Musicology |

Sayansi yomwe imaphunzira nyimbo ngati luso lapadera. chitukuko cha dziko mu yeniyeni chikhalidwe-mbiri. chikhalidwe, maganizo kwa mitundu ina ya luso. ntchito ndi chikhalidwe chauzimu cha anthu onse, komanso malingana ndi zenizeni zake. mawonekedwe ndi zokhazikika zamkati, to-rymi imatsimikizira mawonekedwe achilendo momwemo. Mu dongosolo lonse la chidziwitso cha sayansi M.'s ali ndi malo pakati pa anthu, kapena sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, kukhudza mbali zonse za anthu. kukhala ndi chidziwitso. M. amagawidwa angapo. munthu payekha, ngakhale olumikizidwa, amalanga, molingana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyimbo ndi ntchito zofunika zomwe amachita, kapena gawo losankhidwa poganizira zamasewera. zochitika.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya magulu a nyimbo ndi sayansi. Mu bourgeois akunja M. Gulu loperekedwa ndi Austrian ndilofala. ndi wasayansi G. Adler mu 1884, ndiyeno anapangidwa ndi iye mu ntchito yake "Njira ya Mbiri ya Nyimbo" ("Methode der Musikgeschichte", 1919). Zimatengera kugawidwa kwa akatswiri onse oimba nyimbo. amalanga mu nthambi ziwiri: mbiri ndi mwadongosolo M. Adler amatanthauza woyamba wa iwo mbiri ya nyimbo eras, mayiko, sukulu, komanso muses. paleography, systematization ya nyimbo. mawonekedwe mu dongosolo la mbiriyakale, zida; kwachiwiri - kuphunzira ndi kulungamitsidwa kwa "malamulo apamwamba" a muses. art-va, yowonetsedwa mu gawo la mgwirizano, nyimbo, nyimbo, aesthetics ndi psychology ya nyimbo, nyimbo. pedagogy ndi nthano. Choyipa chachikulu cha gulu ili ndi makina. kulekanitsidwa kwa mbiri ndi theoretical-systematizing njira yophunzirira nyimbo. zochitika. Ngati mbiri ya M., malinga ndi Adler, ikukumana ndi gawo la anthu (mbiri yonse, mbiri yakale ya mabuku ndi mitundu ina ya luso, zinenero, ndi zina zotero), ndiye mafotokozedwe a "malamulo apamwamba" a nyimbo. anaphunzira mwadongosolo. M., ayenera kufunidwa, mu lingaliro lake, m'munda wa masamu, logic, physiology. Choncho dualistic kutsutsa kwa chikhalidwe chokhazikika, chokhazikika komanso chosasinthika mu maziko ake a nyimbo monga luso ndi mawonekedwe ake osintha motsatizana omwe amabwera m'mbiri yakale. chitukuko.

Gulu loperekedwa ndi Adler ndi zowonjezera ndi zowongolera zimapangidwanso muzarubs zingapo pambuyo pake. ntchito zoperekedwa ku njira ya nyimbo. sayansi. Wolemba mbiri wa nyimbo waku Germany HH Dreger, akusunga chachikulu. kugawikana mu mbiri ya nyimbo ndi mwadongosolo. M., amasiyanitsa ngati odziyimira pawokha. nthambi za "musical ethnology" ("Musikalische Völks - und Völkerkunde"), ndiko kuti, nyimbo. folklorists ndi kuphunzira nyimbo kunja kwa Europe. anthu, komanso misewu. sociology ndi "nyimbo zogwiritsidwa ntchito", zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuphunzitsa, kutsutsa, ndi "teknoloji yanyimbo" (kupanga zida zoimbira). Katswiri wa nyimbo wa ku Germany V. Viora amagawa M. kukhala atatu akuluakulu. gawo: mwadongosolo. M. ("kuphunzira zoyambira"), mbiri ya nyimbo, nyimbo. ethnology ndi folklore. Kuphatikiza apo, amawunikira zina zapadera. mafakitale ofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mbiri yakale komanso mwadongosolo. njira yophunzirira, mwachitsanzo. maphunziro a zida, kachitidwe ka mawu, rhythmics, recitative, polyphony, ndi zina zotero. Zosinthika kwambiri komanso zowonjezereka kusiyana ndi zam'mbuyomo, gulu la Viora ndilofanana komanso losagwirizana. Gawo la akatswiri oimba. maphunziro amakhazikitsidwa pa dec. mfundo; nthawi ina ndi njira yowunikira zochitika (zambiri kapena mwadongosolo), mwa zina ndizofukufuku (zojambula za anthu, chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za ku Ulaya). Pakati pa "makampani ofufuza" (Forschungszweige) olembedwa ndi Viora, pali ena odziimira okha. maphunziro a sayansi (sayansi ya zida), ndi zovuta zodziwika bwino (mwachitsanzo, chikhalidwe cha nyimbo). Kwa Viora, komanso ena ambiri. zarub. asayansi, chizoloŵezi chotsutsa ntchito za sayansi ya cholinga ndi khalidwe. kuphunzira nyimbo, kuwunika zaluso zake. makhalidwe. Chifukwa chake, samaphatikizapo kuphunzira kwa M. kumunda womwewo. zimagwira ntchito payekhapayekha, ndikuzisiyira kukongola. Pachifukwa ichi, amagawana udindo wa Adler, yemwe amachepetsa ntchito ya mbiri yakale ya nyimbo kuti awonetsere zachisinthiko, pokhulupirira kuti "chidziwitso cha luso lojambula bwino mu luso la nyimbo" chimapitirira malire ake. M'lingaliro limeneli, sayansi ya nyimbo imapeza munthu wotsutsa, wochotsedwa ku luso lamoyo. kuchita, kuyambira kulimbana kwa malingaliro ndi zokongoletsa. ndi kulenga. mayendedwe, ndi zinthu zinazake. kukhala kwa ilo kokha “gwero” (F. Spitta), zinthu zotsimikizira zongopeka. ndi zomangamanga zakale.

Marxist-Leninist sayansi. Njirayi imapereka maziko opangira gulu logwirizana, lokwanira, komanso nthawi yomweyo losinthika la akatswiri oimba. maphunziro, kulola kuphimba nthambi zonse za sayansi ya nyimbo mu mgwirizano umodzi, wokhazikika komanso kudziwa zapadera. ntchito kwa aliyense. Mfundo yofunikira ya gulu ili ndi chiŵerengero cha mbiri yakale. ndi zomveka. njira zofufuzira monga mitundu yonse ya sayansi. chidziwitso. Chiphunzitso cha Marxism-Leninism sichitsutsana ndi njira izi kwa wina ndi mzake. Malinga ndi kunena kwa F. Engels, kuganiza njirayo ndi “chisonyezero cha zochitika za m’mbiri m’njira yosamvetsetseka ndi yosasinthasintha; kusinkhasinkha kokonzedwa, koma kokonzedwa molingana ndi malamulo omwe ndondomeko yeniyeniyo imapereka, ndipo mphindi iliyonse ikhoza kuganiziridwa panthawiyo pakukula kwake komwe ndondomekoyi imafika pa kukhwima kwathunthu, mawonekedwe ake akale "(K. Marx ndi F. Engels, Soch ., 2nd ed., vol. 13, p. 497). Mosiyana ndi malingaliro. njira yomwe imakulolani kuti muganizire zotsatira za ndondomekoyi, kusokoneza chirichonse mwachisawawa ndi chachiwiri, chambiri. njira kafukufuku amafuna kulingalira za ndondomeko osati waukulu, kufotokoza mbali, koma ndi mfundo zonse ndi zopatuka, mu mawonekedwe payekha wapadera amene amaonekera mu nthawi anapatsidwa ndi kupatsidwa mikhalidwe yeniyeni. Choncho, zomveka. njirayo ndi "njira yofanana ya mbiri yakale, yongomasulidwa ku mawonekedwe ake a mbiri yakale komanso kusokoneza ngozi" (K. Marx ndi F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 13, p. 497).

Malinga ndi njira ziwiri izi, sayansi. kafukufuku wa kadzidzi. sayansi ya nyimbo yakhazikitsa magawano mu mbiriyakale. ndi ongokamba M. Chilichonse cha zigawo izi zikuphatikizapo ndondomeko zachinsinsi, mwapadera. khalidwe. Kotero, pamodzi ndi mbiri yakale ya nyimbo, yomwe iyenera kuphimba nyimbo za mayiko onse ndi anthu a dziko lapansi, mbiri ya dziko laumwini. zikhalidwe kapena magulu awo, ogwirizana pamaziko a malo, mafuko kapena chikhalidwe-mbiri. madera (mwachitsanzo, mbiri ya nyimbo za kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, nyimbo za anthu a ku Asia, Latin-Amer. Anthu, etc.). Magawano zotheka malinga ndi mbiri. nyengo (nyimbo zakale, Middle Ages, etc.), ndi mitundu ndi mitundu (mbiri ya opera, oratorio, symphony, chipinda nyimbo, etc.). Kuchokera ku bwalo la zochitika kapena zomwe istorich. nthawi ya nthawi imasankhidwa ngati phunziro la phunziro, pamlingo wina wowonera wofufuza, kutsindika pa mbali imodzi kapena ina ya ndondomekoyi, kumadaliranso. Kuthandiza. Maphunziro a mbiri ya nyimbo ndi a muses. kuphunzira magwero, kupanga njira zovuta. kusanthula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito decomp. mitundu ya magwero; nyimbo paleography - sayansi ya chitukuko cha mitundu kulemba nyimbo; music textology - yovuta. kusanthula ndi kuphunzira mbiri ya zolemba zanyimbo. ntchito, njira zobwezeretsa.

Theoretical M. imagawanika kukhala magawo angapo, motero, DOS. zinthu za nyimbo: mgwirizano, polyphony, rhythm, metrics, nyimbo, zida. Otukuka kwambiri, okhazikitsidwa ngati odziyimira pawokha. Maphunziro a sayansi ndi awiri oyamba komanso omaliza mwa omwe atchulidwa. Rhythm ndi ma metrics amakula pang'ono. Mwadongosolo chiphunzitso cha nyimbo, monga gawo lapadera la theoretical. M., idayamba kupanga m'zaka za m'ma 20 zokha. Zaka za m'ma 20 (wasayansi wa ku Swiss E. Kurt kumadzulo, BV Asafiev ku USSR). Deta ya maphunziro apaderawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzongopeka zambiri. maphunziro omwe amaphunzira kapangidwe ka nyimbo. amagwira ntchito yonse. Mu prerevolutionary yachilendo ndi Russian M. panali mwambo wapadera wotchedwa chiphunzitso cha nyimbo. mawonekedwe. Zinali zochepa chabe ku typology ya ziwembu zolembedwa, zomwe ndi gawo chabe la sayansi ya kapangidwe ka muses. ntchito zopangidwa ndi kadzidzi. okhulupirira: “… crystallization ndi zina mbiri chitukuko cha mitundu imeneyi, mogwirizana ndi matanthauzo awo osiyana mu Mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndi olemba osiyanasiyana, etc. Pazimenezi, imodzi mwa njira kusanthula zili nyimbo amatsegula - zimakhala zotheka kuyandikira zomwe zili. za ntchitoyo kudzera mu gawo la mawonekedwe omwewo ”(Mazel L. , Kapangidwe ka nyimbo zoimbira, 1960, pp. 4).

Theoretical M. amasangalala kwambiri. njira yofufuzira yomveka. Kuphunzira machitidwe ena, opangidwa kale (mwachitsanzo, dongosolo la mgwirizano wakale), amawaona ngati okhazikika, omwe mbali zonse zimakhala zogwirizana. Dep. zinthu sizimawunikidwa m'mbiri. kutsatizana kwa zochitika zawo, koma molingana ndi malo awo ndi kufunikira kwa ntchito mu dongosolo loperekedwa. Mbiriyakale Panthawi imodzimodziyo, njirayo ilipo, ngati, mu "kuchotsedwa" mawonekedwe. Ofufuza ayenera kukumbukira nthawi zonse kuti dongosolo lililonse la muses. kuganiza ndi siteji inayake istorich. chitukuko ndi malamulo ake sangakhale ndi tanthauzo losasinthika. Kuphatikiza apo, dongosolo lililonse lamoyo silikhala lokhazikika, koma limasinthika mosalekeza ndikudzikonzanso, mawonekedwe ake amkati ndi kuwonongeka kwa chiŵerengero. zinthu zimasintha pakapita nthawi. Choncho, malamulo a classic. kugwirizana kochokera ku kusanthula nyimbo za Beethoven monga mawu awo apamwamba kwambiri komanso athunthu amafunikira kusintha kwina ndi zowonjezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito ya oimba achikondi, ngakhale kuti zofunikira za dongosolo zimakhalabe zofanana ndi iwo. Kuyiwala mfundo za historicism kumabweretsa kuthetsedwa mwachikhulupiriro kwa zina zomwe zakhala zikuchitika m'mbiri yakale. kukula kwa mawonekedwe ndi mapangidwe apangidwe. Zikhulupiriro zoterozo zinali zobadwa mwa iye. wasayansi H. Riemann, amene anachepetsa ntchito ya nthanthi ya zaluso kukhala kumveketsa bwino “malamulo achilengedwe amene mwachidziwitso kapena mosadziŵa amawongolera luso la kulinganiza luso.” Riemann anakana chitukuko cha luso monga njira yosinthira khalidwe ndi kubadwa kwatsopano. “Cholinga chenicheni cha kufufuza kwa mbiri yakale,” iye akutsutsa motero, “ndiko kuchirikiza chidziŵitso cha malamulo oyambirira ogwiritsiridwa ntchito nthaŵi zonse, amene zokumana nazo zonse ndi mitundu yaluso zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito” (kuyambira m’mawu oyamba mpaka m’lingaliro lakuti “Musikgeschichte in Beispielen” , Lpz., 1912).

Gawo la akatswiri oimba. maphunziro m'mbiri. ndi zongopeka, kuyambira kuchulukira kwa mbiri yakale mwa iwo. kapena zomveka. njira, pamlingo wina wokhazikika. Njirazi sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri mu mawonekedwe "oyera". Chidziwitso chokwanira cha chinthu chilichonse chimafuna kuphatikiza njira zonse ziwiri - mbiri yakale komanso zomveka - ndipo pokhapokha pazigawo zina za kafukufuku m'modzi mwa iwo akhoza kukhala wamkulu. Musicologist-theorist, yemwe amakhala ngati ntchito yake yophunzira za kutuluka ndi chitukuko cha nyimbo zachikale. mgwirizano kapena polyphonic mawonekedwe. makalata molingana ndi momwe ndondomekoyi inachitikira, kwenikweni, imapitirira zongopeka chabe. kufufuza ndipo akugwirizana ndi mbiri yakale. Kumbali inayi, wolemba mbiri ya nyimbo yemwe amafuna kudziwa zambiri, mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse amakakamizika kugwiritsa ntchito njira ndi njira zofufuzira zomwe zimachokera ku nyimbo zongopeka. M. Higher generalizations mu M., monga mu sayansi yonse yokhudzana ndi zamoyo, zenizeni zenizeni za chilengedwe ndi madera. zenizeni, zikhoza kutheka kokha pamaziko a kaphatikizidwe zomveka. ndi njira zakale. Pali ntchito zambiri zomwe sitingathe kuziyika bwino ngati zangongole kapena mbiri yakale. M., chifukwa amaphatikiza mbali zonse ziwiri za kafukufukuyu. Izi si ntchito zazikulu zokha zovuta zamtundu wokhazikika, komanso ntchito zina zowunikira. ntchito zoperekedwa pakuwunika ndi kuphunzira kwa dipatimentiyo. ntchito. Ngati wolembayo samangokhalira kukhazikitsidwa kwa machitidwe ambiri, mawonekedwe a muses. chinenero chibadidwe mu ntchito kusanthula., koma amakopa zambiri zokhudza nthawi ndi mikhalidwe ya zimachitika, amafuna kuzindikira kugwirizana kwa ntchito ndi nthawi ndi kudziwa. luso lamalingaliro. ndi mayendedwe kalembedwe, ndiye potero amadzuka, osachepera pang'ono, pamaziko a mbiri yakale. kafukufuku.

