Kujambula mawu

Kujambula phokoso - kuchitidwa mothandizidwa ndi zipangizo zamakono zamakono. zipangizo kukonza kugwedezeka phokoso (malankhulidwe, nyimbo, phokoso) pa chonyamulira phokoso, kukulolani kusewera mmbuyo zojambulidwa. Kuthekera kwenikweni kwa Z. kunawonekera kuchokera ku 1688, pamene izo. wasayansi GK Schelhammer anapeza kuti phokoso ndi kugwedezeka kwa mpweya. Zoyeserera zoyamba za Z. zidajambula kugwedezeka kwa mawu, koma sizinatsimikizire kutulutsidwa kwawo. Kugwedezeka kwa mawu nthawi zambiri kunkagwidwa ndi nembanemba ndikutumizidwa kuchokera ku singano (singano), yomwe inasiya chizindikiro cha wavy pamtunda woyenda wa sooty (T. Jung ku England, 1807; L. Scott ku France ndi R. Koenig ku Germany, 1857).

Zida zoyamba za Z., zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kutulutsanso zomwe zidalembedwa, zidapangidwa ndi TA Edison (USA, 1876) ndipo, mopanda iye, Ch. Cros (France, 1877). Iwo ankatchedwa galamafoni. Zojambulazo zinkachitika ndi singano yokhazikika pa nembanemba yokhala ndi nyanga, chojambulira chojambulira poyamba chinali staniole yokhazikika pa silinda yozungulira, ndiyeno phula la sera. Z. yamtunduwu, momwe phokoso la mawu, kapena phonogram, limapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito makina. kukhudza zinthu zonyamulira (kudula, extrusion) amatchedwa makina.

Poyambirira, mawu ozama adagwiritsidwa ntchito (okhala ndi kuzama kosiyanasiyana), pambuyo pake (kuyambira 1886) mawu opindika (okhala ndi phulusa lozama mosalekeza) adagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Kubala kunkachitika pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chomwecho. Zolengedwa. Zolakwa za galamafoni anali otsika komanso achibale. kufupika kwa kujambula, komanso kusatheka kupanganso zojambulidwazo.

Chotsatira ndi makina. Z. inalembedwa pa disk (E. Berliner, USA, 1888), poyamba zitsulo, kenako zokutidwa ndi sera, ndipo pomalizira pake pulasitiki. Njira iyi ya Z inapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kuchulukitsa zolemba pamlingo waukulu; ma disc omwe ali ndi zolemba amatchedwa ma galamafoni (makakodi a galamafoni). Kwa galvanoplastic iyi popanga zitsulo. kope lakumbuyo la chojambuliracho, chomwe chinagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati sitampu popanga zolemba kuchokera kolingana. zinthu zapulasitiki zikatenthedwa.

Kuyambira m’chaka cha 1925, kujambula kunayamba kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusinthasintha kwa kugwedezeka kwa mawu kukhala magetsi, omwe amakulitsidwa mothandizidwa ndi zipangizo zamagetsi ndipo pambuyo pake anasandulika kukhala makina. kusinthasintha kwa wodula; izi zidawongolera kwambiri zojambulidwa. Kupambana kwina m'derali kumalumikizidwa ndi kuwongolera kwaukadaulo wa Z., kupangidwa kwa zomwe zimatchedwa. kusewera kwanthawi yayitali komanso stereo. zolemba zamagalamafoni (onani Gramophone record, Stereophony).

Zolemba zinkaseweredwa poyamba mothandizidwa ndi galamafoni ndi galamafoni; kuchokera ku 30s 20th century adasinthidwa ndi wosewera wamagetsi (electronic, radiogram).

Zotheka zamakina. Z. pa filimu. Zipangizo zojambulira mawu zotere zidapangidwa mu 1927 ndi AF Shorin ku USSR ("shorinophone"), woyamba kugoletsa filimu, kenako kujambula nyimbo ndi mawu; Nyimbo zomveka za 60 zinayikidwa m'lifupi mwa filimuyo, yomwe, ndi kutalika kwa filimu ya mamita 300, inapangitsa kuti ikhale yotheka kujambula kwa maola 3-8.

