Zida zoimbira |

Zida zoyimbira - zida zomwe zidapangidwa kuti zizitulutsa mwadongosolo komanso mosasunthika m'mamvekedwe a mamvekedwe kapena kamvekedwe kolongosoka, komanso phokoso. Zinthu zomwe zimapanga phokoso ndi phokoso losalinganizidwa (chipolopolo cha alonda ausiku, phokoso la alenje, mabelu a arched, mluzu), kapena zonyansa zomwe zimatsanzira kulira kwa mbalame ndi kulira kwa nyama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posaka, komanso zida zomwe zimakhala ngati zida zapadera. zolinga chizindikiro, pansi zinthu zina angagwiritsidwe ntchito monga M. ndi. Palinso M. ndi. cholinga chogwiritsidwa ntchito, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwambo (nthambi ya shaman, Buddhist ghan-dan ndi bure, Nivkh partigre); nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuperekeza mabanki. magule (Est. kraatsspill, Latvian, tridexnis, chagana, eglite). Izi zikuphatikizapo zipangizo, mothandizidwa ndi symphony. (opera) okhestra amatulutsa mabingu, mphepo yolira, chikwapu chosweka, ndi zina zotere. Zina mwa zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zowonetsera zimathanso kuyimba. luso. ntchito, mwachitsanzo. mabelu atchalitchi ndi lilime loyimitsidwa mwaufulu. Kwa M. ndi. litas amaphatikizidwanso. Toshalya kapena Latvian. berzstaase, wopangidwa kuchokera ku khungwa la birch, Mari efi kuchokera ku tsamba la lilac, Chiyukireniya. lusk kuchokera ku nyanga flake, etc.; pogwiritsa ntchito zida zofanana. oimba mwaluso amayimba mluzu nyimbo zovuta kwambiri, zomwe zimawakonzekeretsa ndi ndime zosiyanasiyana komanso ma melismas.

Aliyense M. ndi. ali ndi timbre (khalidwe, mtundu) wa mawu, enieni. mphamvu zamphamvu ndi mawu osiyanasiyana. Ubwino wamawu M. ndi. zimadalira zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chida, mawonekedwe omwe amapatsidwa (ie, deta yonse ya zigawo, misonkhano) ndipo akhoza kusinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kuwonjezera. zipangizo (monga osalankhula), decomp. njira zotulutsa mawu (mwachitsanzo, pizzicato, harmonic, etc.).

M. ndi. Zimavomerezedwa kuti zigawike m'magulu ndi akatswiri. Zoyamba zimapangidwa pakati pa anthu ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku komanso luso loimba. ntchito. Zida zofanana zimatha kukhala zamtundu umodzi komanso zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, zokhudzana ndi mafuko. wachibale kapena nthawi. mbiri ndi chikhalidwe kukhudzana. Kotero, ku Ukraine kokha kuli bandura, ndipo ku Georgia - panduri ndi chonguri. Kumbali ina, kummawa. Asilavo - aku Russia, aku Ukraine, a Belarus - anali kale ndipo tsopano amagwiritsa ntchito zida wamba - gusli, sniffle (sniffle, chitoliro), zhaleika (nyanga), bagpipe (dudu), wheel lyre, ku Azerbaijan ndi Armenia - saz, tar, kemancha , zurnu, duduk; ku Uzbekistan ndi Tajikistan, pafupifupi zida zonse ndi zofanana. Prof. zida zambiri zidapangidwa chifukwa chakusintha ndikusintha kwa nar. zida. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, kale kwambiri, Nar yekha. chida chinali violin, violin yamakono idachokera kwa anthu osavuta. chitoliro, kuchokera ku chalumeau choyambirira - clarinet, etc. Katswiri nthawi zambiri amaphatikizapo M. ndi., omwe ali mbali ya symphony. (opera), mphepo ndi estr. oimba, komanso mkuwa ndi zingwe. kiyibodi (organ, piyano, m'mbuyomu - harpsichord, clavichord). M'mayiko angapo (India, Iran, Turkey, China, ndi zina zotero) amasewera pafupifupi zida zoimbira za anthu, ndipo zojambulajambula pazida zoterezi ndi zitsanzo za ukatswiri wapamwamba m'mayikowa. Komabe, potengera nyimbo za ku Europe za orchestral makamaka zikhalidwe za kiyibodi, zomwe sizigwirizana mwachindunji ndi zikhalidwe za anthu, zimasankhidwa movomerezeka ngati prof. M. ndi.; mapangidwe awo, luso-kuchita ndi luso-express. mawonekedwe akhala angwiro.