Malo apadera a akatswiri ena oimba. maphunziro amatsimikiziridwa osati methodological. mfundo, koma nkhani ya kafukufuku. Choncho, kusankha muses. folklorists mwa iwo okha. makampani asayansi chifukwa chapadera. mitundu yakukhalapo, yosiyana ndi mikhalidwe yomwe zinthuzo zimayambira, zimakhala ndi kufalikira. analemba Prof. mlandu wanyimbo. Maphunziro a Nar. nyimbo zimafuna kufufuza kwapadera. njira ndi luso logwiritsira ntchito zinthu (onani Musical Ethnography). Komabe, methodologically, sayansi ya Nar. kulenga sikutsutsana ndi mbiri yakale. ndi theoretical M., polumikizana ndi onse awiri. Mu folkloristics akadzidzi, chizolowezi chopita ku mbiri yakale chikukhazikika kwambiri. kulingalira za kulenga mogwirizana ndi zochitika zovuta za luso. chikhalidwe cha anthu ena. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chikhalidwe cha nyimbo chimagwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira machitidwe, kufufuza ndi kugawa zina. mitundu ya mabedi nyimbo kuganiza ngati mochuluka kapena zochepa khola zovuta zonse mwachibadwa wokhazikika zomveka. kugwirizana ndi kugwirizana kwa zinthu zake.

Zomwe zaphunziridwa zimatsimikiziranso kugawidwa kwa nthambi yapadera ya M. chiphunzitso ndi mbiri ya nyimbo. mlandu.

Nyimbo ndi imodzi mwa maphunziro asayansi achichepere. sociology (onani Sociology of Music). Mbiri ya chilango ichi ndi kukula kwa ntchito zake sizinatsimikizidwebe mokwanira. Mu 20s. anatsindika preim. chikhalidwe chake chambiri. AV Lunacharsky analemba kuti: "... Kunena mwachidule, njira ya chikhalidwe cha anthu m'mbiri ya luso imatanthawuza kulingalira za luso monga chimodzi mwa zizindikiro za moyo wa anthu" ("Pa njira ya chikhalidwe cha anthu mu theory ndi mbiri ya nyimbo", m'gulu: "Issues "Sociology of Music", 1927). Mukumvetsetsa uku, chikhalidwe cha anthu cha nyimbo ndi chiphunzitso cha mawonetseredwe a malamulo a mbiri yakale. kukonda chuma pakukula kwa nyimbo monga mtundu wa anthu. chidziwitso. Nkhani ya kafukufuku wamakono wa chikhalidwe cha anthu imakhala Ch. ayi. mitundu yeniyeni ya anthu. kukhalapo kwa nyimbo mwanjira inayake. chikhalidwe cha anthu. Malangizowa akulunjika mwachindunji ku machitidwe a muses. moyo ndikuthandizira kupeza njira zothetsera mavuto ake pamaziko asayansi. maziko.

Kuphatikiza pa zomwe zalembedwa pamwambapa, nthambi za M., zimagawa magawo angapo a "malire", to-rye ndi gawo la M. kapena olumikizana nawo. Izi ndi nyimbo. ma acoustics (onani. Nyimbo zoyimba) ndi nyimbo. psychology, kuphunzira osati nyimbo monga choncho, koma thupi lake. ndi psychophysical. zofunika, njira zoberekera ndi kuzindikira. Zambiri za nyimbo. ma acoustics ayenera kuganiziridwa m'magawo ena a chiphunzitso cha nyimbo (mwachitsanzo, chiphunzitso cha machitidwe a nyimbo ndi machitidwe), amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pojambula ndi kuwulutsa mawu, komanso kupanga nyimbo. zida, zomangamanga conc. maholo, etc. Kumbali ya ntchito za nyimbo. psychology imaphatikizapo kuphunzira zamakanika a luso. ndondomeko, ubwino wa oimba pa conc. siteji, ndondomeko ya kuzindikira nyimbo, gulu la muses. luso. Koma, ngakhale kuti mafunso onsewa ndi okhudzana mwachindunji ndi muses. sayansi, ndi nyimbo. maphunziro, ndi machitidwe a nyimbo. Moyo, psychology yanyimbo iyenera kuwonedwa ngati gawo la psychology wamba, ndi muses. ma acoustics amapatsidwa gawo la sayansi. Sayansi, osati kwa M.

Instrumentation ndi ya "malire" amalangizo, omwe ali pamphambano ya uinjiniya wamakina ndi madera ena a sayansi kapena ukadaulo. Gawo limenelo, lomwe limaphunzira za chiyambi ndi chitukuko cha muses. zida, kufunika kwake mu nyimbo. chikhalidwe dec. nthawi ndi anthu, akuphatikizidwa mu zovuta za nyimbo ndi mbiri. maphunziro. Dr. nthambi ya sayansi ya zida zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mapangidwe a zida ndi magulu awo molingana ndi njira yopangira phokoso ndi gwero la mawu (zamoyo), ndi gawo la nyimbo. teknoloji, osati kwenikweni M.

Kunja kwa gulu lalikulu pali maphunziro ena ofunikira, mwachitsanzo. njira yophunzitsira masewera osiyanasiyana. zida, kuyimba, chiphunzitso chanyimbo (onani Maphunziro a Nyimbo), zolemba zanyimbo (onani zolemba zanyimbo), ndi zolemba.

Ambiri mwa sayansi ya nyimbo ndi nyimbo. aesthetics (onani. Musical aesthetics), zochokera anapeza nthambi zonse za ongolankhula. ndi mbiri M. Kutengera chachikulu. Zopereka za aesthetics monga chikhalidwe cha filosofi, zimafufuza zenizeni. njira ndi njira zowonetsera zenizeni mu nyimbo, malo ake mu dongosolo la decomp. art-in, kapangidwe ka nyimbo. chifaniziro ndi njira za chilengedwe chake, chiŵerengero cha maganizo ndi zomveka, zofotokozera ndi zojambula, ndi zina zotero. aesthetics anayamba pamaziko a Marxist-Leninist filosofi mu USSR ndi socialist ena. mayiko. Burzh. asayansi amene amaona kukongola kokha ngati sayansi ya kukongola amaika mbali yake pa ntchito zowunika.

Magwero a M. amayambira kalekale. Akatswiri ena achigiriki anayambitsa njira ya diatonic. frets (onani. Mitundu Yakale Yachi Greek), maziko a chiphunzitso cha rhythm, kwa nthawi yoyamba kutanthauzira ndi kugawa kwakukulu. nthawi. Mu 6th c. BC ndi. Pythagoras, kutengera ubale wamasamu pakati pa mawu, adakhazikitsa mawu omveka bwino. kumanga. Aristoxenus mu 4 C. BC ndi. anaika zina mwa chiphunzitso chake kutsutsidwa ndi kukonzanso, kuyika patsogolo ngati njira yowunikira kuwonongeka. nthawi si mtengo wake mtheradi, koma kumva kumva. Uku kunali gwero la zomwe amati mkanganowo. canons ndi harmonicas. Ntchito yofunikira ku Dr. Greece idasewera chiphunzitso cha ethos, kulumikiza kuwonongeka. melodic frets ndi rhythmic. maphunziro ndi matanthauzo mitundu ya maganizo, otchulidwa ndi makhalidwe makhalidwe. Plato ndi Aristotle anakhazikitsa malingaliro awo pa kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ina ya nyimbo m’madera ozikidwa pa chiphunzitsochi. moyo ndi maphunziro a unyamata.

Zina mwazofala kwambiri zakale. dziko la nyimbo. malingaliro adawuka kale m'zikhalidwe zakale za Mesopotamiya (Asuri ndi Babeloni), Egypt ndi China, mwachitsanzo. khalidwe la Pythagoras ndi otsatira ake kumvetsa nyimbo monga chithunzithunzi cha zakuthambo. dongosolo lomwe lili m'chilengedwe komanso m'moyo wamunthu. Kale mu 7 C. BC ndi. mu whale. nkhani yakuti "Guan-tzu" inapatsidwa tanthauzo la manambala a matani a 5-step scale. M'zaka za 6-5. BC ndi. makina omveka a 7-liwiro adatsimikiziridwa mwachidziwitso. Ziphunzitso za Confucius za maphunziro. tanthauzo la nyimbo m'njira zina limagwirizana ndi malingaliro a Plato. M'mabuku akale a Ind amakhazikitsidwa mwachindunji. Ubale pakati pa zikhalidwe za moyo wa munthu (rasa) ndi mitundu ina ya nyimbo, kapena mitundu, tsatanetsatane wazomwe zimaperekedwa malinga ndi tanthauzo lake.

Nyimbo-zambiri. cholowa cha zakale chinali ndi chikoka chotsimikizika pakukula kwa Middle Ages. malingaliro a nyimbo ku Ulaya. mayiko, komanso Middle ndi Wed. Kum'mawa. M'zolemba za Arab theorists con. 1st - koyambirira kwa Zakachikwi 2 kunawonetsa malingaliro a Greek ena. ziphunzitso za ethos, malingaliro a Aristoxenus ndi a Pythagoras pankhani yophunzira machitidwe amawu ndi ma intervals. Pa nthawi yomweyo, maganizo ambiri akale. anthanthi sanamvetsetsedwe ndi kupotozedwa pansi pa chisonkhezero cha Chisilamu kapena Kristu. malingaliro. M'mayiko a Middle Ages. Ku Ulaya, chiphunzitso cha nyimbo chimasanduka maphunziro osamvetsetseka. chilango chosudzulidwa mchitidwe. Ulamuliro waukulu kwambiri wa Middle Ages pankhani ya nyimbo. Science Boethius (zaka mazana a 5-6) inatsimikizira kuti chiphunzitsocho n’chofunika kwambiri kuposa kuchita m’nyimbo, kuyerekezera ubale umene ulipo pakati pawo ndi “kupambana kwa maganizo kuposa thupi.” Nkhani ya Middle Ages. ziphunzitso za nyimbo zinali zomveka. kulingalira kozikidwa pa masamu. ndi cosmological. fanizo. Pamodzi ndi masamu, geometry ndi zakuthambo, nyimbo zidaphatikizidwa pakati pa sayansi "zapamwamba kwambiri". Malinga ndi Hukbald, "kugwirizana ndi mwana wamkazi wa masamu", ndipo Marchetto wa Padua ndi wa aphorism "malamulo a chilengedwe ndi malamulo a nyimbo." Nyengo zina Zapakati. okhulupirira nthanthi (Cassiodorus, zaka za zana la 5; Isidore wa ku Seville, zaka za zana la 7) anadalira mwachindunji chiphunzitso cha Pythagorean cha manambala monga maziko a chilengedwe.

M'chidutswa chomwe chatsala cha buku la Alcuin's (zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu) chinali choyamba kukhazikitsa dongosolo la 8 diatonic. frets (8 zenizeni ndi 4 plagal), kutengera Chigiriki china chosinthidwa. modal system (onani njira zama Medieval). Chofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha oimba a mpingo. Art-va m'nthawi ya zaka za m'ma Middle Ages anali ndi kusintha kwa zolemba za nyimbo, zomwe zinachitidwa ndi Guido d'Arezzo mu theka loyamba. 4 ndi c. Njira yoyimba adapanga molingana ndi ma hexachords okhala ndi masilabi odziwika a masitepe adatumikira monga maziko a dongosolo la Solmization (onani Solmization), lomwe limasungidwa muzophunzitsa. chitani ngakhale lero. Guido anali woyamba wa Middle Ages. okhulupirira anabweretsa chiphunzitso cha nyimbo pafupi ndi zosowa zenizeni za muses. machitidwe. Malinga ndi kunena kwa Franco wa ku Cologne (zaka za zana la 1), “nthanthiyo inapangidwa ndi Boethius, mchitidwewo ndi wa Guido.”

Kukula kwa polyphony kumafuna kusanthula mosamala kwambiri za chikhalidwe cha intervals, kutanthauzira kolondola kwa rhythmic. nthawi ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo logwirizana la kulumikizana kwawo. Irl. wanthanthi ndi katswiri wa zaluso John Scotus Eriugena (zaka za zana la 9) kwa nthawi yoyamba amayankha funso la nthawi yomweyo. kuphatikiza kwa mizere iwiri yoyimba. Johannes Garlandia ndi Franco waku Cologne akufotokozera malamulo a organum, kupanga chiphunzitso cha mensur (onani Mensural notation). Chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri chinali kuzindikira kwachitatu ngati consonance yopanda ungwiro mu ntchito za Franco waku Cologne, Marchetto waku Padua, Walter Odington.

Zawoneka bwino. 1320 ku France, buku lakuti "Ars nova" (lotchedwa Philippe de Vitry) linapereka dzina lake ku njira yatsopano mu nyimbo yokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka kubadwanso kwatsopano. M'bukuli, magawo atatu ndi asanu ndi limodzi adavomerezedwa movomerezeka ngati ma consonant intervals, kuvomerezeka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito chromaticisms (musica falsa) kunadziwika, ndipo mitundu yatsopano, yomasuka ya polyphony yozikidwa pa kayendetsedwe kosiyana ka mawu adatetezedwa mosiyana ndi organum. Theorist wotchuka kwambiri ku Italy. ars nova Marchetto wa ku Padua ankaona kuti khutu ndi "woweruza wabwino kwambiri pa nyimbo", kutsindika za chikhalidwe cha zokongoletsa zonse. canons. Johannes de Groheo (chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 13 - kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 14) adatsutsa ziphunzitso za Boethius ndikuzindikira nyimbo za dziko mofanana ndi tchalitchi. mlandu. A ambiri malamulo polyphonic. Kalatayo inaperekedwa m’zolemba za I. Tinktoris, amene anadalira Ch. ayi. pa ntchito ya olemba ku Netherlands. sukulu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, m’ntchito za akatswiri onsewa, anapitirizabe kufotokoza tanthauzo lake. udindo wa zinthu za Middle Ages. scholastics, to-rye anakhala ndi moyo kwambiri mu Renaissance.

