Wodzichepetsa Petrovich Mussorgsky |

Wodzichepetsa Mussorgsky

Moyo, kulikonse kumene umakhudza; zoona, ngakhale zitakhala zamchere bwanji, zolimba mtima, zolankhula zowona mtima kwa anthu … - ichi ndi chotupitsa changa, izi ndi zomwe ndikufuna ndipo izi ndi zomwe ndingawope kuphonya. Kuchokera mu kalata yochokera kwa M. Mussorgsky kupita kwa V. Stasov ya August 7, 1875

Ndi dziko lalikulu, lolemera bwanji la luso, ngati munthu atengedwa kukhala cholinga! Kuchokera mu kalata yochokera kwa M. Mussorgsky yopita kwa A. Golenishchev-Kutuzov ya August 17, 1875

Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri olimba mtima kwambiri m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, wopeka waluso yemwe anali patsogolo pa nthawi yake ndipo adakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha zaluso zakuimba zaku Russia ndi ku Europe. Iye anakhala mu nthawi ya kukwera kwakukulu kwauzimu, kusintha kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe; inali nthawi yomwe moyo wa anthu a ku Russia unathandizira kudzutsa kudzikonda kwa dziko pakati pa ojambula, pamene ntchito zinawonekera, zomwe zinayambira. adapumira mwatsopano, zachilendo ndipo, koposa zonse, chowonadi chodabwitsa komanso ndakatulo za moyo weniweni waku Russia (I. Repin).

Pakati pa anthu a m'nthawi yake, Mussorgsky anali wokhulupirika kwambiri ku mfundo za demokalase, osanyengerera potumikira choonadi cha moyo, ziribe kanthu mchere wotani, komanso wotengeka ndi malingaliro olimba mtima kotero kuti ngakhale mabwenzi amalingaliro ofananawo kaŵirikaŵiri amadabwitsidwa ndi mkhalidwe wopambanitsa wa luso lake laluso ndipo sanali kuvomereza nthaŵi zonse. Mussorgsky adakhala zaka zake zaubwana m'malo a eni malo m'malo a moyo waumphawi waubwana ndipo kenako adalemba mu Autobiographical note, chiyani kwenikweni Kudziwa mzimu wa moyo wa anthu aku Russia kunali kolimbikitsa kwambiri pakukweza nyimbo ... Ndipo osati improvisations. Pambuyo pake Mbale Filaret anakumbukira kuti: Mu unyamata ndi unyamata ndi kale mu uchikulire (Mussorgsky. – OA) nthawi zonse ankachitira chilichonse ndi anthu wamba ndi chikondi chapadera, ankaona wamba Russian munthu weniweni.

Luso la nyimbo la mnyamatayo linadziwika msanga. M'chaka chachisanu ndi chiwiri, akuphunzira motsogoleredwa ndi amayi ake, adasewera kale nyimbo zosavuta za F. Liszt pa piyano. Komabe, palibe m’banjamo amene anaganizira mozama za tsogolo lake la nyimbo. Malingana ndi mwambo wa banja, mu 1849 adatengedwa kupita ku St. Izi zinali wapamwamba casemate, kumene ankaphunzira ballet yankhondo, ndikutsatira zozungulira zonyansa muyenera kumvera, ndi kudzilingalira nokha, kugwedezeka m'njira iliyonse kupusa kuchokera kumutuzolimbikitsa kuseri kwa ziwonetsero zosasangalatsa. Kukhwima kwauzimu kwa Mussorgsky muzochitika izi kunali kotsutsana kwambiri. Anapambana mu sayansi yankhondo, zomwe analemekezedwa ndi chisamaliro chachifundo ... ndi mfumu; anali olandiridwa nawo maphwando omwe ankasewera polkas ndi quadrilles usiku wonse. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo, chilakolako chamkati cha chitukuko chachikulu chinamupangitsa kuphunzira zinenero zakunja, mbiri yakale, mabuku, luso, kutenga maphunziro a piyano kuchokera kwa mphunzitsi wotchuka A. Gerke, kupita ku zisudzo za opera, ngakhale kuti akuluakulu ankhondo sanasangalale nawo.