Kuwonekera kwa M. ndi. ndi zakale. Ena a iwo, mwachitsanzo. nyanga ndi zitoliro zakale zopangidwa ndi fupa, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amapeza pofukula midzi ya anthu a nthawi ya Paleolithic. m'zipilala za Neolithic. nthawi pali ng'oma za mbali imodzi, mabango amphepo (monga shawl kapena chalumeau), malilufoni akale ndi zitoliro zokhala ndi mabowo. Zingwe zidawonekera mochedwa kuposa ena. M. ndi. - azeze osavuta, owoneka ngati lute komanso owoneka ngati tanbur, koma adadziwikanso kwa anthu ena kale BC isanafike. e. Pali malingaliro osiyanasiyana a chiyambi cha M. ndi. Zimaganiziridwa kuti poyambirira izi zinali zida zowonetsera ndipo zinali zogwirizana mwanjira ina ndi njira zogwirira ntchito za anthu okalamba. Komabe, monga umboni wa zinthu zofukulidwa m'mabwinja, kale pa chiyambi cha chitukuko cha anthu, panali zida zimene anachita mwangwiro nyimbo ndi zokongoletsa. ntchito: zitoliro zokhala ndi mabowo akusewera, zomwe zimakulolani kuti mutulutse phokoso lautali wosiyanasiyana wa sikelo yokhazikika (zomwe zimasonyeza kutuluka kwa nyimbo zomveka bwino), zingwe. zida zoyenera kuyimba nyimbo zokha, Dec. mitundu ya castanets kutsagana limodzi ndi gulu kuvina, etc. Mothandizidwa ndi kuwomba nyimbo. mawonekedwe akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi chizindikiro ndi nyanga.

Kusintha kwa M. ndi., kulemetsedwa kwa zida kunapita mwachindunji. kugwirizana ndi chitukuko cha anthu ambiri, chikhalidwe chake, nyimbo, kuchita. zonena ndi kupanga njira. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ena a M. ndi., chifukwa cha zosiyana za mapangidwe awo, adatsikira kwa ife mu mawonekedwe awo oyambirira (mwachitsanzo, miyala ya miyala ya Uzbek - kayrak), ena asinthidwa, ena a M. ndi. ndi zosoŵa zokongoletsa, zinasiya kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo zinaloŵedwa m’malo ndi zatsopano. Nambala ndi mitundu ya M. ndi. mochulukirachulukira. Muse. luso, pamene likukula, linkafuna njira zoyenera zofotokozera, ndi zida zoimbira zapamwamba, zomwezo, zinathandizira kupititsa patsogolo nyimbo. luso ndi ntchito. mlandu. Komabe, si nthawi zonse mlingo wa zosiyanasiyana ndi luso. Mayiko a M. ndi. akhoza kutumikira monga muyeso wa mlingo wa nyimbo. chikhalidwe. Anthu ena, amakonda wok. nyimbo, adapanga M. ndi. pang'ono ndikugwiritsa ntchito Ch. ayi. ngati kwaya yotsagana nayo. kuimba. Izi, mwachitsanzo, katundu. chonguri ndi panduri, kapena okhawo, kwenikweni, kurai pakati pa Bashkirs ndi khomys pakati pa Yakuts. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, luso loimba kurai ndi khomys, ndi nyimbo zomwe zimayimbidwa pa iwo, zinafika pa ungwiro waukulu pakati pa anthu awa.