Malingaliro amalingaliro a Renaissance amabwera pafupi ndi kumvetsetsa maziko a mgwirizano wa tonal. Malingaliro atsopano opindulitsa ndi zowonera zili m'mabuku a bwenzi la Leonardo da Vinci, wa ku Italy. Wopeka ndi wanthanthi F. Gaffori. Swiss. Glarean wolemba chiphunzitso "Dodecachordon" (1547) adadzudzula. kusanthula ndi kukonzanso kwa Middle Ages. chiphunzitso cha modes, kutsindika kufunika kwapadera kwa Ionian (yaikulu) ndi Aeolian (yaing'ono). Njira ina inatengedwa ndi J. Zarlino, wogwirizana ndi korona. polyphonic m'ma 16 sukulu Iye anatanthawuza mitundu iwiri ya triad malinga ndi udindo waukulu wachitatu mwa iwo, motero kulenga zoyamba za kukhazikitsa mfundo zazikulu ndi zazing'ono osati nyimbo, komanso harmonic. ndege. Ntchito zofunika kwambiri za Tsarlino - "Fundamentals of Harmony" ("Le istitutioni harmoniche", 1558) ndi "Harmonic Proofs" ("Dimostrationi harmoniche", 1571) zilinso zothandiza. malangizo okhudza njira ya polyphonic. makalata, mgwirizano pakati pa malemba ndi nyimbo. Mdani wake anali V. Galilei, amene analemba bukuli. nkhani za "Dialogue pa nyimbo zakale ndi zatsopano" ("Dialogo ... della musica antica e della moderna", 1581). Potengera chikhalidwe cha nyimbo zakale, Galileo anakana polyphony monga chotsalira cha "pakati pa zaka za zana. barbarism” ndikuteteza kalembedwe ka wok. monodies ndi kutsagana. Phindu la sayansi la ntchito zake lagona pakufunsa funso la kukhazikitsidwa kwa mawu a anthu mu nyimbo. Zolemba za ku Galileya zinatumikira monga umboni wotsimikizirika wa “kalembedwe kosangalatsa” (stile concitato), kamene kanalongosoledwa m’Chitaliyana choyambirira. opera m'zaka za zana la 17 Kuchokera ku aesthetics pafupi ndi iye. maudindo J. Doni analemba ake "Treatise pa mitundu ndi mitundu ya nyimbo" ("Trattato de' Generi e de' Modi della Musica", 1635).

M'zaka za zana la 17 Ntchito zingapo za encyclopedic zidapangidwa. mtundu, kuphimba mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyimbo-zongoganiza., Amayimbidwe. ndi zovuta zokongoletsa. Izi zikuphatikizapo "Universal Harmony" ("Harmonie universelle", v. 1-2, 1636-37) ndi M. Mersenne ndi "Universal Musical Creativity" ("Musurgia universalis", t. 1-2, 1650) ndi A. Kircher . Chikoka cha filosofi ya rationalist ya R. Descartes, to-ry mwiniwake anali mlembi wa chiphunzitsocho. Maphunziro a "Maziko a Nyimbo" ("Compendium musicae", 1618; operekedwa ku masamu amitundu ndi ma intervals), amaphatikizidwa ndi zinthu za Khristu zomwe sizinakhalepobe. cosmogony. Olemba ntchitozi akufotokoza kuthekera kwa nyimbo kupangitsa kuwonongeka. maganizo kuchokera ku lingaliro la chiphunzitso cha zimakhudza (onani. Kukhudza chiphunzitso). “Chida choimbira nyimbo” (“Syntagma musicum”, t. 1-3, 1615-19) M. Pretorius ndi wochititsa chidwi ngati imodzi mwa zoyesayesa zoyamba kupereka mbiri. mwachidule za chitukuko cha osn. zinthu za nyimbo. Zochitika mosasinthasintha., mwadongosolo. kufotokozera mbiri ya nyimbo kuyambira nthawi za m'Baibulo mpaka koyambirira. Zaka za m'ma 17 zinali "Mafotokozedwe Akale a Luso Lopambana la Kuyimba ndi Nyimbo" ("Historische Beschreibung der edelen Sing- und Kling-Kunst", 1690) lolemba VK Prince.

Gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga M. ngati lodziyimira pawokha. sayansi inali Nyengo ya Chidziwitso. M'zaka za zana la 18 M. adamasulidwa kotheratu ku kulumikizana ndi zamulungu, kukhazikika kwamalingaliro ndi malingaliro abwino. zongopeka filosofi, kukhala pa maziko a sayansi yeniyeni. kafukufuku. Malingaliro adzawunikira. filosofi ndi zokometsera zinali ndi zotsatira zabwino pa chitukuko cha sayansi. malingaliro a nyimbo ndikupereka njira zothetsera nkhani zofunika za nyimbo. chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe. Pachifukwa ichi, ntchito za olemba mabuku achifalansa a JJ Rousseau, D. Diderot, M. d'Alembert, omwe ankawona nyimbo ngati kutsanzira chilengedwe, poganizira kuphweka ndi chibadwa cha mawu aumunthu monga makhalidwe ake akuluakulu. zokhudzira. Rousseau anali mlembi wa zolemba za nyimbo mu Encyclopedia, zomwe pambuyo pake adaziphatikiza mu Dictionary of Music yomwe adadzilemba yekha (Dictionnaire de musique, 1768). Chiphunzitso cha kutsanzira kuchokera kumbali zosiyanasiyana chikufotokozedwa m'mabuku a Morelle "On Expression in Music" ("De l'expression en musique", 1759), M. Chabanon "Observations on Music and Metaphysics of Arts" (" Observations sur la musique et principalement sur la métaphisique de l'art”, 1779), B. Lasepeda “The Poetics of Music” (“La poétique de la musique”, v. 1-2, 1785). Zochitika zofanana ndi malingaliro a French. encyclopedist, anawonekera mu muses. aesthetics ku England ndi Germany. Nyimbo zazikulu kwambiri za ku Germany wasayansi ndi wolemba I. Mattheson akuyandikira Rousseau pozindikira nyimbo ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri cha nyimbo; adapereka gawo lalikulu pakuweruza kwa nyimbo ku chilengedwe, kukoma ndi malingaliro. Wolemba Chingelezi D. Brown, akuchokera ku lingaliro la Rousseau la munthu wosavuta, "wachirengedwe", pafupi kwambiri ndi chilengedwe, adawona chinsinsi cha tsogolo labwino la nyimbo pakubwezeretsanso nyimbo zake zoyambirira. kugwirizana kwambiri ndi ndakatulo. mawu.

Pankhani ya chiphunzitso cha nyimbo, ntchito za JF Rameau zokhudzana ndi mgwirizano zidatenga gawo lofunika kwambiri (loyamba linali Treatise on Harmony (Traité de l'harmonie, 1722)). Kukhazikitsa mfundo yosinthira nyimbo ndi kukhalapo kwa zinthu zitatu zofunika. ntchito za tonal (tonic, dominent and subdominant), Rameau adayala maziko a classic. chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano. Malingaliro ake adapangidwa ndi d'Alembert mu ntchito yake "Zongopeka komanso zothandiza za nyimbo molingana ndi mfundo za Rameau" ("Elements de musique théorique et pratique, suivant les principes de m. Rameau", 1752), atamasulira pa izo. langa. F. Marpurg. Mafunso ogwirizana amakopeka mu 2nd floor. 18th century chidwi pl. Theorists, to-rye ankafuna kupeza sayansi yomveka. Kufotokozera za zochitika zomwe zimawonedwa mu ntchito ya olemba a nthawi yachikale ndi chisanadze chakale. M'buku lodziwika bwino la II Fuchs "The Step to Parnassus" ("Gradus ad Parnassum", 1725) ndi "Treatise on Counterpoint" (1774) lolemba G. Martini, chidule chambiri ndi dongosolo la chidziwitso chofunikira pa polyphony chaperekedwa. .

M'zaka za zana la 18 zinthu zoyamba zimawonekera. zimagwira ntchito pa mbiri ya nyimbo, osati zongopeka komanso zongopeka. chidziwitso, koma pa chikhumbo chotsutsa. kusanthula ndi kufalitsa zolembedwa zenizeni. "History of Music" ku Italy. wofufuza J. Martini ("Storia della musica", v. 1-3, 1757-81), m'mene kufotokozera kumabweretsedwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, sikunayambe kumasuka ku chikoka cha Khristu.-zaumulungu. zoyimira. Zambiri zogwirizana zasayansi. khalidwe ndi ntchito likulu la English C. Burney (vols. 1-4, 1776-89) ndi J. Hawkins (vols. 1-5, 1776), zodzala ndi kuunika. lingaliro la kupita patsogolo; zochitika zakale zimawunikidwa ndi olemba ponena za kukongola kwapamwamba. malingaliro apano. Wolemba "The General History of Music" pa izo. langa. (“Allgemeine Geschichte der Musik”, Bd 1-2, 1788-1801) KU Forkel adawona ntchito yofufuza zomwe zidachitika mu muses. amanena kuchokera ku "magwero oyambirira" kupita ku "ungwiro wapamwamba kwambiri". Zolinga za ofufuza a m'zaka za zana la 18. makamaka zinali nyimbo za Kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. mayiko; French weniweni. wasayansi JB Laborde mu "Essay pa nyimbo zakale ndi zatsopano" ("Essai sur la musique ancienne et moderne", v. 1-4, 1780) amatanthauzanso zaluso zomwe si za ku Ulaya. anthu. M. Herbert m’kope lake la Middle Ages. Zolemba (1784) zinali chiyambi cha kufalitsa zolemba zolemba pa mbiri ya nyimbo. Zoyamba zazikulu zimagwira ntchito pa nyimbo. lexicographies were “Musical Dictionary” (“Dictionnaire de musique”, 1703) by S. Brossard, “Musical Dictionary, or Musical Library” (“Musikalisches Lexicon oder Musikalische Bibliothek”, 1732) yolembedwa ndi IG Walter, “Foundations of the Triumphal Gates” ("Grundlage der Ehrenpforten", 1740) Matteson.

M'zaka za zana la 19 pamodzi ndi mbiri yakale ambiri a monographic amawonekera. kafukufuku wokhudza olemba, omwe adalumikizidwa ndi chidwi chokulirapo pa umunthu ndi luso lamunthu. mawonekedwe a opanga odziwika bwino aluso. Ntchito yaikulu yoyamba yamtunduwu inali MU buku la Forkel "Pa Moyo, Zojambula ndi Ntchito za JS Bach" ("Lber JS Bachs Leben, Kunst und Kunstwerke", 1802). Classic the monographs a J. Baini pa Palestrina (vols. 1-2, 1828), O. Jan pa Mozart (vols. 1-4, 1856-59), KF Krisander pa Handel (vols. 1-3, 1858) anapezedwa kufunika -67), F. Spitta pa Bach (vols. 1-2, 1873-80). Kufunika kwa ntchitozi kumatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi zolemba zambiri komanso mbiri yakale zomwe zili m'mabukuwo. zakuthupi.

Kupeza ndi kusonkhanitsa zambiri zatsopano zatsopano kunapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kufotokoza momveka bwino chithunzi chonse cha chitukuko cha nyimbo. AV Ambros analemba mu 1862 kuti: “Mzimu wosonkhanitsa ndi kufufuza zinthu unathandiza kuti zinthu zatsopano ziunjike pafupifupi tsiku lililonse, ndipo n’kovuta kwambiri kuyesa kubweretsa dongosolo la zinthu zomwe zilipo ndi kuziphatikiza kukhala zonse zodziŵikiratu” (“Geschichte der Musik”, Bd 1, 1862, 1887). Kuyesera kufalitsa nkhani zonse muz.-historical. ndondomeko zidachitidwa ndi decomp. malo methodological. Ngati ntchito ya RG Kizewetter yokhala ndi mutu wakuti "Mbiri ya Western Europe kapena Nyimbo Zathu Zamakono" ("Geschichte der europdisch-abendländischen oder unserer heutigen Musik", 1834) ili ndi ma echos ambiri, idzawunikira. malingaliro okhudza mbiri yakale monga njira yopitira patsogolo ndi kukwera, ndiye mutu wa French. ndi Belg. M. pakati. 19th century FJ Fetis akuwona mu "chiphunzitso cha kupita patsogolo" DOS. cholepheretsa kumvetsetsa zonenazo. Ntchito zake zazikuluzikulu za The Universal Biography of Musicians and the General Bibliography of Music (Biographie universelle des musiciens et bibliographie générale de la musique, v. 1-8, 1837-44) ndi The General History of Music (Histoire générale de la musique depuis les temps les plus anciens jusqu'а nos jours”, v. 1-5, 1869-76) zikuyimira gwero lalikulu la kafukufuku. mtengo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, maudindo odziletsa a wolemba, omwe adapeza zokongoletsa zake, adawonekera mwa iwo. zabwino m'mbuyomu ndipo ankaona chitukuko cha nyimbo monga immanent ndondomeko kusintha decomp. mfundo zomveka bwino. Mchitidwe wotsutsanawu ukufotokozedwa mu Mbiri ya Nyimbo ya F. Brendel ku Italy, Germany ndi France… kulumikizana ndi zochitika zofunika kwambiri za moyo wa uzimu wamba. Zomwezo zotakata zachikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale ndizodziwika kwa Ambros, ngakhale gawo la nyimbo m'mbiri yonse. ndondomeko anali kuganiziridwa ndi iye kuchokera mbali ya chikondi-idealistic. malingaliro okhudza "mizimu ya anthu". Nyimbo zake zambiri "Mbiri ya Nyimbo" ("Geschichte der Musik", Bd 1852-1, 4-1862) ndi imodzi mwa malo otchuka kwambiri mu nyimbo. mbiri yakale ya zaka za m'ma 78.

Chisamaliro chachikulu ku zovuta za methodological nyimbo-mbiri. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19 ndi 20. G. Kretschmar, G. Adler, X. Riemann. Kretzschmar adagogomezera kufunika kwa mbiri ya nyimbo pakuwunika kwabwino, ndikumatanthauzira ngati "zosangalatsa zanyimbo zomwe zimawonedwa mosiyanasiyana." Chofunikira chofunikira pakumvetsetsa bwino zaluso. zochitika, adawona chidziwitso cha nthawiyo ndi istorich. zinthu zinazake zinayamba. Mosiyana ndi iye, Adler anagogomezera kufotokozera kwa malamulo ambiri achisinthiko a chitukuko cha nyimbo, kuyika patsogolo ngati maziko. nyimbo-mbiri mbiri gulu lingaliro kalembedwe. Koma lingaliro ili linatanthauziridwa ndi iye mwalamulo. Kusintha ndi kusintha kumasiyana. masitayilo ndi, malinga ndi Adler, organic. ndondomeko yosadalira zinthu zilizonse kunja kwake. Zofananira za abstract-naturalistic. kumvetsetsa kwa mbiri ya nyimbo kunapeza mawu ake owopsa mu Riemann, yemwe kwenikweni anakana chitukuko cha nyimbo, poganizira za kusinthika kwa muses. mlandu ngati chiwonetsero cha malamulo osasinthika.

Malo apadera mu pulogalamuyi. mbiri ya nyimbo inayamba. Zaka za zana la 20 zimagwira ntchito ya R. Rolland. Polingalira nyimbo monga chimodzi cha zinthu zofunika m’moyo wauzimu wa mtundu wa anthu, iye anawona kukhala kofunika kuziphunzira mogwirizana ndi zachuma, zandale. ndi mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha anthu. Rolland analemba kuti: “Chilichonse n’chogwirizana, kusintha kulikonse kwa ndale kumapitirizabe kusintha kwa luso, ndipo moyo wa dziko ndi chinthu chimene chilichonse chimayenderana: zochitika zachuma ndi zojambulajambula.” "Nyimbo zamtundu uliwonse zimagwirizana ndi mtundu wina wa anthu ndipo zimatilola kumvetsetsa bwino" ( Rollan R., Sobranie musikistoricheskih soobshcheniya, vol. 4, 1938, pp. 8, 10). Ntchito zomwe Rolland adapereka m'mbiri ya nyimbo zitha kuthetsedwa nthawi zonse potengera njira ya mbiri yakale. kukonda chuma.