Mu 1856, atamaliza maphunziro a Sukulu, Mussorgsky analembetsa ngati mkulu wa gulu la asilikali a Preobrazhensky. Pamaso pake anatsegula chiyembekezo cha ntchito wanzeru usilikali. Komabe, kudziwana m'nyengo yozizira ya 1856/57 ndi A. Dargomyzhsky, Ts. Cui, M. Balakirev anatsegula njira zina, ndipo pang'onopang'ono kusintha kwauzimu kunadza. Woipeka yekha analemba za izi: Kuyanjana ... ndi gulu lanyimbo laluso, kukambirana kosalekeza ndi maubwenzi amphamvu ndi gulu lalikulu la asayansi aku Russia ndi olemba, zomwe Vlad ali. Lamansky, Turgenev, Kostomarov, Grigorovich, Kavelin, Pisemsky, Shevchenko ndi ena, makamaka anasangalala ntchito ubongo wa wopeka wamng'ono ndipo anapereka kwambiri mosamalitsa malangizo sayansi..

Pa May 1, 1858, Mussorgsky anapereka kalata yosiya ntchito. Ngakhale kuti anzake ndi achibale ankamunyengerera, iye anasiya usilikali kuti pasapezeke chilichonse chimene chingamulepheretse kumvetsera nyimbo. Mussorgsky ndi wodabwitsa chikhumbo choyipa, chosakanizidwa cha kudziwa zonse. Amaphunzira mbiri ya chitukuko cha luso la nyimbo, amabwereza ntchito zambiri za L. Beethoven, R. Schumann, F. Schubert, F. Liszt, G. Berlioz m'manja 4 ndi Balakirev, amawerenga zambiri, amaganiza. Zonsezi zinatsagana ndi kusweka, mavuto amanjenje, koma zowawa kugonjetsa kukayika, mphamvu kulenga analimbikitsidwa, choyambirira luso payekha anapeka, ndipo dziko udindo anapangidwa. Mussorgsky amakopeka kwambiri ndi moyo wa anthu wamba. Ndi mbali zingati zatsopano, zosakhudzidwa ndi luso, zomwe zili mu chikhalidwe cha Russia, o, angati! akulemba mu imodzi mwa makalata ake.

Ntchito yolenga ya Mussorgsky inayamba mwamkuntho. Ntchito inapitirira wadwala, ntchito iliyonse inatsegula njira zatsopano, ngakhale kuti sizinafikidwe kumapeto. Choncho ma opera anakhalabe osamalizidwa Oedipus rex и salambo, kumene kwa nthawi yoyamba wolembayo anayesa kukhala ndi interweaving zovuta kwambiri za tsogolo la anthu ndi amphamvu imperious umunthu. Opera yosamalizidwa inagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa ntchito ya Mussorgsky. ukwati (Act 1, 1868), yomwe, mothandizidwa ndi opera ya Dargomyzhsky mwala mlendo adagwiritsa ntchito mawu osasinthika a sewero la N. Gogol, kudziyika yekha ntchito yojambula nyimbo. mawu aumunthu m'njira zake zonse zochenjera kwambiri. Pochita chidwi ndi lingaliro la mapulogalamu, Mussorgsky amalenga, monga abale ake amphamvu manja, ntchito zingapo za ma symphonic, mwa zomwe - Usiku pa Phiri la Bald (1867). Koma zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zaluso zidapezeka m'ma 60s. mu nyimbo za mawu. Nyimbo zinawonekera, kumene kwa nthawi yoyamba mu nyimbo kunali nyumba yosungiramo anthu, anthu kunyozedwa ndi kunyozedwa: Kalistrat, Gopak, Svetik Savishna, Lullaby kwa Eremushka, Mwana wamasiye, Kutola bowa. Kutha kwa Mussorgsky kukonzanso bwino komanso molondola zamoyo mu nyimbo ndizodabwitsa (Ndidzawona anthu ena, ndiye, nthawi zina, ndimalemba), kutulutsanso mawu omveka bwino, kuti chiwembucho chiwonekere pabwalo. Ndipo chofunika kwambiri, nyimbozo zimadzazidwa ndi mphamvu yachifundo kwa munthu wosauka kotero kuti mwa aliyense wa iwo mfundo wamba imakwera mpaka kufika pamlingo womvetsa chisoni, ku njira zotsutsa anthu. Palibe mwangozi kuti nyimboyi Waseminale adafufuzidwa!