Pamodzi ndi makina ojambulira a Magnetic amapeza ntchito zambiri. Kujambulira kwa maginito ndi kutulutsa kwake kumatengera kugwiritsa ntchito maginito otsalira muzinthu za ferromagnetic zomwe zimayenda munjira yosinthira maginito. Ndi mafunde a maginito, kugwedezeka kwa mawu kumasinthidwa kukhala mafunde amagetsi. Zotsirizirazo, pambuyo pa kukulitsa, zimadyetsedwa ku mutu wojambulira, mizati yomwe imapanga mphamvu ya maginito yokhazikika pamagetsi oyendetsa maginito, kupanga njira yotsalira ya maginito pa iyo, yogwirizana ndi mawu ojambulidwa. Chingwe chojambulira choterechi chikadutsa mutu wotulutsa mawu, mphamvu yamagetsi yosinthira imakokedwa ndi mafunde ake. mphamvu yamagetsi imasinthidwa pambuyo pakukulitsa kukhala ma vibrate amawu ofanana ndi omwe amajambulidwa.

Chidziwitso choyamba cha kujambula kwa maginito kuyambira 1888 (O. Smith, USA), koma zida zojambulira maginito zoyenera kupanga misa zinapangidwa pakati pawo. 30s 20th century Amatchedwa matepi ojambulira. Iwo analemba pa tepi wapadera TACHIMATA mbali imodzi ndi wosanjikiza ufa kuchokera zinthu angathe kukhala magnetized ndi kusunga maginito katundu (chitsulo okusayidi, magnesite) kapena (mu zitsanzo kunyamula) pa woonda waya wopangidwa ndi maginito aloyi. Tepi yojambulira imatha kuseweredwa mobwerezabwereza, koma imathanso kufufutidwa.

Magnetic Z. imakulolani kuti mupeze zojambulira zapamwamba kwambiri, kuphatikiza. ndi stereophonic, zilembeninso, kuziyika ku decomp. kusintha, kugwiritsa ntchito kukhazikitsidwa kwa zosiyanasiyana. zolemba (zogwiritsidwa ntchito m'ntchito zotchedwa nyimbo zamagetsi), etc. Monga lamulo, zolemba za galamafoni zimapangidwira poyamba pa tepi ya maginito.

Optical, kapena zithunzi, Z., ch. ayi. mu cinematography. M'mphepete mwa filimu kuwala. Njirayi imakonza mayendedwe a phokoso, pomwe kugwedezeka kwa mawu kumasindikizidwa ngati kusinthasintha kwa kachulukidwe (mlingo wakuda kwa wosanjikiza wa photosensitive) kapena ngati kusinthasintha m'lifupi mwa gawo lowonekera la njanji. Panthawi yosewera, kuwala kwa kuwala kumadutsa pamtundu wa phokoso, womwe umagwera pa photocell kapena photoresistance; kusinthasintha kwa kuunikira kwake kumasinthidwa kukhala magetsi. kunjenjemera, ndipo chomalizacho kukhala ma vibrate amawu. Panthawi yomwe maginito Z. anali asanagwiritse ntchito, kuwala. Z. idagwiritsidwanso ntchito kukonza misuzi. amagwira ntchito pawailesi.

Mtundu wapadera wa kuwala kwa Z. - Z. pafilimu pogwiritsa ntchito phokoso-optical. modulator yotengera Kerr effect. Z. yotereyi inachitika mu 1927 ku USSR ndi PG Tager.

Zothandizira: Furduev VV, Electroacoustics, M.-L., 1948; Parfentiev A., Physics ndi njira yojambulira mawu a kanema, M., 1948; Shorin AF, Momwe skrini idakhalira wokamba, M., 1949; Okhotnikov VD, M'dziko la phokoso lachisanu, M.-L., 1951; Burgov VA, Zofunikira pakujambula ndi kutulutsa mawu, M., 1954; Glukhov VI ndi Kurakin AT, Technique of sounding the film, M., 1960; Dreyzen IG, Electroacoustics ndi kuwulutsa mawu, M., 1961; Panfilov N., Phokoso mufilimu, M., 1963, 1968; Apollonova LP ndi Shumova ND, Mechanical sound recording, M.-L., 1964; Volkov-Lannit LF, The Art of Imprinted Sound, M., 1964; Korolkov VG, Mabwalo amagetsi ojambulira matepi, M., 1969; Melik-Stepanyan AM, Zida zojambulira mawu, L., 1972; Meerzon B. Ya., Basics of electroacoustics and magnetic recording of sound, M., 1973. Onaninso lit. pansi pa zolemba za Gramophone, Gramophone record, Tape recorder, Stereophony, Electrophone.

LS Termin, 1982.