Mu 2nd floor. M'zaka za zana la 19 kufalikira kwa ntchito pa sayansi-yovuta. kusindikizidwa kwa zipilala za nyimbo zakale. Sh. E. Kusmaker lofalitsidwa mu 1864-76 angapo Middle Ages. zokambirana pa nyimbo. Mu 1861-71, pansi pa manja a. F. Krizander, kufalitsidwa kwa mndandanda wa "Monuments of Musical Art" ("Denkmäler der Tonkunst") kunayambika, komwe kunapitirira kuyambira 1900 pansi pa dzina. "Zipilala za luso loimba la Germany" ("Denkmäler deutscher Tonkunst"). Mu 1894, ed. Adler anayamba kufalitsa buku lalikulu kwambiri la "Monuments of Musical Art in Austria" ("Denkmäler der Tonkunst in Österreich"). M'chaka chomwecho, kufalitsidwa kwa mndandanda wa zofalitsa "Masters of Music of the French Renaissance" ("Les maоtres musiciens de la renaissance française") inayamba pansi pa manja a. A. Katswiri. O. Chilesotti ku Italy lofalitsidwa mu 1883-1915 9 vols. “Libraries of rarities of musical” (“Biblioteca di rarita musicali”), m’menemo zitsanzo za nyimbo za lute za m’zaka za zana la 16-18 zimaperekedwa. Zofalitsa zamtundu womwewo zinakhazikitsidwa m’maiko ena angapo. Pamodzi ndi izi, zolemba zamitundu yambiri zamitundu yayikulu zikupangidwa. ambuye: Bach (59 vols., 1851-1900), Handel (100 vols., 1859-94), Mozart (24 series, 1876-86).

Mu chitukuko cha nyimbo lexicography njira. nyimbo zinathandiza kwambiri. Madikishonale J. Grove (1879-90) ndi X. Riemann (1882), odziwika ndi sayansi yapamwamba. mulingo, m'lifupi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zidziwitso zomwe amafotokoza. Ntchito zonse ziwirizo zidasindikizidwanso kangapo mu mawonekedwe owonjezeredwa ndi kusinthidwa. Mu 1900-04, buku la 10-volume Bio-Bibliographic Dictionary of Sources about Oimba ndi Akatswiri oimba… .

Mogwirizana ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa nyimbo. maphunziro m'zaka za zana la 19. zambiri zimalengedwa. malipiro a maphunziro osiyanasiyana a theoretical. Izi ndizo ntchito zogwirizana ndi S. Catel (1802), FJ Fetis (1844), FE Richter (1863), M. Hauptmann (1868), pa polyphony - L. Cherubini (1835), IGG Bellerman (1868). Wodziyimira pawokha. chiphunzitso cha nyimbo amakhala nthambi ya nyimbo chiphunzitso. mawonekedwe. Ntchito yoyamba yokonzekera bwino m'derali ndi X. Koch's "Experience in Composition Guide" ("Versuch einer Anleitung zur Composition", Tl 1-3, 1782-93). Pambuyo pake, ntchito zofananira za A. Reich ndi AB Marx zidawonekera. Kukhala ndi Ch. ayi. Zolinga zamaphunziro, ntchitozi zilibe zongopeka. generalizations ndi zochokera stylistic. miyambo yakale. nthawi. Dep. malingaliro atsopano ndi maudindo okhudzana ndi nthawi zina (mwachitsanzo, mfundo yoyambirira yoyika nyimbo za Katel).

Gawo lofunikira pakukula kwa Europe. Theoretical M. imagwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito za X. Riemann, wasayansi wa erudition wamkulu komanso sayansi yosunthika. zokonda, amene anathandizira kuti decomp. zigawo za chiphunzitso cha nyimbo. Riemann adayambitsa ndikutsimikizira lingaliro la ma harmonics. ntchito, kupereka gulu latsopano la ma chords malinga ndi kukhala kwawo kwa gulu limodzi kapena lina logwira ntchito, zimawulula kufunika kosinthika kwakusintha. Pophunzira mitundu ya nyimbo, iye sanangochokera ku architectonic. mphindi (malo a magawo, ubale wawo kwa onse ndi kwa wina ndi mzake), komanso kuchokera ku cholinga-thematic. kulumikizana. Komabe, kwambiri categoricalness, amene Riemann anafotokoza sayansi yake. maganizo, amapereka angapo zongopeka ake. mfundo zotsimikizika. khalidwe. Zochokera structural mfundo ndi malamulo a tingachipeze powerenga. nyimbo, iye ananena kwa iwo mtheradi, kufunika kwa chilengedwe chonse, ndipo ndi ndondomeko ya sitayilo iyi adayandikira nyimbo za nthawi zonse ndi anthu. Chiphunzitso cha Riemann cha mita ndi rhythm ndizowopsa kwambiri m'lingaliro ili. Sukulu yogwira ntchito ya mgwirizano inayambika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19 ndi 20. komanso ndi ntchito za E. Prout ndi FO Gevart.

M'zaka za zana la 20 M. potsiriza akukula ndi kulandira kuzindikira ngati wodziimira payekha. sayansi yomwe imathetsa mavuto apadera ndipo ili ndi njira zake zofufuzira. M. akuphatikizidwa mu dongosolo la maphunziro apamwamba mu umunthu, m'mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya ndi America pa nsapato zazitali ubweya amapangidwa m'madipatimenti apadera kapena mu-inu M. Kutsegula kwa sayansi. ntchito mu gawo la nyimbo zimathandiza zambiri. katswiri wa nyimbo. za-va ndi mayanjano, to-rye nthawi zina amakhala ndi awo. atolankhani, kufalitsa mndandanda wa zolemba ndi kafukufuku. zofalitsa. Mu 1899 Intern. gulu lanyimbo, lomwe lidakhazikitsa ntchito yogwirizanitsa akatswiri oimba dec. mayiko. Mu 1914, pokhudzana ndi kuyambika kwa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse Yoyamba, idasiya ntchito zake. Mu 1, International Society for Musicology inalengedwa, momwe asayansi ochokera m'mayiko oposa 1927 (kuphatikizapo USSR) akuimira.

Kuchuluka kwa ntchito m'dera la M. m'zaka za zana la 20. zawonjezeka kwambiri, zovuta zake zakula, kafukufuku watsopano wawonekera. mafakitale ndi mayendedwe. Zomwe zimatchedwa. yerekezerani. M., kukhala ndi ntchito yophunzira nyimbo. zikhalidwe zosakhala za ku Ulaya. anthu. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za malangizowa zinakhazikitsidwa pachiyambi. Asayansi a ku Germany a zaka za m'ma 20 K. Stumpf, EM Hornbostel, K. Sachs, R. Lachman, V. Viora ali a oimira ake otchuka kwambiri. Njira zofananira. M., zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa pakufufuza zinthu zofananira mu suti-ve decomp. anthu adziko lapansi, adatsutsidwa pambuyo pake ndipo dzina lenileni la chilangocho linapezeka kuti silinali lolondola. Mu 40s. lingaliro la "ethnomusicology" linayambitsidwa. Mosiyana yerekezerani. M., chilangochi chimafuna kuphunzira nyimbo. chikhalidwe anthu onse, mu kuphatikizika kwa mbali zake zonse.

Asayansi Zap. Europe ndi United States adapeza zotsatira zamtengo wapatali pakufufuza kwa East. zikhalidwe za nyimbo. Ngati m'zaka za m'ma 19 ikuchitika padera, mochuluka kapena pang'ono episodic. maulendo opita kudera limeneli (mwachitsanzo, mabuku a RG Kizevetter, komanso F. Salvador-Daniel, membala wa Paris Commune on Arabic music), ndiyeno m’zaka za m’ma 20. music Orientalism imakhala yodziyimira payokha. chikhalidwe cha sayansi. Capital imagwira ntchito pa nyimbo za Arabiya. mayiko ndi Iran zinalengedwa ndi G. Farmer, malinga ndi tingachipeze powerenga. Nyimbo za ku India - A. Daniel, nyimbo za ku Indonesia - J. Kunst. Koma ndi kuchuluka kwa sayansi yabwino. deta, ntchito izi zambiri pachiwopsezo mu malangizo ndi methodological. mfundo. Motero, m’zolemba za Danielou, pali chizolowezi chosunga miyambo. zikhalidwe zakum'mawa ndikuchepetsa masiku ano. njira zawo zachitukuko.

Pachiyambi. Zaka za m'ma 20 JB Thibaut ndi O. Fleischer adayika maziko amakono. maphunziro a nyimbo za Byzantine. Kupambana kotsimikizika m'derali kumagwirizana ndi zomwe H. Tilliard, K. Høeg, ndi E. Welles atulukira.

Mabuku ambiri okhudza mbiri ya nyimbo amakhudza zochitika zosiyanasiyana komanso kuwonongeka. nthawi - kuyambira kale kum'mawa. zikhalidwe ndi zakale mpaka nthawi yathu. Mofananamo zosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu ya nyimbo-mbiri. ntchito: iyi ndi monographic. kafukufuku woperekedwa ku luso lapadera. ziwerengero kapena nyimbo. Mitundu, ndi ndemanga zambiri za chitukuko cha nyimbo ndi dziko, nthawi, stylistic. nthawi. M'mbiri ya nyimbo, Western-European. Palibe pafupifupi "malo oyera" ndi lacunae, zokayikitsa, zolembedwa koma zotsimikizika zotsalira pakati pa anthu. Kwa akatswiri oimba ofunikira kwambiri -akatswiri a mbiri yakale azaka za zana la 20. a: G. Abert, A. Shering, A. Einstein ku Germany; JG Prodomme, A. Prunier, R. Rolland, J. Tiersot ku France; OE Deutsch, E. Shenk ku Austria; A. Bonaventure, A. Della Corte, F. Torrefranca ku Italy; E. Blom, E. Dent ku England; P. Lang, G. Rees ku USA, ndi ena. Katswiri wanyimbo. masukulu atukuka ku Czechoslovakia, Poland ndi maiko ena akummawa. Europe. Woyambitsa Czech M. wamakono ndi O. Gostinskiy, omwe adalowa m'malo mwake anali asayansi otchuka monga V. Gelfert, Z. Neyedly. Pamutu wa sukulu ya oimba nyimbo za ku Poland ndi A. Khybinsky ndi Z. Jachymetsky. Ntchito ya asayansiwa inayala maziko a kafukufuku wozama wa zikhalidwe za nyimbo za dziko. Nthano zosonkhanitsidwa zinakula m'mayikowa. Job. Katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu waku Poland, OG Kolberg, adapanga ntchito yayikulu kwambiri yofotokozera mabedi ampanda. miyambo, nyimbo, magule (“Lud, jego zwyczaje, sposüb zycia, mowa, podania, przyslowia, obrzedy, gusla, zabawy, piesni, muzyka i tance”, t. 1-33, 1865-90). Alinso ndi 23 voliyumu yosonkhanitsa mabanki aku Poland. nyimbo. Zofunika ku nyimbo. Folkloristics of South Slavs. Anthu anali ndi ntchito za FK Kukhach. A. Pann ndi T. Brediceanu anayala maziko a ndondomeko. kusonkhanitsa ndi kufufuza ramu. nthano zanyimbo. Pachiyambi. Gulu la sayansi la zaka za zana la 20 likugwiritsidwa ntchito. ntchito za B. Bartok, to-ry anapeza zigawo zomwe poyamba sizikudziwika za Hung. ndi rum. nar. nyimbo, zathandizira kwambiri pakukula kwa methodological. maziko a chikhalidwe cha nyimbo.

Zinafala kwambiri m’zaka za m’ma 20. ntchito pofalitsa zipilala za nyimbo. chikhalidwe. Kuchuluka kwa zofalitsa zamtundu (zosindikiza za facsimile m'mipukutu yakale, kumasulira zolemba m'mawu osagwirizana ndi m'maganizo ndi m'maganizo, kusintha ndi kukonza, kupangidwa poganizira zofunikira zamakono) sizinangopangitsa kuti zitheke kuphimba zinthu zambiri mwanjira yatsopano, ndi kukwanira kwakukulu ndi kudalirika. nthawi zakale za chitukuko cha nyimbo, komanso zinathandizira kubwezeretsa ntchito zambiri zomwe zayiwalika mu konsati ndi opera repertoire. Kukula kwapadziko lonse kwa zochitika zakale zamasiku ano omvera akugwirizana mwachindunji ndi zopindula za mbiri yakale. M. ndi ntchito zofalitsa kwambiri pankhani ya nyimbo.

Ntchito zazikulu zodziwika bwino pa mbiri ya nyimbo m'zaka za zana la 20, monga lamulo, zolembedwa ndi magulu asayansi. Izi zili choncho chifukwa cha kukula kwakukulu kwa zinthu, zomwe sizingathe kufotokozedwa ndi wofufuza m'modzi, komanso kukula kwapadera. Pambuyo pofalitsidwa ndi Riemann wa buku lake lakuti Handbuch der Musikgeschichte (Bd 1, Tl 1-2, Bd 2, Tl 1-3, 1904-13) ndi kufalitsidwa kwa History of Music (Histoire de la musique”, v. 1- 3, 1913-19) J. Combarier ku Zarub. katswiri wa nyimbo. panalibe ntchito zazikulu zoyambirira za mbiri yakale ya nyimbo zolembedwa ndi wolemba m'modzi. Mwa njira zambiri. ntchito zamagulu m'derali ndi "Mbiri ya Oxford ya nyimbo" ("Mbiri ya Oxford ya nyimbo", v. 1-6, 1 ed. 1901-1905), "Guide to the history of music" (1924) ed. G. Adler, mndandanda wa mabuku pansi pa mutu wamba. “Guide to Musicology” (“Handbuch der Musikwissenschaft”), lofalitsidwa ed. E. Buecken mu 1927-34, "Mbiri ya Norton ya nyimbo" ("Mbiri ya Norton ya nyimbo"), yofalitsidwa ku USA kuyambira 1940. Mu ntchito za nyimbo za m'zaka za zana la 20. X. Mersman, G. Werner, P. Koller, X. Stuckenschmidt, W. Austin ndi ena adayesa kumvetsetsa mbiri ya nyimbo. chitukuko mu nthawi yomwe ikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi zamakono. Komabe, zambiri mwa ntchitozi zimavutika ndi kusowa kwa mbiri yowona, kukondera pakusankha ndi kufalitsa zinthu. Kuteteza udindo wa K.-l. njira imodzi yopangira zinthu, olemba awo nthawi zina samapatula zochitika zingapo zofunika komanso zodziwika bwino zamasiku ano kuchokera kumunda wawo wamasomphenya. nyimbo. Kukhudzidwa kwakukulu pazarub zingapo. ofufuza anaperekedwa ndi maganizo a T. Adorno, amene m'buku Philosophy of New Music (Philosophie der neuen Musik, 1949) ndi ntchito zina amalengeza njira ya latsopano Viennese sukulu monga njira yokhayo woona chitukuko cha muses. mlandu m'zaka za zana la 20.

Kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso ndi zida zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa m'madera onse a Moscow zidapangitsa kuti pakhale ma encyclopedia akuluakulu oterowo. zosonkhanitsidwa, monga “Encyclopedia of Music of the Paris Conservatory” (“Encyclopédie de la musique et Dictionnaire du conservatoire”, pt. 1, v. 1-5, pt. 2, v. 1-6, 1913-31) ed. A. Lavignac ndi L. de La Laurencie ndi "Nyimbo zakale ndi zamakono" ("Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart", Bd 1-14, 1949-68, kuwonjezera kwasindikizidwa kuyambira 1970), ed. P. Blume.