Modziwika bwino M. kugwirizana ndi. ndi ukadaulo ndi magwiridwe antchito, kusankha kwawo ndikusintha kwawo kumatha kutsatiridwa pagawo la prof. nyimbo (mu nyimbo zamtundu, njirazi zimapita pang'onopang'ono, ndipo zida zoimbira zimakhala zosasinthika kapena kusintha pang'ono kwa zaka zambiri). Choncho, mu 15-16 zaka. ma fidels (viel) okhala ndi mawu ankhanza analowedwa m'malo ndi zomveka zomveka bwino, zomveka bwino, zomveka bwino. Mu zaka 17-18. mogwirizana ndi chitukuko cha homophonic harmonic. kalembedwe ndi kutuluka kwa nyimbo zomwe zimafuna machitidwe osiyanasiyana, viola inasinthidwa ndi violin ndi banja lake, zomwe zimakhala ndi mawu owala, omveka bwino komanso mwayi wosewera virtuoso. Nthawi imodzi ndi ma viola, chitoliro chofewa, koma "chopanda moyo" chomveka, chotalikirapo chinasiya kugwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zidalowa m'malo mwa chitoliro chokulirapo komanso chodutsa mwaukadaulo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, nyimbo za ku Ulaya sizinali kugwiritsidwanso ntchito m'magulu oimba komanso oimba. lute ndi mitundu yake - theorbo ndi chitarron (arch-lute), ndipo popanga nyimbo zapakhomo nyimboyi inasinthidwa ndi vihuela, kenako gitala. Kuti con. Zaka za zana la 18 harpsichord idalowetsedwa ndi M. ndi. - piyano.

Prof. Nyimbo zoimbira, poganizira zovuta za mapangidwe awo, zimadalira kwambiri nyimbo zamtundu wa anthu pakukula kwake pazochitika zenizeni za sayansi ndi njira zopangira-kukhalapo kwa muses. mafakitale ndi zomera ndi ma laboratories awo oyesera ndi opanga zida zaluso. Zosiyana ndi zida za violin. mabanja omwe amafuna kupanga payekha. Ma violin, ma cello, mabasi awiri adapangidwa bwino pamaziko a zitsanzo za anthu odziwika bwino a Brescia ndi Cremonese amzaka za 16th-18th. (G. da Salo, G. Magini, N. Amati, A. Stradivari, Guarneri del Gesù, ndi ena) amakhalabe osapambanitsidwa pazabwino zawo. The kwambiri tima chitukuko cha Prof. M. ndi. zinachitika m'zaka za m'ma 18 ndi 19. Kulengedwa kwa T. Böhm kwa mapangidwe atsopano a chitoliro chokhala ndi makina a valve (chitsanzo choyamba chinawonekera mu 1832) chinakulitsa kuthekera kwa kulenga kwa olemba ndikuthandizira kupititsa patsogolo luso la masewero a konsati payekha. Kusintha kwenikweni kunabwera ndi kuwonekera kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19. makina a valve mu zida zamkuwa. Chifukwa cha izi, adatembenuka kuchoka ku zomwe zimatchedwa. zachilengedwe M. ndi. (zokhala ndi mawu ochepa komanso zotheka zochepa) kukhala chromatic, yokhoza, ngati mphepo yamkuntho, yotulutsanso nyimbo zilizonse. Root stylist. kusintha kwa nyimbo zamitundu yonse ya zida za zingwe za kiyibodi kunachitika ndi kubwera kwa hammer-piano, yomwe idalowa m'malo mwa harpsichord ndi clavichord. Ndi kupangidwa kwa magetsi ndi wailesi, kupanga zida zoimbira zamagetsi kunatheka.