Pachimake pa ntchito Mussorgsky mu 60s. anakhala opera Boris Godunov (pa chiwembu cha sewero ndi A. Pushkin). Mussorgsky anayamba kulemba mu 1868 ndipo m'chilimwe cha 1870 anapereka kope loyamba (popanda mchitidwe wa Chipolishi) kwa oyang'anira zisudzo zachifumu, zomwe zinakana opera, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa gawo lachikazi komanso zovuta zowerengera. . Pambuyo kuunikanso (chimodzi mwa zotsatira zomwe zinali zowoneka bwino pafupi ndi Kromy), mu 1873, mothandizidwa ndi woimba Yu. Platonova, zithunzi zitatu za opera zidapangidwa, ndipo pa February 3, 8, opera yonse (ngakhale inali ndi mabala akulu). Anthu amalingaliro ademokalase adalonjera ntchito yatsopano ya Mussorgsky ndi chidwi chenicheni. Komabe, tsogolo lina la opera linali lovuta, chifukwa ntchitoyi inawononga kwambiri malingaliro achizolowezi okhudza ntchito ya opera. Chilichonse apa chinali chatsopano: lingaliro lachitukuko la kusagwirizana kwa zofuna za anthu ndi mphamvu yachifumu, ndi kuya kwa kuwululidwa kwa zilakolako ndi anthu, ndi kusokonezeka maganizo kwa fano la mfumu yopha ana. Chilankhulo cha nyimbo chinakhala chachilendo, chomwe Mussorgsky analemba yekha: Pogwira ntchito pa chilankhulo cha anthu, ndidafikira nyimbo yomwe idapangidwa ndi chilankhulochi, ndikufika pachiwonetsero cha kubwereza munyimbo..

Opera Boris Godunov - chitsanzo choyamba cha sewero loimba la anthu, kumene anthu a ku Russia adawonekera ngati mphamvu yomwe imakhudza kwambiri mbiri yakale. Nthawi yomweyo, anthu amawonetsedwa m'njira zambiri: misa, mouziridwa ndi lingaliro lomwelo, ndi zithunzi zokongola za anthu otchulidwa m'miyoyo yawo. Chiwembu chambiri chinapatsa Mussorgsky mwayi wofufuza chitukuko cha moyo wa uzimu wa anthu, kumvetsa m'mbuyomu panopa, kubweretsa mavuto ambiri - makhalidwe, maganizo, chikhalidwe. Wolembayo akuwonetsa chiwonongeko chomvetsa chisoni cha magulu otchuka komanso kufunika kwawo kwa mbiri yakale. Anadza ndi lingaliro lalikulu la trilogy ya opera yoperekedwa ku tsogolo la anthu aku Russia pazovuta, zosintha m'mbiri. Ndikugwirabe ntchito Boris Godunov akupanga nkhani Khovanshchina ndipo posakhalitsa anayamba kusonkhanitsa zipangizo Pugachev. Zonsezi zinachitika ndi kutenga nawo mbali mwakhama kwa V. Stasov, yemwe mu 70s. adakhala pafupi ndi Mussorgsky ndipo anali m'modzi mwa ochepa omwe amamvetsetsa kuzama kwa zolinga za kulenga za wolembayo. Ndikudzipereka kwa inu nthawi yonse ya moyo wanga pamene Khovanshchina idzapangidwa ... mudayambitsa, - Mussorgsky adalembera Stasov pa July 15, 1872.