Pamodzi ndi zopambana zosatsutsika pakukula kwapadera. mavuto a mbiri ya nyimbo, kukulitsa maphunziro a magwero. maziko, kupezeka kwa zinthu zatsopano, zosadziwika kale masiku ano. zarub. nkhani. M. ndi sharpness wapadera anasonyezanso nek-ry kukana. makonda: kufooka kwa zinthu zonse, kusowa kwa zikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale, ubale wokhazikika ndi magwero. Kuopsa kwa kukonzanso, kuwonetsetsa kwakhungu ndi kopanda mapiko kumasonyezedwanso ndi omwe amawona kwambiri oimira a Kumadzulo. M. Ngakhale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20. V. Gurlitt adanena kuti kuwonjezeka kwa zofalitsa zatsopano ndi maphunziro a magwero. misonkhano singakhoze kubisa "kusauka kwa kulenga luso la kulingalira." Pamsonkhano wa 10 wa Intern. Society of Musicology (1967) F. Blume adadzutsa mwamphamvu funso laukadaulo wopitilira muyeso ndi "neopsitivism" ngati zizindikiro zowopsa zamasiku ano. history M., ponena za “kulekanitsidwa kwapang’onopang’ono kwa mbiri ya nyimbo m’mbiri yonse.” Mu chitukuko cha zovuta methodological mbiri ya nyimbo pambuyo G. Adler, G. Krechmar, A. Schering, palibe zotsatira zazikulu zatsopano anapindula. Kugawanika molingana ndi nthawi zamalembedwe zomwe zimavomerezedwa muzolemba zazikulu zophatikizidwa pa mbiri ya nyimbo bh ndi dongosolo lokhazikika lakunja, lomwe siliwonetsa kusiyanasiyana konse komanso zovuta za mbiri yanyimbo. ndondomeko. Kuwunjika mfundo nthawi zambiri kumakhala mathero pakokha ndipo sikumakhudzidwa ndi ntchito zasayansi zambiri. dongosolo.

General malangizo a chitukuko theoretical. M. m'zaka za zana la 20. yodziwika ndi chizoloŵezi chogonjetsa chiphunzitso cha Riemannian ndikukhala ndi luso lamoyo. machitidwe amakono. Analenga zambiri ntchito mogwirizana, imene waukulu. mfundo za chiphunzitso cha ntchito zimatanthauziridwa mozama komanso momasuka, kufotokoza njira za harmonics. Malembowa amatengera zitsanzo za nyimbo za con. 19 - pemphani. Zaka za zana la 20 Imodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri zamtunduwu ndi "Treatise on Harmony" ("Traité d'harmonie", t. 1-3, 1928-30) ndi C. Keklen.

Chochitika chatsopano pakukula kwa malingaliro aukadaulo okhudza nyimbo chinali ntchito za E. Kurt, zomwe Zoyambira za Linear Counterpoint (Grundlagen des linearen Kontrapunkts, 1917) ndi Romantic Harmony and Its Crisis in Wagner's Tristan (Romantische Harmonik und ihre Krise mu Wagner's "Tristan", 1920). Kurt amachokera pakumvetsetsa kwa nyimbo ngati chiwonetsero chamtundu wapadera wa "psychic. mphamvu”, kutsindika mbali yake yosinthika, yamayendedwe. Anali Kurt yemwe adagunda kwambiri. kugunda kwa zikhulupiriro ndi metaphysical classicism. chiphunzitso cha nyimbo. Pa nthawi yomweyo subjective-idealistic. chikhalidwe cha malingaliro a Kurt chimamufikitsa ku lingaliro losamveka komanso lokhazikika la kayendetsedwe ka nyimbo monga chinthu chodzidalira komanso chopanda zophiphiritsira zenizeni.

Ambiri mwa olemba otsogola azaka za m'ma 20 ndi olemba ntchito zongopeka, momwe amangofotokozera komanso kutsimikizira zaluso. ndi mfundo zokongoletsa, koma ndizolunjika kwambiri. mafunso nyimbo. luso. Mu "The Doctrine of Harmony" ("Harmonielehre", 1911) ndi A. Schoenberg, kuyang'ana kwatsopano kumayikidwa patsogolo pa tanthawuzo la malingaliro a consonance ndi dissonance, ubwino wa mfundo yachinayi yomanga chords pa mfundo yachitatu ndi. zatsimikiziridwa, ngakhale wolemba samasiyabe dothi la mgwirizano wa tonal pano. Kumvetsetsa kwatsopano, kokulitsidwa kwa tonality kumafotokozedwa ndi P. Hindemith mu "Instructions in Composition" ("Unterweisung in Tonsatz", 1st, theoretical, part, 1937). Nkhani zotsatizana ndi A. Webern, zofalitsidwa pambuyo pake pansi pa mutuwo. "Njira za nyimbo zatsopano" ("Wege zur neuen Musik", 1960), zili ndi malingaliro ndi zokongoletsa. kutsimikizika kwa mfundo za dodecaphony ndi seriism. Chidziwitso chaukadaulo. maziko a dodecaphony amaperekedwa ku mabuku ambiri okhudza decomp. zinenero (ntchito R. Leibovitz, H. Jelinek, H. Eimert ndi ena).

Mu 50-70s. ku Western Europe ndi Amer. M. njira ya otchedwa. kusanthula kamangidwe. Lingaliro la kamangidwe ka mawu, lomwe lingatanthauze mgwirizano uliwonse wokhazikika wa zinthu, limalowa m'malo mwa muse mu dongosolo lino. kusanthula magulu akuluakulu akale. chiphunzitso cha mawonekedwe. Chifukwa chake, diff. "Miyeso" ya malo omveka ndi nthawi (kutalika, kutalika, mphamvu, mtundu wa mawu) amatsimikiziridwa. "Zomwe zimapangidwira". Kusanthula kwamtunduwu kumachepetsa lingaliro la mawonekedwe a muses. prod. ku gulu la maubwenzi ochulukira, owerengera. Mfundo za kusanthula kwachipangidwe zimapangidwa ndi Ch. ayi. akatswiri a nyimbo. avant-garde kutengera serial ndi mitundu ina yanyimbo zapambuyo. Kuyesera kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi kuzinthu zochokera ku mfundo za tonal kuganiza sikunapereke zotsatira zabwino. zotsatira. Kusanthula kamangidwe kungathandize kumveketsa bwino malamulo ena olimbikitsa mu nyimbo, koma kumachotsa kwathunthu tanthauzo lazinthu zaluso. mawonekedwe ndi mbiri yeniyeni ndi kalembedwe. kugwirizana.

M'zaka za zana la 20 masukulu oimba nyimbo ayamba kupangidwa m'mayiko a Lat. America, Asia ndi Africa. Cholinga chawo ndi pa nkhani za dziko. zikhalidwe za nyimbo. LE Correa di Azevedo ndiye wolemba ntchito zazikulu pa br. nar. ndi Prof. nyimbo, mu 1943 adapanga Center for Folklore Research ku Nat. sukulu ya nyimbo. Mmodzi mwa oimira odziwika kwambiri a Argent. M. - K. Vega, yemwe adafalitsa zosonkhanitsa zamtengo wapatali kwambiri. nyimbo zozikidwa paokha. zolemba. Ku Japan, kuyambira pa con. Zaka za m'ma 19 zambiri zolembedwa zasayansi za Nar. ndi classic. nyimbo, adapanga kafukufuku wamkulu. lita malinga ndi diff. mavuto a mbiri yakale ndi chiphunzitso cha Japan. nyimbo. Njira. kupambana kwafikira ind. M. m’gawo la kuphunzira nat. miyambo ya nyimbo. Pakati pa oimira ake otchuka ndi N. Menon. Mu 50-60s. ntchito ya ulendowu yakula. akatswiri a nyimbo; zofunika kwambiri pakuphunzira Nar. ulendo. nyimbo ndi mbiri yake. ntchito za AA Saigun ndi zina zinali zakale. Komiti ya Nyimbo. Kafukufuku ku Council of Arts, Literature and Social Sciences. Oyimba akulu adabwera. asayansi m’mayiko ena a ku Negro Africa: K. Nketiya (Ghana), A. Yuba (Nigeria).

Ku Russia, M. anayamba kupanga mawonekedwe mu con. Zaka za zana la 17 zinalipo kale m'zaka za zana la 15. malangizo ophunzirira kulemba mbedza, zomwe zimatchedwa. Ma ABC (onani. Musical ABC), anali ndi mtengo wongogwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo alibe chidziwitso cha chiphunzitso cha nyimbo. Pokhapokha mu ntchito za ochirikiza mbali kuimba IT Korenev (Musikia, 60s m'zaka za m'ma 17) ndi NP Diletsky (Musikia Grammar, 70s m'zaka za m'ma 17) anali kuyesa kupanga chiphunzitso chomveka chogwirizana ndi chokwanira cha nyimbo. M'zaka za zana la 18 ku Russia lingaliro la nyimbo lamasulidwa ku chipembedzo. kudalira ndi kukhudza nkhani zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha dziko lapansi. nyimbo chikhalidwe. Koma M. sanakhalebe wodziimira payekha m'zaka za zana lino. nthambi ya sayansi ya Art-ve. Nambala ili ndi. mawu okhudza mgwirizano pakati pa nyimbo ndi ndakatulo, za chikhalidwe cha muses. mitundu ili mu kupanga. oyambitsa Russian anayatsa. classicism MV Lomonosov, AP Sumarokov. Lomonosov ali ndi chojambula chapadera "Kalata yokhudza zomwe nyimbo zimapangidwira mumtima wa munthu." M'mabuku ofalitsidwa ndi IA Krylov ndi mabuku ake. ogwirizana mu con. M'zaka za zana la 18, chikhalidwe chokhazikika cha classicist aesthetics chimatsutsidwa, lingaliro la kuthekera kopanga Rus. nat. zisudzo zochokera wowerengeka zilandiridwenso. Kumveka kochedwa kwa classicism kunali GR Derzhavin's "Discourse on Lyric Poetry or an Ode" (1811-15), momwemo. magawo amaperekedwa ku opera, nyimbo zamtundu, cantata. Oimira onse otchuka a Russian. zaka za m'ma 18. - kuchokera ku VK Trediakovsky kupita ku AN Radishchev - adawonetsa chidwi kwambiri ndi Nar. nyimbo. M'mabala otsiriza. Zaka za m'ma 18 ndi mabuku oyambirira osindikizidwa a Chirasha. nar. nyimbo zokhala ndi zolemba zanyimbo za VF Trutovsky, NA Lvov ndi I. Prach. Nkhani ya NA Lvov "Pa Kuyimba kwa Anthu aku Russia", yomwe idasindikizidwa ngati mawu oyamba mu gawo lachiwiri lazophatikiza izi, idawonetsa chiyambi cha Chirasha. nthano zanyimbo. Pofika zaka za zana la 2 zimagwiranso ntchito ku kubadwa kwa maiko a makolo. mbiri ya nyimbo. Gwero lofunika kwambiri lachidziwitso cha Russian. moyo wanyimbo unayamba. ndi ser. Zaka za m'ma 18 ndi mwatsatanetsatane komanso mosamalitsa mbiri yolembedwa ndi J. Shtelin "News about Music in Russia" (18). Mu 1770 linasindikizidwa mu French. langa. Buku la AM Beloselsky "Pa Music in Italy", lomwe linayambitsa mayankho angapo kunja. Pa Academy of Sciences and Arts, mafunso ena a nthanthi ya nyimbo mu physics ndi acoustics anapangidwa. ndi masamu mbali. Buku la European L. Euler lakuti “Zochitika za Chiphunzitso Chatsopano cha Nyimbo Zokhazikitsidwa pa Maziko a Malamulo Osasinthika a Chigwirizano” (zofalitsidwa mu 1778) zinavomerezedwa. J. Sarti anaganiza zopanga foloko yatsopano, yovomerezedwa ndi Academy of Sciences and Arts mu 1739 ndipo pafupifupi yogwirizana ndi yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1796 ngati dziko lonse lapansi. muyezo.

M'zaka za zana la 19 chitukuko cha nyimbo ndi sayansi. zomwe amaganiza zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi kulimbana kwa njira zapamwamba za makolo. mlandu wa nyimbo, chitetezo ndi kulungamitsidwa kwa luso lake. ndi malingaliro okongoletsa. Pokhudzana ndi nthawiyi, n'zovuta kujambula mzere womveka bwino pakati pa M. ndi muses. kutsutsa. Zofunika kwambiri zofunika mavuto a theoretical. ndi dongosolo lokongola linayikidwa ndikuganiziridwa mu gawo la ntchito za utolankhani, nthawi zambiri mkangano waukulu wamalingaliro ndi mikangano. kukomoka. Mogwirizana ndi maonekedwe a zisudzo MI Glinka mu 30s ndi 40s. m'nkhani za VF Odoevsky, NA Melgunov, ndi otsutsa ena, kwa nthawi yoyamba, mafunso okhudza dziko la nyimbo, za kusiyana kwa khalidwe, amayamba kukambirana kwambiri. mawonekedwe a sukulu ya nyimbo yaku Russia komanso ubale wake ndi ena. masukulu (Chitaliyana, Chijeremani, Chifalansa). Serious sayansi. Nkhani za VP Botkin "Nyimbo za Chiitaliya ndi Chijeremani", "Pa Kufunika Kwambiri kwa Sukulu Yatsopano ya Piano" (yoperekedwa kwa F. Chopin) ndizofunika kwambiri. Madipatimenti akupangidwa. monographs zazikulu. ntchito yofufuza. monga: "A New Biography of Mozart" (1843) ndi AD Ulybyshev, "Beethoven and His Three Styles" (1852) ndi V. Lenz. Ntchito zonsezi zalandira kuzindikira kunja.

Gawo latsopano pakukula kwa Russian. M. adatsimikiza ntchito za AN Serov, VV Stasov, GA Larosh, zomwe zidachitika mu 50s ndi 60s. Zaka za m'ma 19 Serov adayambitsa mawu akuti musicology. M'nkhani "Music, Musical Science, Musical Pedagogics" (1864), akudzudzula mwamphamvu chiphunzitso cha mayiko akunja. okhulupirira omwe akufuna kukhazikitsa malamulo osagwedezeka, "amuyaya" a nyimbo, ndipo amanena kuti maziko a musicology monga sayansi ayenera kukhala kuphunzira mbiri yakale. njira ya chitukuko cha nyimbo. chinenero ndi mitundu ya nyimbo. luso. Lingaliro lomwelo limatetezedwa ndi Laroche m'nkhani yakuti "Njira Yambiri Yophunzitsira Chiphunzitso Chanyimbo" (1872-73), ngakhale kuti kukongoletsa kokongola. udindo wa wolembayo unamupangitsa kutanthauzira mbali imodzi ya lingaliro la mbiri yakale monga mankhwala a "malingaliro olakwika" amasiku ano. Chimene Serov ndi Laroche anali nacho chinali chakuti ankayesetsa kuganizira zinthu zakale. zochitika m'mbiri yakale, pogwiritsa ntchito kufanana kosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku gawo la nyimbo ndi madera okhudzana ndi zaluso. luso. Otsutsa onsewa adapereka chidwi chapadera ku funso la chiyambi ndi chitukuko cha Rus. sukulu nyimbo ("Mermaid". Opera ndi AS Dargomyzhsky ndi Serov, "Glinka ndi tanthauzo lake mu mbiri ya nyimbo" ndi Laroche, etc.). M'zojambula zowunikira "Zomwe zidachitikira kutsutsa kwaukadaulo kwa nyimbo za MI Glinka", "Thematism of the overture" Leonore "," Beethoven's Ninth Symphony "Serov adayesa kuzindikira zomwe zili munyimbo pamaziko a nyimbo. kusanthula. Stasov, yemwe adawonekera m'manyuzipepala ngati wofalitsa wankhanza wa Rus watsopano. art-va, womenyera zolinga zapamwamba za zenizeni ndi dziko, nthawi yomweyo adayika maziko mwadongosolo. kusonkhanitsa ndi kusindikiza zolemba za Russian. olemba, ndiye mlembi wa mbiri yakale ya MI Glinka, MP Mussorgsky, AP Borodin.