Pang'ono pang'ono (chifukwa cha kuvala kwa munthu payekha) zimadalira mlingo wa teknoloji. M. ndi. Komabe, ngakhale pano, popanda luso lokwanira lamanja ndi kupanga fakitale, sikutheka kupanga ma harmonicas ambiri, otsogola "Andreev" balalaikas ndi domras (Russia), zida za tamburash (Czechoslovakia ndi Yugoslavia), tarogata (Hungary ndi Romania), ndi zina zotero. Kukula kwa anthu. M. ndi. zimadalira mwachindunji mikhalidwe ya anthu. Mu USSR, chifukwa cha chitukuko cha nat. art-va, komanso kukwera kwachuma komanso chikhalidwe cha ma bunks ambiri. misa mu maiko ndi madera odzilamulira anayamba kulenga ambiri. instr. pamodzi, ntchito inayamba pa chitsitsimutso, kumanganso ndi kukonza mabanki. M. ndi., kupanga mabanja awo kuti aziphatikizana ndi nyimbo za orchestral, to-rogo sankadziwa kale. anthu. Ozikika molimba osati mu prof. ndi kudzichitira nokha. ntchito payekha komanso gulu, komanso mwa anthu. nyimbo moyo monga M. ndi. dongosolo bwino, monga bandura ku Ukraine, zinganga ku Belarus, kankles ndi birbin ku Lithuania, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kannels mu Estonia, dutar, Kashgar rubab ndi chang mu Uzbekistan, dombra ku Kazakhstan, etc.

Mogwirizana ndi kukula kwa repertoire ya Amateurs. ndi Prof. ensembles ndi zida za orchestra, kuphatikiza nyimbo m'menemo. zapamwamba ndi zopanga Opeka amakono (kuphatikiza mitundu ikuluikulu), komanso chifukwa cha kukwera kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu a USSR, oimba, ma ensembles ndi oimba a anthu. zida anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito misa ndi Prof. M. ndi. - gitala, batani accordion, accordion, violin, clarinet, ndi zina. milandu - chitoliro, lipenga ndi trombone.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya M. yomwe ilipo padziko lapansi ndi. chachikulu. Systematizing M. ndi., iwo pamodzi m'magulu malinga c.-l. mawonekedwe. Machitidwe akale kwambiri a magulu ndi amwenye ndi achi China; woyamba amaika M. ndi. molingana ndi njira yotsitsimula phokoso, yachiwiri - molingana ndi mtundu wa zinthu zomwe chidacho chimapangidwira. Nthawi zambiri amavomereza kugawa M. ndi. m'magulu atatu: mphepo, zingwe ndi kugunda. Magulu, nawonso, amagawidwa m'magulu ting'onoting'ono: mphepo - kukhala matabwa ndi mkuwa, ndi chingwe - yodulidwa ndi kuwerama. Gwero la phokoso la zida za mphepo ndi mpweya wotsekedwa mumtsinje wa mbiya, zida za zingwe - chingwe chotambasula; Gulu loyimba limapangidwa ndi zida zomwe phokoso limapangidwa ndi kuwomba. Kwa Prof. mzimu. zida zamatabwa zikuphatikizapo chitoliro, oboe, clarinet, bassoon ndi mitundu yawo (piccolo chitoliro, English horn, bassclarinet, contrabassoon), komanso banja la saxophones ndi sarisophones. Ngakhale kuti zida zina (chitoliro chamakono ndi piccolo chitoliro, saxophones, sarusophones) zimapangidwa ndi zitsulo, pamene zina (clarinet, oboe) nthawi zina zimapangidwa ndi pulasitiki, zimayenderana ndi mphepo yamkuntho ponena za kutulutsa phokoso ndi maonekedwe a nyimbo. Zina mwa zida zodziwika bwino za gulu ili ndi Uzbek-Taj. Nai, Karelian Lira ndi Luddu, Latvian. ganurags, Buryat. bishkur. Kagulu ka zida zamkuwa zamkuwa (zimatchedwanso embouchure kapena mouthpiece) zimaphatikizapo lipenga, lipenga, trombone, tuba, ndi zida zauzimu. ochestra (byugelhorns ndi flugelhorns), kuchokera ku nar. – Uzbek-Taj. Karnay, Chiyukireniya (Hutsul) trembita, Mold. buchum, est. sarv, rus. Vladimir nyanga. Ngakhale kuti pafupifupi zonsezi ndi matabwa, ponena za momwe phokoso limatulutsira ndi khalidwe lake, sizisiyana kwambiri ndi zamkuwa. Gulu laling'ono la zingwe zoduliridwa limapangidwa ndi zeze, gitala, mandolin, Kazakh. dombra, Turkm. duta, rus. gusli ndi mtundu womwewo wa est. Kannel, Chilatvia. kole, lit. kankles, Karelian kantele. Owerama akuphatikizapo violin ndi banja lake (viola, cello, bass awiri), Azeri. kemancha, chi. kyyak, Tuvan byzanchi, Mari kovyzh. Gulu loyimba limapangidwa ndi angapo komanso osiyanasiyana a M. ndi. ndi nembanemba wachikopa (timpani, ng'oma, maseche) kapena zopangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimatha kudziimba zokha (nganga, gong, katatu, xylophone, castanets, etc.). Mayina a kiyibodi harpsichord, pianoforte (piyano yayikulu, piyano yowongoka), chiwalo, harmonium, ndi zina zambiri.