Limbikirani Khovanshchina zidapitilira zovuta - Mussorgsky adatembenukira kuzinthu zopitilira muyeso wa opera. Komabe, adalemba mozama (Ntchito ikupita patsogolo!), ngakhale kusokonezedwa kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa cha zifukwa zambiri. Panthawi imeneyi, Mussorgsky ankavutika ndi kugwa Balakirev kuzungulira, kuzizira kwa maubwenzi ndi Cui ndi Rimsky-Korsakov, kuchoka kwa Balakirev ku nyimbo ndi zochitika zamagulu. Utumiki wa boma (kuyambira 1868, Mussorgsky anali wogwira ntchito ku Forest Department of the Ministry of State Property) anangotsala madzulo ndi usiku kuti apange nyimbo, ndipo izi zinapangitsa kuti azigwira ntchito mopitirira muyeso komanso kuvutika maganizo kwa nthawi yaitali. Komabe, mosasamala kanthu za chirichonse, mphamvu ya kulenga ya woipekayi panthaŵiyi ndi yochititsa chidwi mu mphamvu zake ndi malingaliro ochuluka aluso. Pamodzi ndi zomvetsa chisoni Khovanshchina kuyambira 1875 Mussorgsky wakhala akugwira ntchito pa zisudzo Sorochinsky Fair (malinga ndi Gogol). Izi ndi zabwino ngati kupulumutsa mphamvu kulengaMussorgsky analemba. - Mapudovik awiri: "Boris" ndi "Khovanshchina" pafupi akhoza kuphwanya... M'chilimwe cha 1874, adapanga imodzi mwazolemba za piyano - kuzungulira. Zithunzi zochokera pachiwonetseroodzipereka kwa Stasov, amene Mussorgsky anayamikira kwambiri kutenga nawo mbali ndi thandizo lake: Palibe wina wotentha kuposa inu yemwe adandiwotcha m'mbali zonse ... palibe amene adandiwonetsa njira momveka bwino...

Lingaliro ndilolemba kuzungulira Zithunzi zochokera pachiwonetsero inawuka pansi pa chionetsero cha ntchito pambuyo pa imfa ya wojambula V. Hartmann mu February 1874. Iye anali bwenzi lapamtima la Mussorgsky, ndipo imfa yake yadzidzidzi inadabwitsa kwambiri woipeka. Ntchitoyo idapitilira mwachangu, mwachangu: Phokoso ndi malingaliro adalendewera mumlengalenga, ndimameza ndikudya mopambanitsa, osakwanitsa kukanda papepala.. Ndipo mofananira, maulendo atatu amawu amawonekera motsatira: nazale (1872, pa ndakatulo zake), Popanda dzuwa (1874) ndi Nyimbo ndi magule a imfa (1875-77 - onse pa siteshoni A. Golenishchev-Kutuzov). Iwo amakhala zotsatira za zonse chipinda-mawu zilandiridwenso wa wolemba.

Mussorgsky akudwala kwambiri, akuvutika kwambiri chifukwa chosowa, kusungulumwa, komanso kusadziwika. adzamenya nkhondo mpaka dontho lomaliza la magazi. Atangotsala pang'ono kumwalira, m'chilimwe cha 1879, pamodzi ndi woimba D. Leonova, adayenda ulendo waukulu kum'mwera kwa Russia ndi Ukraine, akuimba nyimbo za Glinka. kuchists, Schubert, Chopin, Liszt, Schumann, mawu ochokera mu opera yake Sorochinsky Fair ndipo amalemba mawu ofunikira: Moyo ukuyitanitsa ntchito yatsopano yoyimba, nyimbo yotakata… ku magombe atsopano pamene luso lopanda malire!