Pakupanga magwero. maziko a mbiri ya Russian. nyimbo, makamaka koyambirira, pre-Glinka nthawi, ntchito ya HP Findeisen idachita gawo lofunikira. Zambiri zomwe zidadziwika kale mu Russian. nyimbo - kuyambira Middle Ages mpaka 19th century. - linasindikizidwa mu Russian Musical Newspaper, osn. Findeisen mu 1894, komanso m'magulu "Musical Antiquity", lofalitsidwa pansi pa ukonzi wake. mu 1903-11. Findeisen ali ndi zofalitsa zoyamba za makalata a Glinka, Dargomyzhsky ndi Rus ena. olemba. Zambiri zamtengo wapatali ndi maphunziro mu Russian. nyimbo zinasindikizidwa m'magazini. "Musical Contemporary", lofalitsidwa pansi pa ukonzi wa. AN Rimsky-Korsakov mu 1915-17; katswiri. Nkhani za magazini ino zaperekedwa kwa Mussorgsky, Scriabin, Taneyev. Kuchokera ku ntchito zambiri za pre-revolutionary. zaka m'mbiri ya nyimbo, buku lalikulu kwambiri ndi "History of the Musical Development of Russia" (vols. 1-2, 1910-12) MM Ivanov, koma anachita. tsankho la mlembi ziweruzo zikutanthauza. digiri imatsitsa zowona zomwe zikupezeka mu ntchitoyi. zakuthupi. Ntchito za AS Famintsyn "Buffoons ku Russia" (1889), "Gusli. Chida choimbira cha anthu aku Russia" (1890), "Domra ndi zida zofananira za anthu aku Russia" (1891), NI Privalova "Beep, chida chakale cha ku Russia choimbira" (1904), "Zida zoimbira za anthu aku Russia" (1908) , ndi zina zotero .perekani zinthu zamtengo wapatali zowunikira nyimbo zadziko mu Dr. Russia. Zatsopano zafotokozedwa m'makalata a SK Bulich mu Russian. wok. nyimbo 18 ndi oyambirira. Zaka za m'ma 19 Pakati pa ntchito za monographic za classics ya Russian. nyimbo zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukwanira kwa chidziwitso komanso kuchuluka kwa zolemba "Moyo wa PI Tchaikovsky" (vols. 1-3, 1900-02), wolembedwa ndi mchimwene wa wolemba MI Tchaikovsky. Mu 1900s anakhala mutu wa sayansi. maphunziro a oimba a m'badwo wachichepere: AK Lyadov, SI Taneeva, AK Glazunov, AN Skryabin, SV Rakhmaninov, ntchito zingapo zovuta zofotokoza mbiri yakale zimaperekedwa ku Crimea. ndi kusanthula ntchito za VG Karatygin, GP Prokofiev, AV Ossovsky, Yu. D. Engel, amene anayamba ntchito yake monga BV Asafiev.

A makampani apadera chisanadze kusintha. mbiri M. ndi ntchito zina Russian. nyimbo za mpingo. Zolinga zingapo zosangalatsa komanso zongoganizira za mbali iyi ya Abambo. cholowa cha nyimbo chinafotokozedwa ndi E. Bolkhovitinov pachiyambi. Zaka za m'ma 19 m'ma 40s. pali zofalitsa za ND Gorchakov, VM Undolsky, IV Sakharov, zomwe zili ndi zolemba zochokera muzongopeka. zolemba ndi zolemba zina za oimba. kutengera Russia. VF Odoevsky mu 60s. lofalitsidwa angapo. kafukufuku. zojambula molingana ndi zina zaku Russia. nyimbo, imene mipingo. kuyimba kukuyerekezeredwa ndi Nar. nyimbo. Pa nthawi yomweyi, ntchito yodziwika bwino ya DV Razumovsky "Kuimba kwa Tchalitchi ku Russia" inakhazikitsidwa (nkhani 1-3, 1867-69). Mu kupititsa patsogolo mafunso Rus. tchalitchi SV Smolensky, II Voznesensky, VM Metallov, AV Preobrazhensky adathandizira kwambiri pakuyimba. Komabe, zambiri mwa ntchito zimenezi, mpingo. kuyimba kumaganiziridwa paokha, mosiyana ndi njira zambiri zachitukuko cha Chirasha. luso. chikhalidwe, chomwe nthawi zina chimatsogolera ku mbali imodzi, zomwe mbiri yakale sizimatsimikiziridwa mokwanira.

Chisamaliro chochuluka chinaperekedwa kwa otsogolera otsogolera a Russian. nyimbo za m'zaka za zana la 19 kuphunzira nyimbo zamtundu. Malingaliro amtengo wapatali pa zaluso. Chirasha chikhalidwe. nar. nyimbo, mawonekedwe a melodic ake. nyumba yosungiramo zinthu, kufunikira kwake pakupanga kwaopanga ndi kwa ambuye odziwika bwino amayiko a makolo. nyimbo zapamwamba. VF Odoevsky ananena kuti mu ntchito zake pa Nar. zambiri zidaperekedwa ku nyimbo ya Glinka. M'nkhani za Stasov, Laroche ndi oimira ena otchuka a Russian. nyimbo zofunika maganizo kukumana. maulendo opita kuzinthu zamakono. Kuchuluka kwa ser. Zaka za m'ma 19 kujambula nyimbo zakuthupi ndi kuwoneratu za kukhalapo kwake kunafunikira sayansi. generalizations ndi systematizations. Nkhani ya Serov "nyimbo ya anthu aku Russia monga phunziro la sayansi" (1869-71) inali yotsutsa. kumvetsetsa ndi kuunika kwa zinthu zonsezi ndi tanthauzo. maudindo amalingaliro. Wolemba amayesa kufotokoza gawo lalikulu la ntchito ndi njira zopangira muses. nthano ngati sayansi yapadera. maphunziro. Komabe, kufotokoza zowunikira zingapo zolondola ndi malingaliro a general methodological. dongosolo, Serov anatsatira maganizo olakwika ponseponse pa nthawi imeneyo kuti maziko a Russian. Nyimbo zamtundu wa anthu zili mu Greek zina. dongosolo lopweteka. Malingaliro awa, omwe adayamba m'zaka za zana la 18. mothandizidwa ndi malingaliro a classicism, adalandira kufotokoza kwake kwakukulu mu ntchito za Yu. K. Arnold ("Theory of Old Russian Church and Folk Singing", 1880, etc.). Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zamtunduwu. ndi nyimbo. folklorists mu theka lachiwiri. Zaka za m'ma 2 zinali kutsegulidwa kwa Russian nar. polyphony (Yu. N. Melgunov, HE Palchikov). HM Lopatin m'mawu oyamba azosonkhanitsa, zofalitsidwa ndi iye pamodzi ndi VP Prokunin (19), akuwulula kusinthika kwa Nar. nyimbo za lyric. Mu 1889s. mwadongosolo akuyamba. maphunziro apamwamba. mwambo wa nyimbo. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 60 ndi 19. EE Lineva adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito Nar kujambula. nyimbo galamafoni. Izi zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kukhazikitsa ndi kukonza zina za mawu awo amoyo, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kumva ndi khutu. Music-ethnographic. ntchito ku Moscow. un-te, yomwe idapangidwa mu 20, idakhala yayikulu. likulu la maphunziro ndi zofalitsa za Nar. nyimbo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 1902; pamodzi ndi akatswiri ofufuza nthano (AA Maslov, NA Yanchuk, ndi ena), oimba akuluakulu (Rimsky-Korsakov, Taneyev, Lyadov, Grechaninov) nawo ntchito yake.

Ngakhale cholinga cha ambiri Russian. oimba nyimbo 19 ndi oyambirira. Zaka za m'ma 20 panali mafunso a makolo. chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, komabe, adafuna kudziwa momwe amaonera zochitika zofunika kwambiri za zarub. nyimbo zamakono. Zambiri zanzeru komanso zanzeru. ndemanga pa ntchito ya Western Europe. olemba, makhalidwe otd. prod. zopezeka m'nkhani za Serov, Laroche, Tchaikovsky, ndi otsutsa ena ndi olemba za nyimbo. Pamasamba a magazini. sindikizani zolemba zodziwika bwino, zolemba zolembedwa. zipangizo, kumasulira kwa ntchito zakunja. olemba. Kuchokera pakati pa ntchito zoyambirira ndizodziyimira pawokha. sayansi mabuku a HP Khristianovich "Letters about Chopin, Schubert and Schumann" (1876), RV Genika "Shuman and his piano work" (1907), VV Paskhalov "Chopin and Polish Folk Music" (1916-17) ndi ofunika kwambiri. ). Mmodzi mwa apainiya a nyimbo za ku Russia AF Khristianovich anawonekera m'maphunziro a Kum'maŵa, komwe ntchito ya bunk ndi yake. nyimbo zaku Algeria, zofalitsidwa kunja ("Esquisse historique de la musique arabe aux temps anciens ...", 1863). Ndemanga zambiri za mbiri ya nyimbo za PD Perepelitsyn, AS Razmadze, ndi LA Sakketi ndizophatikiza. Mu 1908, Musical Theoretical Library Society inakhazikitsidwa ku Moscow, yomwe inakhazikitsa imodzi mwa ntchito zake kuti ikhale ndi mafunso a nyimbo zachikale. cholowa ndi kulengedwa kwa sayansi. zosonkhanitsira zolemba pa mbiri ndi chiphunzitso cha nyimbo. MV Ivanov-Boretsky ndi VA Bulychev adathandizira kwambiri kuti ntchitoyi ichitike.

Peru, oimba ambiri aku Russia ndi amitundu yosiyanasiyana. nyimbo-zambiri. maphunziro: Glinka's "Notes on Instrumentation" yolembedwa pansi pa lamulo lake ndi Serov (ed. 1856), Tchaikovsky's and Rimsky-Korsakov's harmony textbooks (1872 ndi 1885), Rimsky-Korsakov's "Fundamentals of Orchestration" (ed. 1913 mu 1909 MO1929 Steinberg) ). Ntchito izi makamaka zidayamba chifukwa cha zosowa za mchitidwe wophunzitsa, koma adapanganso mfundo zina zofunika za chiphunzitsocho. ndi dongosolo lokongola. Masamu SI Taneyev ntchito yaikulu "Mobile counterpoint of hard writing" (ed. 1) amasiyanitsidwa ndi mgwirizano ndi kukwanira kwa lingaliro. Kuphatikiza apo ndi lofalitsidwa pambuyo pake (3) "Kuphunzitsa za Canon". Taneyev adafotokozanso malingaliro akuya ndi ndemanga pa mafunso a mawonekedwe, kusinthasintha, ndi zina. Chimodzi mwazinthu zolimba mtima komanso zoyambirira zomwe adachita ku Rus. zongopeka zanyimbo zongoganiza za chisinthiko zaka inali nthanthi ya modal rhythm ya BL Yavorsky, DOS. Zopereka zomwe zidayamba kufotokozedwa ndi iye mu ntchito ya "Structure of Musical Speech" (gawo 1908-XNUMX, XNUMX).

Mu con. 19 - pemphani. Zaka za m'ma 20 anthu ambiri ku Russia akupanga ntchito yophunzira chinenero chawo. zikhalidwe za nyimbo, ofufuza osangalatsa komanso amalingaliro apachiyambi amabwera. Woyambitsa Chiyukireniya M. anali NV Lysenko, yemwe adapanga ntchito zamtengo wapatali pa Nar. zida za nyimbo za Ukraine, za okamba Chiyukireniya. nar. kulenga - kobzars ndi ntchito zawo. Mu 1888, pepala lofotokozera linasindikizidwa. PP Sokalsky ntchito "Russian Folk Music Great Russian ndi Little Russian", momwe mosasinthasintha, ngakhale akuvutika ndi schematism inayake, chithunzi cha chitukuko cha modes mu luso nyimbo East amaperekedwa. ulemerero. anthu. M'zaka za m'ma 1900 ntchito zoyamba za m'modzi mwa ofufuza otchuka kwambiri amawonekera. nyimbo zamtundu wa FM Kolessa. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19 ndi 20. Komitas adayika maziko a Arm. nthano zasayansi. DI Arakishvili, pamodzi ndi mndandanda wamitundu yambiri. ntchito yofalitsidwa mu 1900s. kafukufuku wofunikira wokhudza katundu. nar. nyimbo ndi kukhalapo kwake. VD Korganov, yemwe adapambana mbiri yakale. ntchito pa Mozart, Beethoven, Verdi, anakhudzanso mu ntchito zake dec. mafunso nyimbo. zikhalidwe za Caucasus. A. Yuryan ndi E. Melngaiilis anali oyamba osonkhanitsa ndi ofufuza a Letts. nar. nyimbo.

Musicology mu USSR. Great Oct. socialist. kusinthako kunapanga mikhalidwe ya chitukuko chachikulu cha sayansi. ntchito m'munda wa nyimbo pakati pa anthu onse a USSR. Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'dziko la Soviet M. adalandira kuzindikira ngati wodziimira payekha. chilango. Akatswiri adapangidwa mabungwe asayansi omwe amayambitsa mavuto a dec. mitundu ya luso, kuphatikizapo nyimbo. Mu 1921 ku Petrograd pamaziko a sayansi. laibulale pa luso la VP Zubov, amene analipo kuyambira 1912, Russian Institute of the History of Art inakhazikitsidwa ndi dipatimenti ya mbiri ya nyimbo (pambuyo mndandanda wa kukonzanso anasandulika dipatimenti kafukufuku wa sayansi ya Leningrad Institute of. Zisudzo, Nyimbo ndi Cinematography). M'chaka chomwecho, Dipatimenti ya Boma inakhazikitsidwa ku Moscow. Institute of Music Science (HYMN) ndi State. Academy of Arts. Sayansi (GAKhN). Wolemba mbiri wamkulu wamakono wokhazikitsidwa ndi zovuta zamtundu - Ying t of history of arts, H.-i. mwa inu ndi apadera Pali madipatimenti oimba m'maiko ambiri a Union. M. monga mwapadera akuphatikizidwa mu dongosolo la nyimbo zapamwamba. maphunziro, m'masukulu osungiramo zinthu zakale, ndi zolemba zina. mayunivesite pali madipatimenti a chiphunzitso ndi mbiri ya nyimbo, to-rye ndi kafukufuku. ntchito mogwirizana madera.

