Kaisara Antonovich Cui |

Cesar Kuyi

Kuyi. Bolero "O, wokondedwa wanga, wokondedwa" (A. Nezhdanova)

Poganizira za chikondi chapadziko lonse lapansi ndi "chikhalidwe chakumverera", osati nyimbo zonse zoyambirira za Cui ndi mitu yake ndi ndakatulo zachikondi ndi opera ndizomveka; Ndizomvekanso kuti abwenzi achichepere a Cui (kuphatikiza Rimsky-Korsakov) adachita chidwi ndi nyimbo zamoto za Ratcliffe. B. Asafiev

C. Cui ndi wolemba nyimbo wa ku Russia, membala wa gulu la Balakirev, wotsutsa nyimbo, wofalitsa wofalitsa wa maganizo ndi zilakolako za Mighty Handful, wasayansi wodziwika bwino pa ntchito yomangamanga, injiniya wamkulu. M'madera onse a ntchito yake, iye anapindula kwambiri, anathandiza kwambiri pa chitukuko cha zoweta chikhalidwe nyimbo ndi sayansi asilikali. Cholowa cha Cui ndi chokulirapo komanso chosiyanasiyana: 14 ma opera (omwe 4 ndi a ana), mazana angapo achikondi, oimba, kwaya, nyimbo zoyimba, ndi nyimbo za piyano. Iye ndi mlembi wa ntchito zopitilira 700 zotsutsa nyimbo.

Cui anabadwira mumzinda wa Lithuania wa Vilna m'banja la mphunzitsi wa masewera olimbitsa thupi, mbadwa ya France. Mnyamatayo anasonyeza chidwi choyambirira pa nyimbo. Analandira maphunziro ake oyambirira a piyano kuchokera kwa mlongo wake wamkulu, ndiyeno kwa kanthawi anaphunzira ndi aphunzitsi apadera. Ali ndi zaka 14, adalemba nyimbo yake yoyamba - mazurka, kenako ndi ma nocturnes, nyimbo, mazurkas, zachikondi zopanda mawu, komanso "Overture kapena zina zotero." Opanda ungwiro ndi opanda ubwana, opuses oyambirirawa adakondwera ndi aphunzitsi a Cui, omwe adawawonetsa S. Moniuszko, yemwe ankakhala ku Vilna panthawiyo. Wolemba nyimbo wa ku Poland nthawi yomweyo anayamikira talente ya mnyamatayo ndipo, podziwa kuti banja la Cui linali losasunthika la zachuma, anayamba kuphunzira maphunziro a nyimbo ndi mfundo zotsutsana naye kuti azitha kuimba naye kwaulere. Cui adaphunzira ndi Moniuszko kwa miyezi 7 yokha, koma maphunziro a wojambula wamkulu, umunthu wake, adakumbukiridwa kwa moyo wonse. Maphunzirowa, komanso kuphunzira pabwalo lochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, adasokonezedwa chifukwa chonyamuka kupita ku St. Petersburg kukalowa m'sukulu yophunzitsa zankhondo.

Mu 1851-55. Cui adaphunzira ku Main Engineering School. Panalibe funso la maphunziro a nyimbo mwadongosolo, koma panali zomveka zambiri za nyimbo, makamaka kuchokera ku maulendo a mlungu ndi mlungu kupita ku opera, ndipo pambuyo pake amapereka chakudya chochuluka kuti apange Cui monga wolemba ndi wotsutsa. Mu 1856, Cui anakumana ndi M. Balakirev, omwe adayika maziko a New Russian Music School. Patapita nthawi, iye anakhala pafupi A. Dargomyzhsky ndi mwachidule A. Serov. Kupitilira mu 1855-57. maphunziro ake pa Nikolaev Military Engineering Academy, motsogozedwa ndi Balakirev, Cui anapereka nthawi ndi khama kuti zilandiridwenso nyimbo. Atamaliza maphunziro awo kusukuluyi, Cui anasiyidwa pasukulupo ngati mphunzitsi wa topography ndi kupanga "pa mayeso kuti achite bwino kwambiri mu sayansi yama lieutenants." Ntchito yotopetsa yophunzitsa ndi sayansi ya Cui idayamba, yomwe imafuna khama lalikulu ndi khama kuchokera kwa iye ndikupitilira mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake. M'zaka zoyamba za 20 zautumiki wake, Cui adachoka ku ensign kupita ku colonel (1875), koma ntchito yake yophunzitsa inali yocheperako ku sukulu zotsika. Izi zinali chifukwa chakuti akuluakulu a usilikali sakanatha kugwirizana ndi lingaliro la mwayi wa mkulu kuti agwirizane ndi sayansi ndi maphunziro, kulemba ndi ntchito zovuta mofanana. Komabe, kusindikizidwa mu Engineering Journal (1878) ya nkhani yabwino kwambiri yakuti "Travel Notes of Engineer Officer in the Theatre of Operations on European Turkey" inaika Cui pakati pa akatswiri odziwika kwambiri pazachitetezo. Posakhalitsa adakhala pulofesa pasukulupo ndipo adakwezedwa kukhala wamkulu wamkulu. Cui ndi mlembi wa ntchito zingapo zofunika pa mipanda, mabuku, malinga ndi zimene pafupifupi akuluakulu a asilikali Russian anaphunzira. Kenako anafika pa udindo wa injiniya General (lofanana ndi amakono udindo wa asilikali a msilikali wamkulu), komanso kuchita ntchito yophunzitsa pa Mikhailovskaya Artillery Academy ndi Academy of General Staff. Mu 1858, Cui's 3 romances, op. 3 (pa siteshoni ya V. Krylov), panthawi imodzimodziyo anamaliza opera Mndende wa Caucasus mu kope loyamba. Mu 1859, Cui adalemba sewero lamasewera lakuti The Son of the Mandarin, lomwe cholinga chake chinali kuchitira kunyumba. Pa kuwonekera koyamba kugulu, M. Mussorgsky anachita monga Chimandarini, wolemba anatsagana ndi piyano, ndipo overture anachitidwa ndi Cui ndi Balakirev mu 4 manja. Zaka zambiri zidzadutsa, ndipo ntchitoyi idzakhala nyimbo zoimba kwambiri za Cui.

