Oboe: kufotokoza kwa chida, zikuchokera, phokoso, mbiri, mitundu, ntchito

Anthu ambiri sadziwa nkomwe za kukhalapo kwa oboe - chida chomveka bwino kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti ili ndi zofooka zaukadaulo, imaposa kwambiri zida zina zauzimu mukulankhula kwake kwa mawu. Pankhani ya aesthetics ndi kuya kwa tonality, ali ndi udindo wotsogolera.

Kodi oboe ndi chiyani

Mawu oti "oboe" amamasuliridwa kuchokera ku French monga "mtengo wapamwamba". Ndi chida choimbira chamatabwa chokhala ndi mawu osaneneka, ofunda, pang'ono amphuno.

chipangizo

Chidacho chimakhala ndi chubu chopanda 65 cm, chili ndi magawo atatu: bondo lapansi ndi lapamwamba, belu. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kameneka, palibe mavuto pakunyamula chida. Mabowo am'mbali amakulolani kuti musinthe phula, ndipo dongosolo la valve limapereka mwayi wokonza izi. Bango lonseli, lofanana ndi mbale ziwiri zopyapyala zomangika ndi bango, zimachititsa kuti matabwawo akhale ndi khalidwe linalake. Chifukwa cha kufunikira kwake kosayerekezeka, kumatsimikizira zovuta za kupanga kwake.

Makina a obo ndi ovuta kwambiri pakati pa anzawo, chifukwa amafunika kupanga ma valve 22-23 a cupronickel. Nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi ebony waku Africa, nthawi zambiri - wofiirira.

Mbiri yakale

Chidacho chinatchulidwa koyamba mu 3000 BC, koma "m'bale" wake woyamba amaonedwa kuti ndi chitoliro cha siliva chomwe chinapezeka m'manda a mfumu ya Sumeri pafupifupi zaka 4600 zapitazo. Pambuyo pake, makolo athu adagwiritsa ntchito zida zosavuta za bango (zikwama za bagpipe, zurna) - zinapezeka ku Mesopotamia, Greece Yakale, Egypt ndi Roma. Iwo anali kale ndi machubu awiri oimba mwachindunji nyimbo ndi kutsagana. Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, oboe adapeza mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri ndikuyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamipira, m'magulu oimba ndi oimba a Louis XIV, mfumu ya France.

Zosiyanasiyana

Pali mitundu ingapo ya chida chowulutsira mphepo ichi.

English nyanga

Mawu awa adayambira m'zaka za zana la XNUMX chifukwa chakusokonekera mwangozi kwa mawu achi French (angle). Cor anglais ndi yayikulu kuposa oboe. Zimapangidwa ndi: belu, chubu chachitsulo chopindika. Zala ndizofanana, koma zida zaumisiri ndi zoyipa kuposa zinzake, kotero kumveka komveka kwa mawu kumawonekera ndi mawu ofewa.

Oboe d'amore

Malinga ndi kapangidwe kake, kamafanana ndi nyanga ya Chingerezi, koma ndi yocheperako pakukula kwake komanso kuthekera kwake. D'amore amamveka mofatsa, alibe kutchulidwa timbre, nasality, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi olemba nyimbo. Idawonekera koyamba ku Germany pakati pazaka za zana la XNUMX.

Heckelphon

Chida ichi chinawonekera ku Germany kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Mwaukadaulo, amafanana ndi oboe, ngakhale pali kusiyana: m'lifupi mwa sikelo, belu; ndodo imayikidwa pa chubu chowongoka; pali phokoso lapansi la manotsi asanu ndi atatu. Poyerekeza ndi ma analogi, heckelphone imakhala ndi mawu omveka bwino, omveka bwino, koma sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ndi oimba. Ndipo komabe iye anachita nawo zisudzo monga Salome ndi Elektra.

banja la baroque

Nthawi imeneyi inabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu pa chida. Kusintha koyamba kudayamba m'zaka za zana la XNUMX ku France, pomwe chidachi chidagawidwa m'magawo atatu. Kuphatikiza apo, bango lidasinthidwa (phokoso lidakhala loyera), mavavu atsopano adawonekera, malo a mabowowo adawerengedwanso. Zatsopanozi zinapangidwa ndi oimba a khoti Otteter ndi Philidor, ndipo Jean Bagiste anapitiriza ntchito yawo, kupanga maulendo a oimba pabwalo, omwe adalowa m'malo mwa viol ndi zojambulira.

