve, kumapanga phokoso.

Poyamba, hurdy-gurdy "adatulutsa" nyimbo imodzi, koma pambuyo pa kusintha, amatha kusewera kale zidutswa 6-8. Kuwonjezeka kwa nyimbo kunachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chogudubuza chokhala ndi ma hairpins.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, hurdy-gurdy adawonekera, momwe zodzigudubuza zidasinthidwa ndi nthiti zokhala ndi mabowo okonzedwa mwadongosolo lapadera lolingana ndi mphambu. Chipangizocho chinalandira makina a bango, ndipo chifukwa cha jekeseni wa mpweya umene unadutsa m'mabowowo, kunjenjemera, phokoso lapakati linamveka. Chida chomwecho chinkagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa pianola.

Mbiri ya chiyambi cha mbiya chiwalo

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mfundo yotulutsa mawu ngati imeneyi idawonekera m'zaka za zana la XNUMX BC. Ngakhale pamenepo, anthu akale adaphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito zodzigudubuza zokhala ndi zotuluka zing'onozing'ono, zomwe aliyense anali ndi udindo wolemba.

Chiwalo chamsewu chomwe anthu ambiri amachidziwa chidawoneka m'zaka za zana la XNUMX ku Europe. Ikadapangidwa kale ku Holland wakale, pomwe zojambula zokha zamakina zidasungidwa. Koma ndi okalamba kwambiri kuti asasokoneze chipangizocho mwatsatanetsatane, kotero kuti chiyambi cha Dutch sichinatsimikizidwe. Amakhulupirira kuti mapangidwewo adagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mbalame, chifukwa chake amatchedwa "drozdovka" kapena "chizhovka".

Ndipo komabe, France imatengedwa kuti ndi malo obadwirako mbiya. Munali m'misewu ya mizinda ya ku France pamene oimba oyendayenda ankayenda ndi bokosi lonyamulika lomwe linkaimba nyimbo yotchuka "Charmante Catherine". Kupanga kwa makina opangira nyimbo kumapangidwa ndi mbuye waku Italy Barbieri ndi Swiss Antoine Favre. Ndipo moyo wa ku Germany unalowa mu chida monga "Drehorgel" - "chiwalo chozungulira" kapena "Leierkasten" - "lyre mu bokosi".

Ku Russia, kulira kwa mbiya kunadziwika m'zaka za zana la 19. Anatchedwa "Katerinka" ndi dzina la heroine wa nyimbo yoyamba. Inabweretsedwa ndi oimba oyendayenda aku Poland. Kukula kwa zida zoyambira kumabokosi ang'onoang'ono omwe amatha kunyamulidwa mosavuta kupita ku kabati kakang'ono. Pofika nthawi imeneyo, mawonekedwe a chipangizocho anali otsogola kale, posintha matepi a perforated kunali kotheka kuyimba nyimbo zosiyanasiyana.

Chiwalo cha mbiya chasanduka ntchito yeniyeni yojambula. Zida zinawonekera, zokongoletsedwa ndi zosema, zokongoletsedwa ndi miyala ndi zokongoletsera. Nthawi zambiri ogaya ziwalo ankachita limodzi ndi zidole, popanga zisudzo zazing'ono m'misewu.

Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti ntchito yopukusira ziwalo sinafe ngakhale lero. Pamabwalo amizinda yaku Germany, mutha kukumana ndi munthu wachikulire yemwe ali ndi hurdy-gurdy pangolo, kusangalatsa anthu komanso alendo. Ndipo ku Denmark, ndi chizolowezi kuitana chopukusira chiwalo ku ukwati kuti chikondwererocho chikhale chokoma chapadera. Ngati sizingatheke kuitana woimba, ndiye kuti mukhoza kukumana naye pa Charles Bridge. Ku Australia, anthu amachita ziwonetsero za nyimbo zamakina. Hurdy-gurdy wakale amamvekanso m'makontinenti ena padziko lapansi.