M'mabuku othandizira asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito zovuta kwambiri, komanso machitidwe olondola kwambiri (onani. zambiri mu Art. Instrumentation), kulola kuwulula mokwanira komanso momveka bwino mtundu uliwonse wa M. ndipo. Chodziwika kwambiri ndi dongosolo, lomwe maziko ake adayikidwa ndi F. Gevaart ("Nouveau traité d'instrumentation", P. - Brux., 1885) kenako idapangidwa ndi V. Маийоном ("Katundu wofotokozera komanso wowunikira wa Instrumental Museum of the Royal Conservatory of Music in Brussels", v. 1-5, Ghent 1893-1922). Zomwe zimatanthawuza zamagulu mu dongosolo ndilo gwero la phokoso ndi momwe limatulutsira; kuwonjezera gradation M. ndipo. zopangidwa molingana ndi mawonekedwe awo. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zamagulu a Gevaart ndi Mayon, pakatikati. madigiri ovomerezedwa ndi kupangidwa mosamala pambuyo pake ndi E. Hornbostel ndi K. Sachs ("Systematik der Musikinstrumente", "Zeitschrift für Ethnologie", 1914, (Jahrg.) 46), amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ku Sov. zida (popanda kuphwanya kwambiri zida kukhala mitundu ndi mitundu). Malinga ndi dongosolo lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ku USSR, M. ndipo. Amagawidwa molingana ndi gwero la mawu m'magulu a 4: mphepo (ma aerophones), zingwe (chordophones), membrane (membranophones) ndi kudziimba (ma idiophones kapena autophones). Gwero la mawu a Membrane ndi khungu lotambasulidwa kapena chikhodzodzo cha nyama, kudzimvera - kupanikizika mkati mwazinthu zomwe chidacho kapena mbali yake yomveka imapangidwira. Malinga ndi njira yotulutsira mawu, zida zamphepo zimagawidwa kukhala zitoliro, bango, zitoliro zapakamwa ndi zitoliro za bango. Zitoliro zimaphatikizapo mitundu yonse ya zitoliro: ocarina-woboola, longitudinal (chidacho chimagwiridwa motalika) ndi transverse (chidacho chimagwiridwa modutsa). Ocarinoid - izi ndi mitundu yonse ya mluzu wa mitsempha ndi ocarinas; longitudinal amagawidwa kukhala otseguka, momwe mbali zonse za thunthu zimatseguka (bashk. Kura, Turkmen. tuyduk, Adyghe kamyl, abkh. apkhertsa), kuyimba (block-flyer, Chibelarusi. pipe, Russian sopel, dag. kshul, Altai shogur), mtundu wa chitoliro chamitundu yambiri (gr. larchemi kapena soinari, nkhungu. ambiri, Chiyukireniya svyril, kuim-chipsan wa anthu a Komi); mwa otchuka kwambiri transverse amakono. Prof. zitoliro, Uzbek-Taj. nai, tuvinskaya lembi, buryat. limbo. Zida za bango zimagawidwa kukhala zida zokhala ndi lilime laulere (Mari lyshtash kuchokera ku tsamba la chitumbuwa cha mbalame, Adjarian sapratsuna kuchokera ku tsamba la mtedza, Chiyukireniya. luska from horn otschen, Latvian. birzstaase mu mawonekedwe a birch bark mbale), ndi lilime limodzi kumenya (clarinet, saxophone, Rus. chitoliro, chitoliro kapena chikwama, est. roopill, lit. birbin), ndi lilime lomenya kawiri (oboe, bassoon, saryusophone, azerb. ndi mkono. Duduk i zurna, Uzb.-taj. lipenga, buryat. bishkur), yokhala ndi bango lotsetsereka (mitundu yonse ya harmonicas ndi harmonium; zida izi zimangodziimba zokha, mwachitsanzo. chifukwa ali ndi lilime lokha, koma malinga ndi mwambo amaikidwa ngati zida zompheposera). Zovala zapakamwa zimakhala ndi zida, momwe chiwongolero cha ma oscillation a mpweya ndi milomo ya wosewerayo, yomwe imamangiriridwa pakamwa (pakamwa) pa mbiya ndipo, motero, nthawi (prof. zida zamkuwa, anthu - nyanga, nyanga ndi mapaipi).