Choikidwiratu chinanena mosiyana. Thanzi la Mussorgsky linafika poipa kwambiri. Mu February 1881 panali sitiroko. Mussorgsky anaikidwa mu chipatala cha dziko la Nikolaevsky, kumene anamwalira popanda nthawi yomaliza Khovanshchina и Sorochyn chilungamo.

Mbiri yonse ya wolemba pambuyo pa imfa yake inafika ku Rimsky-Korsakov. Anamaliza Khovanshchina, yatulutsa kope latsopano Boris Godunov ndipo adakwaniritsa kupanga kwawo pagawo la opera. Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti dzina langa ndi Modest Petrovich, osati Nikolai AndreevichRimsky-Korsakov analembera bwenzi lake. Sorochyn chilungamo yomalizidwa ndi A. Lyadov.

Tsogolo la woimbayo ndi lodabwitsa, tsogolo la cholowa chake ndi chovuta, koma ulemerero wa Mussorgsky ndi wosakhoza kufa, chifukwa. nyimbo zinali kwa iye kumverera komanso lingaliro la anthu okondedwa a Russia - nyimbo yonena za iye… (B. Asafiev).

O. Averyanova

Mwana wa Landlord. Atayamba ntchito ya usilikali, akupitiriza kuphunzira nyimbo ku St. Kulankhulana ndi Dargomyzhsky ndi Balakirev; adapuma pantchito mu 1858; kumasulidwa kwa anthu wamba mu 1861 kumawonekera pachuma chake. Mu 1863, akutumikira mu Dipatimenti ya Zankhalango, anakhala membala wa gulu la Mighty Handful. Mu 1868, adalowa ntchito ya Unduna wa Zam'kati, atakhala zaka zitatu panyumba ya mchimwene wake ku Minkino kuti akhale ndi thanzi labwino. Pakati pa 1869 ndi 1874 adagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana za Boris Godunov. Atawononga thanzi lake losadwala kale chifukwa cha kumwerekera kowawa kwa mowa, amalemba modukizadukiza. Amakhala ndi abwenzi osiyanasiyana, mu 1874 - ndi Count Golenishchev-Kutuzov (mlembi wa ndakatulo za Mussorgsky ku nyimbo, mwachitsanzo, mu "Nyimbo ndi Zovina za Imfa"). Mu 1879 iye anayenda bwino kwambiri ndi woimba Daria Leonova.