Oboe adadziwika ndi asitikali, komanso adatchuka pakati pa anthu olemekezeka a ku Europe pamipira, zisudzo, ndi ma ensembles. Olemba ambiri otsogola, monga Bach, adayamba kuphatikiza mitundu ina ya zida zoimbira izi pazopanga zawo. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo idayamba nthawi yake, kapena "nthawi yagolide ya oboe". Zotchuka mu 1600 zinali:

• mtundu wa baroque;
• classical oboe;
• baroque oboe d'amour;
• musette;
• dakaccha;
• bass awiri oboe.

Viennese oboe

Mtundu uwu udawonekera koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. Linapangidwa ndi Hermann Zuleger, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo silinasinthe kwambiri. Tsopano Viennese oboe pachikhalidwe ntchito Vienna Orchestra. Makampani awiri okha akuchita kupanga ake: Guntram Wolf ndi Yamaha.

banja lamakono

Zaka za zana la XNUMX zidasinthiratu zida zamphepo, chifukwa mavavu a mphete anali atapangidwa kale zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kutseka mabowo awiri nthawi imodzi ndikuwasintha kuti azitalikirana ndi zala zosiyanasiyana. Izi zidayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Theobald Böhm pa chitoliro. Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, Guillaume Tribert adasinthiratu luso la oboe, kukonza kayendetsedwe kake komanso kapangidwe kake. Zatsopanozi zidakulitsa kuchuluka kwa mawu ndikuchotsa kumveka kwa chidacho.

Tsopano kaŵirikaŵiri kulira kwa obo kumamveka muholo ya chipinda. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito payekha komanso nthawi zina orchestral. Odziwika kwambiri, kuwonjezera pa mitundu yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa, ndi: musette, classical oboe yokhala ndi belu la conical.

Zida Zogwirizana

Zida zofananira za obo ndi zida zokhala ngati chitoliro champhepo. Izi zinali chifukwa cha kufanana kwa makina awo ndi mawu awo. Izi zikuphatikiza zitsanzo zamaphunziro ndi anthu. Chitoliro ndi clarinet ndizodziwika kwambiri pakati pa oimba.

kugwiritsa

Kuti muyimbe china chake pa chidacho, muyenera kuchita zingapo:

1. Zilowerereni nzimbe m'madzi kuti muchotse malovu, musapitirire.
2. Ziwume kuchokera ku zotsalira za madzi, zidzakhala zokwanira kuwomba kangapo. Ikani bango mu gawo lalikulu la chida.
3. Ikani nsonga ya chida pakati pa mlomo wapansi, kukumbukira kuima pamalo olondola, okhazikika.
4. Ikani lilime lanu padzenje la nsonga, ndiyeno muwombe. Ngati mukumva phokoso lapamwamba, ndiye kuti zonse zimachitika molondola.
5. Ikani ndodo kumtunda komwe kuli dzanja lamanzere. Gwiritsani ntchito chala chanu ndi zala zapakati kuti mutsine ma valve oyambirira pamene choyamba chiyenera kuzungulira chubu kumbuyo.
6. Pambuyo pa Sewero, muyenera kusokoneza, kuyeretsa mawonekedwe onse, ndikuyiyika mumlandu.

Oboe yamakono sichinafike pachimake cha ulemerero wake chifukwa cha zovuta kuigwiritsa ntchito. Koma chitukuko cha chida choimbirachi chikupitirirabe. Pali chiyembekezo chakuti posachedwapa adzatha kupambana abale ake ena onse ndi mawu ake.