Mu 60s. Cui adagwira ntchito pa opera "William Ratcliff" (yomwe inalembedwa mu 1869 pa siteji ya Mariinsky Theatre), yomwe inachokera ku ndakatulo ya dzina lomwelo ndi G. Heine. "Ndinayima pa chiwembu ichi chifukwa ndimakonda chikhalidwe chake chodabwitsa, chosadziwika, koma chokhudzidwa, chokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ngwazi mwiniwakeyo, ndinachita chidwi ndi talente ya Heine ndi kumasulira kwabwino kwa A. Pleshcheev (vesi lokongola nthawi zonse linkandisangalatsa ine ndipo linali ndi chikoka pa nyimbo zanga) ". Kupanga kwa opera kunasanduka mtundu wa labotale yolenga, momwe malingaliro amalingaliro ndi luso la Balakirevians adayesedwa ndi machitidwe oimba nyimbo, ndipo iwo eniwo adaphunzira kulemba kwa opera kuchokera ku zomwe Cui adakumana nazo. Mussorgsky analemba kuti: “Chabwino, inde, zinthu zabwino zimakupangitsani kuyang’ana ndikudikirira, ndipo Ratcliff ndi woposa chinthu chabwino… Iye anakwawa kuchokera m'mimba mwako mwaluso pamaso pathu ndipo sanawononge zomwe tikuyembekezera. … Izi ndi zodabwitsa: "Ratcliff" yolembedwa ndi Heine ndi stilt, "Ratcliff" ndi yanu - mtundu wa zilakolako zopenga komanso zamoyo kotero kuti chifukwa cha nyimbo zanu zoyimbira sizikuwoneka - zimachititsa khungu. Mawonekedwe a opera ndi kuphatikiza kodabwitsa kwa zochitika zenizeni komanso zachikondi mwa otchulidwa a ngwazi, zomwe zidakonzedweratu kale ndi gwero lazolemba.

Zizolowezi zachikondi zimawonekera osati pakusankha chiwembu, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito okhestra ndi mgwirizano. Nyimbo za zigawo zambiri zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukongola, melodic ndi harmonic. Zolemba zomwe zimalowa ku Ratcliff ndizolemera kwambiri komanso zosiyanasiyana. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pamasewera a opera ndikuwerengera bwino nyimbo. Zofooka za opera zikuphatikizapo kusowa kwa chitukuko chachikulu cha nyimbo ndi mutu, mbiri yakale yazinthu zosaoneka bwino ponena za kukongoletsa mwaluso. Sikuti nthawi zonse zimakhala zotheka kuti wolemba nyimbo aphatikize nyimbo zabwino kwambiri kukhala nyimbo imodzi.