Zaka zomwe lingaliro la "Boris Godunov" linawonekera komanso pamene opera iyi inalengedwa ndizofunikira pa chikhalidwe cha Russia. Panthawi imeneyi, olemba monga Dostoevsky ndi Tolstoy ankagwira ntchito, ndi ang'onoang'ono, monga Chekhov, Wanderers adanena kuti chofunika kwambiri pa mawonekedwe a luso lawo lenileni, lomwe linali umphawi wa anthu, kuledzera kwa ansembe, ndi nkhanza za anthu. apolisi. Vereshchagin adapanga zithunzi zowona zoperekedwa ku Nkhondo ya Russo-Japanese, ndipo mu The Apotheosis of War adapereka piramidi ya zigaza kwa ogonjetsa onse akale, amakono ndi amtsogolo; wojambula wamkulu wazithunzi Repin adatembenukiranso ku malo ndi mbiri yakale. Pankhani ya nyimbo, chodabwitsa kwambiri panthawiyi chinali "Mighty Handful", yomwe cholinga chake chinali kuwonjezera kufunikira kwa sukulu ya dziko lonse, pogwiritsa ntchito nthano za anthu kuti apange chithunzi chokondana cham'mbuyomo. M'malingaliro a Mussorgsky, sukulu yamtunduwu idawoneka ngati yakale, yakale kwambiri, yosasunthika, kuphatikiza zikhalidwe zamuyaya za anthu, pafupifupi zinthu zopatulika zomwe zimapezeka muchipembedzo cha Orthodox, muzoimba zakwaya, ndipo pomaliza, m'chilankhulo chomwe chimasungabe mphamvu. sonority wa magwero akutali. Nawa ena mwa malingaliro ake, omwe analembedwa pakati pa 1872 ndi 1880 m'makalata opita kwa Stasov: "Si nthawi yoyamba kuthyola dothi lakuda, koma mukufuna kuthyola osati kuti mukhale ndi feteleza, koma chifukwa cha zopangira, osati kuti mudziwane ndi anthu; koma ludzu lofuna kuyanjana ... Mphamvu ya Chernozem idzadziwonetsera yokha mpaka pomwe mudzasankha zamkati ... “; “Chithunzi chaluso cha kukongola kwa munthu mmodzi, m’matanthauzo ake akuthupi, ubwana wamwano ndiwo nthaŵi yachibwana ya luso. Zinthu zabwino kwambiri za chilengedwe munthu ndi unyinji wa anthu, kunyamula zonyansa m'mayiko osadziwika bwino ndi kuwagonjetsa - iyi ndi ntchito yeniyeni ya wojambula. Kuyitana kwa woimbayo nthawi zonse kunapangitsa moyo wake womvera kwambiri, wopanduka kuti ayesetse zatsopano, zotulukira, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kosalekeza kwa kulenga ndi kutsika, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusokonezeka kwa ntchito kapena kufalikira kwa njira zambiri. Mussorgsky analembera Stasov kuti: “Kufikira pamenepa ndimadziuma mtima kwambiri, mongoganizira, ndipo ndikamapitirizabe kuchita zinthu monyanyira, m’pamenenso ndimakhala wokhumudwa kwambiri. <...> Palibe kutengeka kwa zinthu zazing'ono; komabe, mapangidwe a masewero ang'onoang'ono ndi mpumulo poganizira za zolengedwa zazikulu. Ndipo kwa ine, kuganiza za zolengedwa zazikulu kumakhala tchuthi ... kotero kuti zonse zimandiyendera - chiwerewere chenicheni.

Kuphatikiza pa zisudzo ziwiri zazikulu, Mussorgsky adayamba ndikumaliza ntchito zina zabwalo la zisudzo, osatchulanso nyimbo zabwino kwambiri (mawonekedwe okongola a mawu omveka bwino) komanso zithunzi zodziwika bwino pawonetsero, zomwe zimachitiranso umboni za talente yake yayikulu. woimba piyano. Woyimba molimba mtima kwambiri, wolemba nyimbo zabwino kwambiri za nyimbo zamtundu wa anthu, zonse payekha ndi kwaya, omwe ali ndi luso lapadera la nyimbo za siteji, nthawi zonse amayambitsa lingaliro la zisudzo zomwe zili kutali ndi njira zachisangalalo wamba, kuchokera ku ziwembu zokondedwa ku Europe. melodrama (makamaka chikondi), wolembayo adapereka mtundu wa mbiri yakale, mphamvu, kufotokozera momveka bwino, kuyaka moto ndi kuya ndi masomphenya omveka bwino kotero kuti lingaliro lililonse la zolankhula zimasowa ndipo zithunzi zokha za kufunikira kwa chilengedwe zimatsalira. Palibe amene, ngati iye, adakulitsa chidwi cha dziko, ku Russia mubwalo lanyimbo mpaka kukana kutsanzira kowonekera kwa azungu. Koma mu kuya kwa chinenero cha Pan-Slavic, iye adatha kupeza mgwirizano ndi masautso ndi chisangalalo cha munthu aliyense, zomwe adaziwonetsa ndi njira zangwiro komanso zamakono.

G. Marchesi (yomasuliridwa ndi E. Greceanii)