Masamu Soviet, amene akufotokozera pa maziko a Marxist-Leninist njira, amatenga mbali yogwira ntchito yomanga gulu Socialist. chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, chimathandizira kuthetsa mavuto omwe akufunika. ntchito zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi moyo, zimagwira nawo ntchito pazokongoletsa. maphunziro a anthu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, akatswiri oimba nyimbo za kadzidzi amapanga mavuto ofunika kwambiri a chiphunzitso ndi mbiri ya nyimbo, kuwathetsa m'njira yatsopano poyang'ana chachikulu. makonzedwe a dialectic. ndi kukonda chuma chambiri. Mu ntchito za 20s ndi 30s. zolakwa zonyansa za chikhalidwe cha anthu zidapangidwa. dongosolo, chifukwa cha kutanthauzira kwachidule komanso kwadongosolo kwa kulumikizana kwa zomwe amati-va ndi chikhalidwe chachuma. maziko. Kugonjetsa zolakwa izi ndi kulimbikitsa methodological malo akadzidzi. M. adathandizira ntchito za AV Lunacharsky monga woimba. wolemba. Podzudzula “chiphunzitso chamwamsanga” cha otukwana a Marxism, iye anapereka m’nyimbo zake ndi mbiri yakale. zojambula ndi zisudzo ndi zitsanzo za kulowa mochenjera mu chikhalidwe cha dec. zochitika zanyimbo. Pulogalamu yochuluka komanso yosunthika yopititsa patsogolo kadzidzi. M. adayikidwa patsogolo ndi BV Asafiev mu lipoti la "Modern Russian Musicology and its Historical Tasks" (1925). Ponena za kufunikira kophatikiza zovuta zaukadaulo ndi kafukufuku wozama wa konkriti, Asafiev adatsindika makamaka kuti sayansi yanyimbo iyenera kukhala tcheru ku zofuna za moyo ndikukhala mphamvu yopindulitsa komanso yotsogolera yama muses. machitidwe. Wasayansi wowona bwino, adalemeretsa ndi ntchito zake zowonongeka. madera a mbiriyakale ndi chiphunzitso cha M., chotsogolera chimodzi mwa akadzidzi akuluakulu. katswiri wa nyimbo. sukulu. Ali ndi ntchito zambiri zamtengo wapatali pa Russian. ndi zarub. cholowa chapamwamba ndi nyimbo za m'zaka za zana la 20, zosiyanitsidwa ndi kuwunika kwatsopano komanso kubisika kwa zokongoletsa. kusanthula. Asafiev anali woyamba kuwulula kufunika kwa ntchito ya Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, Stravinsky ndi olemba ena. Kugonjetsa zizolowezi zomwe zimamuyendera bwino m'zaka zake zoyambirira. zolakwa, anadza ku chilengedwe cha zinthu zakuthupi. chiphunzitso cha mawu, chomwe chimathandiza kuwulula njira yeniyeni yowonetsera zenizeni mu nyimbo. Chiphunzitso ichi ndi chimodzi mwazofunika kwambiri za chiphunzitso cha nyimbo za Marxist. ndi malingaliro okongoletsa.

Mu 20s. mfundo zingapo zongopeka zomwe zimati ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi (lingaliro la metrotectonism lolemba GE Konyus, chiphunzitso chamitundu yambiri ndi ma consonances a NA Garbuzov), ngakhale adafotokoza mbali zina zokha za mapangidwe ndi ma harmonic. machitidwe mu nyimbo. Kukambitsirana za ziphunzitso zimenezi kwathandiza kuti akadzidzi akule. Theoretical M. Kukambitsirana za chiphunzitso cha modal rhythm (1930) anapeza sikelo yaikulu kwambiri. Idadzudzula zotsutsana, zongoganizira za chiphunzitsochi ndikusankha zinthu zake zobala zipatso, zomwe zitha kulemeretsa akadzidzi. sayansi ya nyimbo. Imodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri za kadzidzi. Theoretical M. inali kupangidwa kwa njira zatsopano zowunikira, kuthandiza kuwulula zamalingaliro ndi zophiphiritsa za muse. prod. Ntchito za LA Mazel ndi VA Zukkerman zinali zofunika kwambiri m'derali. Potengera mfundo za Marxist-Leninist aesthetics, adapanga zomwe zimatchedwa njira. kusanthula kwathunthu, kufufuza mawonekedwe a muses. prod. monga dongosolo la bungwe la onse lidzafotokozera. amatanthauza kuti kutumikira kukwaniritsa tafotokoza. muli. cholinga. Chothandizira chamtengo wapatali pa chitukuko cha njirayi chinapangidwanso ndi SS Skrebkov, VV Protopopov, I. Ya. Ryzhkin, ndi VP Bobrovsky. Imodzi akupangidwa ndi ongolankhula nthambi. M. Ntchito ya GL Catoire "Theoretical course of harmony" (gawo 1-2, 1924-25), yozikidwa pa mfundo za sukulu yogwira ntchito, imapereka kutanthauzira kwatsopano, koyambirira kwa mbali zake zina. Dep. zomwe zili m'sukuluyi zikupangidwanso mu ntchito za IV Sposobina, SV Evseev ndi ena. chitukuko. Chiphunzitso cha ntchito zosiyanasiyana chopangidwa ndi Yu. N. Tyulin amapereka chinsinsi chomvetsetsa ambiri. zatsopano. zochitika mu nyimbo za m'ma 20. Mafunso a ntchito zamakono za SS Skrebkov, Yu. N. Kholopov ndi olemba ena nawonso amadzipereka ku mgwirizano. Mu likulu ntchito ya LA Mazel "Mavuto a Chigwirizano Chakale" (1972), kuphatikiza zongopeka. Kufufuza ndi mbiri yakale komanso kukongola, kusinthika kwa ma harmonics kumakhudzidwa kwambiri. kuganiza kuyambira zaka za zana la 18.

SS Bogatyrev adapanga ndikuwonjezera mbali zina za ziphunzitso za SI Taneyev pa mafoni am'manja.

BV Protopopov adapanga mndandanda wa ntchito pa mbiri ya polyphony. Mafunso a polyphony ndi Dec. mbali zaphimbidwa mu ntchito za AN Dmitriev, SV Evseev, SS Skrebkov.

A wapadera malangizo akadzidzi. M. ndi ntchito za NA Garbuzov ndi sayansi yake. masukulu omwe ali m'mphepete mwa chiphunzitso cha nyimbo ndi ma acoustics. Chiphunzitso cha zone chikhalidwe cha kumva anayamba Garbuzov (onani. Zone) n'kofunika kuthetsa ena nyimbo zongopeka. mavuto. Njira iyi imalumikizananso pang'ono ndi dera la muses. psychology, yoperekedwa mu kadzidzi. sayansi ya nyimbo ndi maphunziro a EA Maltseva, BM Teplov, EV Nazaykinsky ndi ena.

Kukula kwa nyimbo-mbiri. sayansi mu 20s. zinali zovuta ndikuchedwa ndi Rapmov-proletkult nihilistic. mayendedwe a cholowa. Kudzudzula zizolowezi izi m'mabuku angapo a chipani ndi zokamba za akuluakulu achipani ndi boma zidathandizira akadzidzi. mbiri M. kufotokoza momveka bwino ntchito zawo ndi methodological. mfundo. Pambuyo pa Oct. revolution kwa nthawi yoyamba adapeza zambiri komanso mwadongosolo. ntchito ya khalidwe pa phunziro la Fatherlands. cholowa. Ntchito za Asafiev "Symphonic Etudes" (1922), "Russian Music kuyambira Chiyambi cha 1930th Century" (18) ndi kuzungulira kwake. nkhani ndi kafukufuku pa ntchito ya ambuye apamwamba a Russia. nyimbo zachikale zimatanthauzira gawo latsopano m'derali, ngakhale kuti sizinthu zonse zomwe zinali zosatsutsika ndipo mfundo zina zomwe zinafotokozedwa panthawiyo zidakonzedwa ndikusinthidwa pang'ono ndi wolemba. Pochitapo kanthu komanso pamanja. Asafiev, mndandanda wa maphunziro unachitika mu Russian. nyimbo zazaka za m'ma 1927, zophatikizidwa mu Sat. "Nyimbo ndi nyimbo moyo wa Russia wakale" (1928). Mu 29-1922, ntchito yofunikira ya HP Findeisen "Essays on the History of Music in Russia from Ancient Times to the End of the 1th Century" idasindikizidwa. Kafukufuku wambiri wofunikira komanso zolemba-zambiri. Zida zidasindikizidwa m'magulu "Orpheus" (3, lolembedwa ndi AV Ossovsky), "Musical Chronicle" (mabuku 1922-25, lolembedwa ndi AN Rimsky-Korsakov, 1-4), "History of Russian Music in Research and Materials" (vols. 1924-27, yolembedwa ndi KA Kuznetsov, XNUMX-XNUMX). Diff. mbali za maphunziro a nyimbo za ku Russia VV Yakovlev, zozikidwa pa kufufuza mozama za magwero oyambirira, zimaperekedwa ku chikhalidwe. Chifukwa cha malemba oganiza bwino komanso omveka bwino ntchito yomwe PA Lamm anagwira inatha kubwezeretsa zolemba za wolemba oyambirira wa Mussorgsky, ndikuwunikira kwatsopano pa ntchito ya wolembayo.

Kuphunzira mbiri ya Russian. nyimbo zinapitirizabe kuchitidwa mwamphamvu mu nthawi yotsatira. Kupititsa patsogolo sayansi yatsopano. mphamvu zinathandizira kukulitsa kutsogolo kwa kafukufuku, kuphimba decomp. nthawi ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana zaku Russia. nyimbo zakale. Ma monographs akuluakulu adapangidwa. amagwira ntchito pa classics Russian. nyimbo (BV Asafiev za Glinka, MS Pekelis za Dargomyzhsky, NV Tumanina za Tchaikovsky, AN Sohora za Borodino, GN Khubov za Mussorgsky, AA Solovtsov za Korsakov, LA Barenboim za AG Rubinstein, etc.), zosonkhanitsa (mu 2 vols. za Glazunov. , m'mabuku a 3. za Balakirev, ndi zina zotero), zofalitsa monga "mbiri za moyo ndi ntchito". Kufunafuna zida zatsopano m'Chirasha kunapitilirabe. nyimbo za pre-Glinka nthawi. Ntchito za BV Dobrokhotov, BS Steinpress, AS Rozanov ndi ena zinayambitsidwa mu sayansi. kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zambiri zomwe sizikudziwika kale zinathandizira kuti zinthu zomwe zaiwalika zibwererenso kumoyo. Ntchito zofunika za TN Livanova "Chikhalidwe cha nyimbo cha ku Russia cha m'zaka za zana la 1" (vols. 2-1952, 53-3), AA Gozenpud "Russian opera Theatre ya zaka za m'ma 1969" (72 mabuku, 17-1). Ntchito za MV Brazhnikov, VM Belyaev, ND Uspensky ndi gawo lofunikira pakuphunzira nyimbo zolembedwa. cholowa cha Russia wakale. Muse. chikhalidwe cha m'zaka za m'ma 3 analandira Kuphunzira latsopano mu ntchito TN Livanova, SS Skrebkov, VV Protopopov. Nkhani Zolemba za AD Alekseev ndi VI Muzalevsky (nyimbo za piyano), VA Vasina-Grossman ndi OE Levasheva (mawu oimba a chipinda), AS Rabinovich (opera ya nthawi ya Glinka isanayambe) amaperekedwa kwa mitundu , AA Gozenpud (kuzungulira kwa mabuku za nyimbo za ku Russia), IM Yampolsky (zojambula za violin), LS Ginzburg (zojambula za cello), LN Raaben (chamber instr. Ensemble), etc. Kukula kwa nyimbo-zovuta. ndipo lingaliro lokongola ku Russia likuphatikizidwa muzolemba za Yu. A. Kremlev “Maganizo a ku Russia pankhani ya nyimbo” (vols. 1954-60, 1-1) ndi TN Livanova “Opera Criticism in Russia” (vol. 2, magazini 2-3; v. 4, magazini 1966-73, 1- 1; v. 1, nkhani 3, limodzi ndi VV Protopopov). Njira. pali zopambana pakufalitsa zolemba ndi magwero mu Chirasha. nyimbo. Buku la anthology lambiri lakuti The History of Russian Music in Musical Samples (vols. 1-1940, 52st ed., 18-19) limapereka ntchito zingapo zosadziwika bwino. 1972 komanso koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 18 Kuyambira XNUMX, mndandanda wa "Monuments of Russian Musical Art" wasindikizidwa, ntchito yake ndi mwadongosolo. chitukuko ndi kufalitsa kwa Manuscript Heritage of Rus. nyimbo kuyambira kalekale mpaka kumapeto. Kafukufuku wamkulu wazaka za XNUMX. ndi textological. ntchito isanayambe kufalitsidwa kwa maphunziro. anasonkhanitsa ntchito za Glinka, Rimsky-Korsakov, Mussorgsky, Tchaikovsky (mu gawo la nyimbo, kupatula ntchito zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa za Mussorgsky, zonse zatha).

Chifukwa cha zinthu zambiri zomwe zapezedwa kumene komanso zopezeka zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa mowona. zambiri, kuphunzira mozama ndi kusanthula zochitika za mbiri yakale rus. nyimbo zinalandira kuwala kwatsopano. Nthano yonena za provincialism ndi kubwerera m'mbuyo, zomwe zidayamba nthawi yachisinthiko zisanachitike, zidathetsedwa. nthawi. Izi zakwaniritsa akadzidzi. mbiri M. inakhala maziko a ntchito pamodzi pa mbiri ya Russian. nyimbo, ed. MS Pekelis (vol. 1-2, 1940), NV Tumanina (vol. 1-3, 1957-60), AI Kandinsky (vol. 1, 1972), "History of Russian Music" Yu. V. Keldysh (gawo 1-3, 1947-54). Ntchito zomwe zalembedwazo zimapangidwira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ku yunivesite ya pedagogical. phunzirani ngati mabuku kapena uch. zopindulitsa, koma zina zili ndi kafukufuku. zakuthupi.

Mu 40s. pali zoyesayesa zoyamba kupereka akadzidzi omwe adadutsa. nyimbo ndi njira yachitukuko m'mbiri yonse. kaonedwe, kusanthula mozama ndi kuunika zonse zomwe wakwaniritsa ndi zolephera zake. Mu ntchito zina pa mbiri ya akadzidzi. nyimbo zinayambukiridwa ndi chiyambukiro choipa cha kunena motsimikiza. makhazikitsidwe, zomwe zinayambitsa njira yolakwika, yolakwika yowunika. zochitika za kulenga ndi kunyoza zonse zomwe akadzidzi apindula. nyimbo chikhalidwe. Malinga ndi zisankho za 20 Congress ya CPSU ndi zomwe zikuchitika mu theka lachiwiri. 2s lalikulu zilandiridwenso. zokambirana, zigamulo zolakwika izi zinasinthidwa, malingaliro owonjezereka adakwaniritsidwa pa njira zopangira ndi chitukuko cha kadzidzi. nyimbo ngati luso la Socialist. zenizeni. Mu 50-1956, The History of Russian Soviet Music (vols. 63-1) inasindikizidwa, yopangidwa ndi gulu la antchito a Institute of the History of Arts. Inali buku loyamba lofunika kwambiri pa mbiri ya akadzidzi. nyimbo, zodziwika ndi kuchulukana, kufalikira kwa nkhani ndi kulongosola mokwanira. Mitundu ya kadzidzi yachitukuko. nyimbo Ntchito za VM Bogdanov-Berezovsky (opera), AN Sohor (nyimbo), ndi ena amadzipereka ku zilandiridwenso. Ntchito zambiri za monographic zalembedwa. kafukufuku, wotsutsa ndi mbiri yakale. ndi zolemba zowunikira pa ntchito ya akadzidzi odziwika bwino. olemba. Zina mwa izo ndi ntchito za IV Livanova za Myaskovsky, GN Khubov za Khachaturian, AN Sohor za Sviridov ndi ena.