Mu 1876, Mariinsky Theatre adachita nawo gawo loyamba la ntchito yatsopano ya Cui, opera Angelo kutengera chiwembu cha sewero la V. Hugo (zochitikazi zikuchitika m'zaka za zana la XNUMX ku Italy). Cui adayamba kupanga pomwe anali kale wojambula wokhwima. Luso lake monga wolemba nyimbo linakula ndi kulimbikitsidwa, luso lake laukadaulo linakula kwambiri. Nyimbo za Angelo zimadziwika ndi kudzoza komanso chidwi kwambiri. Makhalidwe opangidwa ndi amphamvu, omveka bwino, osakumbukika. Cui anamanga mwaluso sewero lanyimbo la opera, pang'onopang'ono kulimbikitsa kusamvana kwa zomwe zikuchitika pa siteji kuchokera pakuchitapo kanthu ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zaluso. Amagwiritsa ntchito mwaluso mawu obwereza, olemera m'mawu ake komanso otukuka kwambiri.

Mu mtundu wa opera, Cui adapanga nyimbo zabwino kwambiri, zopambana kwambiri zinali "William Ratcliffe" ndi "Angelo". Komabe, apa ndipamene, ngakhale zopezedwa modabwitsa ndi kuzindikira, zinthu zina zoyipa zidawonekeranso, makamaka kusiyana pakati pa kukula kwa ntchito zomwe zakhazikitsidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwake kothandiza.

Wolemba nyimbo wodabwitsa, wokhoza kufotokoza malingaliro apamwamba komanso akuya kwambiri mu nyimbo, iye, monga wojambula, adadziwonetsera yekha pang'ono komanso, koposa zonse, mu chikondi. Mumtundu uwu, Cui adapeza mgwirizano wazakale komanso mgwirizano. Ndakatulo zowona ndi kudzoza zimawonetsa zachikondi komanso mawu ngati "zeze za Aeolian", "Meniscus", "kalata yotentha", "Wovala ndi chisoni", zithunzi 13 zanyimbo, ndakatulo 20 za Rishpen, 4 sonnets za Mickiewicz, ndakatulo 25 za Pushkin, 21 ndakatulo za Nekrasov , 18 ndakatulo za AK Tolstoy ndi ena.

Ntchito zingapo zofunika zidapangidwa ndi Cui pankhani ya nyimbo zoyimbira, makamaka gulu la piano "Mu Argento" (loperekedwa kwa L. Mercy-Argento, wodziwika bwino wa nyimbo zaku Russia kunja, wolemba monograph pa ntchito ya Cui. ), 25 piano preludes, ndi violin suite "Kaleidoscope" ndi etc. Kuchokera 1864 ndipo pafupifupi mpaka imfa yake, Cui anapitiriza ntchito yake yoimba-yovuta. Mitu ya nkhani zake zamanyuzipepala ndi yosiyana kwambiri. Anapenda mosalekeza za makonsati ndi zisudzo za ku St. Petersburg, n’kupanga mbiri ya nyimbo za ku St. Nkhani za Cui ndi ndemanga (makamaka mu 60s) pamlingo waukulu anafotokoza nsanja ya maganizo a bwalo la Balakirev.

Mmodzi mwa otsutsa oyambirira a ku Russia, Cui anayamba kulimbikitsa nyimbo za Chirasha nthawi zonse m'manyuzipepala akunja. M'buku lakuti "Music in Russia", lofalitsidwa ku Paris m'Chifalansa, Cui adatsimikizira kufunika kwa ntchito ya Glinka padziko lonse lapansi - imodzi mwa akatswiri oimba nyimbo m'mayiko onse komanso nthawi zonse. Kwa zaka zambiri, Cui, monga wotsutsa, adakhala wololera mayendedwe aluso osagwirizana ndi Mighty Handful, omwe adalumikizidwa ndi kusintha kwina kwamalingaliro ake adziko lapansi, ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha wa zigamulo zovuta kuposa kale. Kotero, mu 1888, adalembera Balakirev kuti: "... Ndili kale ndi zaka 53, ndipo chaka chilichonse ndimamva momwe ndimasiya pang'onopang'ono zisonkhezero zonse ndi chifundo changa. Uku ndikumverera kosangalatsa kwa ufulu wathunthu wamakhalidwe. Ndikhoza kulakwitsa m'mawu anga a nyimbo, ndipo izi zimandivutitsa pang'ono, ngati kokha kuona mtima kwanga sikungagonjetsedwe ndi zisonkhezero zakunja zomwe ziribe kanthu kochita ndi nyimbo.

Pa moyo wake wautali, Cui anakhala, titero, miyoyo ingapo, akuchita zambiri mwapadera m'minda yake yonse yosankhidwa. Komanso, iye anali kupeka, otsutsa, asilikali-pedagogical, sayansi ndi chikhalidwe ntchito pa nthawi yomweyo! Kuchita modabwitsa, kuchulukitsidwa ndi luso lapadera, kukhudzika kwakukulu mu kulondola kwa malingaliro omwe anapangidwa muunyamata wake ndi umboni wosatsutsika wa umunthu waukulu ndi wopambana wa Cui.

A. Nazarov