Gulu la zingwe limapangidwa ndi zida zodulira, zoweramira komanso zoimbira. Poyamba, phokoso limachotsedwa podula chingwe ndi cholembera, chala, plectrum (spinet, harpsichord, zeze, gitala, balalaika, Kazakh dombra, mandolin); pa owerama - kaya ndi uta (zida za banja la violin, Armenian kamani, chuniri ya Chijojia, Ossetian kissyn-fandyr, Kirg. kyyak, Kazakh. kobyz), kapena gudumu logunda (wilo lyre), ndi pa percussion - pomenya chingwe chokhala ndi nyundo kapena ndodo (clavichord, fp., zinganga, Armenian ndi Georgian santur kapena santuri).

Gulu la nembanemba limapangidwa ndi zida zokhala ndi nembanemba yolimba yotambasulidwa, yomwe imamenya ndi dzanja, chipolopolo, kapena kumveketsa mawu motsatizana (seche, timpani, ng'oma, bugay waku Ukraine ndi Mold. thump). Nembanembayo imaphatikizaponso ma mirlitons - zida zokhala ndi nembanemba, zomwe zimakulitsa ndi kukongoletsa mawu a woimbayo momveka bwino (Chiyukireniya Ocheretyna, Chuvash. Turana sea otters, chisa wamba chokulungidwa mu pepala lopaka tsitsi). Mitundu yambiri ya zida zodziyimbira imagawika (vargan muzosintha zake zonse), percussion (xylophone, metallophone, celesta, gong, cymbals, triangle, orc. mabelu, jingulis yaku Lithuania, Kabardino-Balkarian ndi Adyghe pkhachich), kukangana. (Est. kraatspill and pingpill, Abkh akunjjapkhyartsa, Dag chang-chugur).

Magulu apadera ndi zida zamakina ndi zamagetsi. Pamakina, masewerawa amaseweredwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina omangira kapena magetsi, kuzungulira kwa shaft ndi dzanja, ma electrophonic amagawidwa kukhala osinthika (zida wamba zomwe zili ndi chipangizo chokulitsa mawu) ndi zamagetsi, zomwe zimamveka. kugwedezeka kwamagetsi (onani Zida zamagetsi zamagetsi).

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K. A. Vertkov, S. Ya. Levin