M'maiko ambiri a Union, magulu a akatswiri oimba apangidwa, akupanga nkhani zokhudzana ndi kafukufuku wa Disembala. nat. zikhalidwe. Mu 1922, nkhani mbiri ya chitukuko cha Chiyukireniya. nyimbo ndi NA Grinchenko. Amakhalanso ndi ma monograph angapo. nkhani za oimba achikulire aku Ukraine. Mu 1925, buku lalifupi la mbiri yakale linasindikizidwa. katundu wa nkhani. nyimbo ndi DI Arakishvili. Mabuku ambiri onena za mbiri ya nat. zikhalidwe za nyimbo za USSR, zomwe zikukhudza decomp. magawo a mapangidwe awo ndi chitukuko. Izi zinali zotsatira za kufufuza kwakukulu. ntchito pl. asayansi ndi magulu asayansi. Zolengedwa. chothandizira pakuphunzira nyimbo za anthu a USSR, Soviet ndi pre-revolutionary. Nthawi zinayambitsidwa ndi LB Arkhimovich, NM Gordeychuk, VD Dovzhenko, A. Ya. Shreer-Tkachenko (Ukraine), VG Donadze, AG Tsulukidze, GZ Chkhikvadze, G Sh. Ordzhonikidze (Georgia), RA Atayan, G. Sh. Geodakyan, GG Tigranov, AI Shaverdyan (Armenia), EA Abasova, KA Kasimov (Azerbaijan), Ya. Inde. Vitolin (Latvia), Yu. K. Gaudrimas (Lithuania), FM Karomatov, TS Vyzgo (Uzbekistan), AK Zhubanov, BG Erzakovich (Kazakhstan), ndi zina zotero. Chifukwa cha khama la ambiri Gulu la olemba, kuphatikizapo akatswiri oimba nyimbo ochokera ku mayiko onse a Union, adapanga ntchito yofunikira " The History of Music of the Peoples of the USSR kuyambira 1917 ”(5 vols., 1970-74), pomwe kuyesa kudapangidwa kuti awonetse chitukuko cha mayiko osiyanasiyana. akadzidzi. nyimbo ngati njira imodzi yovuta kutengera kukula kwamphamvu komanso kulumikizana mozama pakati pa art decomp. anthu a dziko.

Akadzidzi. M. anathandizira chitukuko cha mafunso kunja. mbiri ya nyimbo. M'derali wachita mbali yofunika sayansi. ndi pedagogical ntchito za MV Ivanov-Boretsky ndi KA Kuznetsov, asayansi a chikhalidwe chachikulu ndi erudition, amene analenga ambiri. masukulu ofufuza. Kuchokera ku con. Zolemba zowoneka bwino za 20s za II Sollertinsky zimawonekera, momwe zithunzi zowala za anthu angapo aku Western Europe zimajambulidwa. olemba - kuchokera ku classical. ambuye a zaka za m'ma 18 mpaka Mahler ndi R. Strauss. Zosiyanasiyana nyimbo-mbiri. mavutowo anaonekera mu ntchito za MS Druskin, VD Konen, TN Livanova, VE Ferman. Kupanga kwa mayiko akuluakulu akunja. olemba odzipereka kwa ambiri. kafukufuku wa monographic, pakati pa to-rykh mu scale ndi sayansi. Ntchito za AA Alschwang pa Beethoven, DV Zhitomirsky pa Schumann, VD Konen pa Monteverdi, Yu. A. Kremlev pa Debussy, OE Levasheva pa Grieg, ndi Ya. I. Milshtein pa Liszt , IV Nestyev za Bartok, Yu. N. Khokhlova za Schubert, AA Khokhlovkina za Berlioz. Large science Chochitika chinali kusindikizidwa kwa sketchbook ya Beethoven yosungidwa ku Moscow, yokonzedwa ndi NL Fishman ndikusindikizidwa pamodzi ndi kusanthula kwake mwatsatanetsatane. kafukufuku. Chidwi pazovuta za nyimbo za m'zaka za zana la 20 chikukula, magulu angapo, maphunziro ndi ma monographs amaperekedwa kwa izo, kuphatikizapo ntchito za MS Druskin, IV Nestyev, GM Schneerson, BM Yarustovsky. Chisamaliro chapadera kwa akadzidzi. oimba nyimbo amapereka nyimbo. chikhalidwe cha Socialist. mayiko. Ntchito zazikulu pa mbiri ya nyimbo za Czech ndi Polish zidapangidwa ndi IF Belza. IM Martynov, LV Polyakova, ndi ena amagwiranso ntchito m’derali. Pakati pa ntchito zambiri pa mbiri ya mayiko akunja. nyimbo zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwa lingaliro, kuchuluka ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu "Mbiri ya Musical Culture" ndi RI Gruber (vol. 1, part 1-2, vol. 2, part 1-2, 1941-59), momwe wolemba adafuna kuwunikira njira yapadziko lonse lapansi yachitukuko cha muses. milandu kuchokera ku maudindo a Marxist (chiwonetsero chomwe chinabweretsedwa m'zaka za zana la 16).

Pa mbiri lonse Nkhani zachokera ntchito chiphunzitso cha decomp. mitundu. Mafunso a sewero la opera amapangidwa m'mabuku ndi zolemba za VE Ferman, MS Druskin, BM Yarustovsky. M'maphunziro a VA Vasina-Grossman, mavuto a ubale pakati pa nyimbo ndi ndakatulo amaganiziridwa. mawu pa zinthu za chipinda wok. luso. Mu ntchito ya VD Konen "Theatre ndi Symphony" (1968), chikoka cha nyimbo opera pa mapangidwe thematic ndi mapangidwe mfundo za nyimbo zachikale. symphonies.

Kutuluka ndi kukula kwa dziko latsopano. sukulu mu nyimbo za anthu a USSR anatsimikiza chidwi kwambiri nthano monga mmodzi wa magwero a chiyambi chawo ndi nyonga. Gwirani ntchito kusonkhanitsa ndi kuphunzira mabanki. luso la ayezi linakula kwambiri mu akadzidzi onse. mayiko. Zigawo zatsopano za nthano zidakwezedwa, zikhalidwe zidapezeka koyamba, zomwe zidakhalabe zosadziwika mpaka Oct. kusintha. A. AT. Zataevich, folklorist. ntchito to-rogo idayamba m'ma 20s., idakhala mpainiya mwadongosolo. kusonkhanitsa ndi kujambula Kazakh. Nar nyimbo. Zochita za V. A. Uspensky ndi E. E. Romanovskaya anali ofunika kwambiri pa phunziro la Uzbek. ndi Turkmen. nthano. C. A. Malikyan, yemwe adafalitsa mu 1931 zolemba zamtengo wapatali za Arm. Nar nyimbo zopangidwa ndi Komitas pachiyambi. Zaka za m'ma 20, anapitiriza kugwira ntchito m'derali ndipo anapanga zojambulidwa zatsopano zoposa chikwi. Zotsatira zabwino zinaperekedwa ndi kusonkhanitsa nthano. ndi kafukufuku. ntchito G. Z. Chkhikvadze in Georgia, Ya. Churlyonite ku Lithuania, X. Tampere ku Estonia, B. G. Erzakovich ku Kazakhstan, G. NDI. Tsytovich ku Belarus ndi ena. Kwa mabuku atsopano ofunika kwambiri a Rus. Folklore imaphatikizapo zolemba zazikulu za A. M. Listopadov "Nyimbo za Don Cossacks" (vol. (Yer. 1-5, 1949-54). Mogwirizana ndi kudzikundikira kwa zipangizo zatsopano, ntchito ikuchitika pa sayansi yawo, zongopeka. kumvetsetsa. Chikhalidwe cha kadzidzi ndi mafunso okhudzana ndi kuphunzira za zizindikiro ndi chiyambi cha nat. zodziwika bwino za nyimbo za anthu, kusinthika kwa mitundu mu chikhalidwe chawo cha tsiku ndi tsiku, mapangidwe a zinthu za muses. chinenero. Mbiri imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa izi. ndi sociologist. Mbali. Monga chimodzi mwazinthu zapakati komanso zofunika kwambiri, vuto la kugwirizana kwa decomp. nat. zikhalidwe. Mu ntchito za A. D. Kastalsky "Zinthu za Folk-Russian Musical System" (1923) ndi "Fundamentals of Folk Polyphony" (yofalitsidwa pambuyo pake, ed. AT. M. Belyaeva, 1948) adafotokoza mwachidule zotsatira za zomwe adaziwona kwa nthawi yayitali pa ma harmonics. zochitika zochokera ku polygonal. poizoni. Kujambula kwa nyimbo zaku Russia za Nar chifukwa cha njira zake zachilendo zotsogola mawu. Ndi kavalo. Zaka za m'ma 20 za nthano za ayezi zaku Russia zidapangidwa m'njira yosiyana. kuphunzira masitaelo amchigawo. Malangizo awa akufotokozedwa mu ntchito za E. AT. Gippius ndi Z. AT. Ewald, m'tsogolomu ikupitilizidwa ndi F. A. Rubtsova A. AT. Rudneva ndi ena. Mutu wa phunziro lapadera ndi nyimbo yogwira ntchito, yomwe imaperekedwa pa kafukufuku wa E. AT. Gippius, L. L. Christianen ndi ena. Anapanga ntchito zamakono. kadzidzi. nthano - Russian (T. AT. Popov), Chibelarusi (L. C. Mukharinskaya) ndi ena. Wodziwika bwino ku Ukraine. katswiri wa zanyimbo-folklorist K. AT. Kvitka m'ma 20s. perekani patsogolo ndi kutsimikizira njira yofananira. kuphunzira folklore. anthu. Njira imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha mbiri yakale. mavuto okhudzana ndi chitukuko cha mitundu ya nyimbo ndi mitundu ya nyimbo. kuganiza. Kutsatira Kvitka, ndi bwino ntchito mu ntchito za V. L. Goshovsky ku Ukraine, F. A. Rubtsov mu RSFSR. Zopindulitsa zazikulu zasayansi ndizongoyerekeza. ntchito za W. Gadzhibekov "Zizindikiro za Azerbaijani Folk Music" (1945), X. C. Kushnarev "Mafunso a mbiri ndi chiphunzitso cha Armenian nyimbo monodic" (1958). Mu ntchito zambiri za V. M. Belyaev amawunikiridwa ndi Nar. creativity zosiyanasiyana. mayiko a Soviet Union, anayamba chiphunzitso chambiri. zovuta zanyimbo. nthano; anathandiza kwambiri pa phunziro la nyimbo. Cultures Wed. Asia Mmodzi mwa ofufuza odziwika bwino a nyimbo za anthu aku Central Asia (chap. ayi. Kyrgyz) ndi V. C. Vinogradov, yemwenso ali ndi ntchito zingapo pa nyimbo za zarub. anthu aku Asia ndi Africa. Katswiri. ntchito zoperekedwa kwa Nar. zida za ayezi, akadzidzi ophunzirira to-rye. ofufuza ogwirizana kwambiri ndi kulenga. ndi kuchita. kuchita, ndi chikhalidwe wamba ndi moyo wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kulemera ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyimbo. multinational toolkit. Mayiko a Soviet Union akuwonetsedwa mu ntchito yofunikira "Atlas of Musical Instruments of the Peoples of the USSR" (1963), yomwe inalengedwa motsogoleredwa ndi kadzidzi wotchuka kwambiri. katswiri pa gawo la zida K.

M'munda wa chiphunzitso ndi mbiri ya nyimbo-kuchita. Ntchito zofunika kwambiri ndi ntchito za BA Struve (zida zowerama) ndi GM Kogan (fp.). Diff. nkhani zanyimbo. Ntchito za AD Alekseev, LA Barenboim, LS Ginzburg, Ya. I. Milshtein, AA Nikolaev, LN Raaben, SI Savshinsky, IM Yampolsky ndi ena. Zongopeka zofunika. Zomwe zimaperekedwa zimawonetsedwa m'ntchito za akatswiri odziwika bwino a AB Goldenweiser, GG Neuhaus, SE Feinberg, akufotokozera mwachidule ntchito yawo yopanga. ndi chokumana nacho chophunzitsira.

Kufunika kwakukulu ku USSR kumalumikizidwa ndi ntchito yanyimbo. buku la mabuku (onani buku lanyimbo lanyimbo) ndi buku lotanthauzira mawu. Mu pre-revolutionary Ku Russia, ntchito zotere sizinali zambiri ndipo zidapangidwa ndi anthu okha (NM Lisovsky, HP Findeisen). Pambuyo pa Oct. Revolution mus.-bibliographic. ntchito imakhala mwadongosolo. khalidwe, kudalira ndalama za buku lalikulu kwambiri ndi nyimbo depositories ndi zosungira zakale. Mu 20s ndi 30s. ntchito zingapo zamtengo wapatali m'munda wa nyimbo. bukuli linapangidwa ndi ZF Savyolova, AN Rimsky-Korsakov, ndi ena. Koma ntchitoyi idapangidwa makamaka kuyambira m'ma 50s. Panali mabuku ofunikira monga "Musical Bibliography of the Russian Periodical Press of the 1960th Century" yolembedwa ndi TN Livanova (yofalitsidwa m'mabuku osiyana kuyambira 1), biobibliographic. dikishonale "Ndani analemba za nyimbo" ndi GB Bernandt ndi IM Yampolsky (vols. 2-1971, 74-XNUMX). Njira. chothandizira pa chitukuko cha kadzidzi. Mabuku a nyimbo ndi mabuku otanthauzira mawu anaperekedwa ndi HH Grigorovich, AN Dolzhansky, GB Koltypina, SL Uspenskaya, BS Steinpress, ndi ena.

Mu 60-70s. chidwi pl. akadzidzi. akatswiri oimba nyimbo adakopeka ndi zachikhalidwe cha anthu. mavuto, ntchito zingapo pankhani za nyimbo zidawonekera. sociology (AN Sohora ndi ena), zoyeserera zidachitika pankhani yazachikhalidwe cha anthu. kafukufuku.

Marxist-Leninist sayansi. lingaliro la nyimbo likukula bwino mu socialist onse. mayiko. Akatswiri oimba nyimbo m'mayikowa apanga ntchito zamtengo wapatali pa December. mafunso a chiphunzitso ndi mbiri ya nyimbo, nyimbo. zokongola. Pakati pa oimira odziwika kwambiri a M. socialist. mayiko - B. Sabolci, J. Maroti, J. Uyfalushshi (Hungary), Z. Lissa, Y. Khominsky (Poland), A. Sykhra, J. Ratsek (Czechoslovakia), V. Cosma, O. Cosma (Romania), E. Mayer, G. Knepler (GDR), V. Krystev, S. Stoyanov, D. Hristov (Bulgaria), J. Andrejs, S. Djurich-Kline, D. Cvetko (Yugoslavia) ndi ena. zimathandizira kulumikizana kosalekeza kwa akatswiri oimba nyimbo za socialist. maiko, kusinthanitsa zokumana nazo nthawi zonse, misonkhano yolumikizana ndi ma symposia pazambiri zongopeka. mafunso.

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Yu.V. Keldysh