Mbiri ya harpsichord

Harpsichord ndi choyimira chowala cha zida zoimbira za kiyibodi, pachimake cha kutchuka kwake kudagwa m'zaka za m'ma 16 mpaka 17, pomwe adayimba nyimbo zochititsa chidwi za nthawiyo.

Dawn ndi kulowa kwa dzuwa chida

Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa harpsichord kunayamba mu 1397. Kumayambiriro kwa Renaissance, adafotokozedwa ndi Giovanni Boccaccio mu Decameron yake. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti fano lakale kwambiri la harpsichord linalembedwa mu 1425. Anawonetsedwa pa guwa la nsembe mumzinda wa Minden ku Germany. Zeze za m'zaka za zana la 16 zafika kwa ife, zomwe zinapangidwa makamaka ku Venice, Italy.

Kumpoto kwa Europe, kupanga ma harpsichords kuyambira 1579 kudatengedwa ndi amisiri a Flemish ochokera ku banja la Rückers. Panthawiyi, mapangidwe a chidacho amasintha, thupi limalemera kwambiri, ndipo zingwe zimakhala zazikulu, zomwe zinapatsa mtundu wakuya wa timbre.

Udindo waukulu pakuwongolera chidacho unaseweredwa ndi mafumu aku France Blanche, kenako Taskin. Mwa ambuye achingerezi azaka za zana la XNUMX, mabanja a Schudy ndi a Kirkman ndi otchuka. Zeze zawo zinali ndi thupi la thundu ndipo zinkadziwika ndi phokoso lolemera.

Tsoka ilo, chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18 harpsichord kwathunthu m'malo mwa limba. Chitsanzo chomaliza chinapangidwa ndi Kirkman mu 1809. Pokhapokha mu 1896, mbuye wa Chingerezi Arnold Dolmech adatsitsimutsanso kupanga chidacho. Pambuyo pake, ntchitoyi inatengedwa ndi opanga French Pleyel ndi Era, omwe anayamba kupanga harpsichord, poganizira zamakono zamakono a nthawiyo. Chojambulacho chinali ndi chitsulo chachitsulo chomwe chinkatha kugwirizanitsa zingwe zolimba.

yachitika

Harpsichord ndi chida cha kiyibodi chodulira. M'mbali zambiri idachokera ku Chigiriki chodulira chida chotchedwa psalterion, momwe mawuwo adatulutsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito cholembera cha quill. Munthu amene ankaimba harpsichord ankatchedwa clavier player, akhoza bwinobwino kuimba limba ndi clavichord. Kwa nthawi yaitali, harpsichord ankaonedwa ngati chida cha olemekezeka, chifukwa chinapangidwa kuchokera kumitengo yamtengo wapatali. Nthawi zambiri, makiyi ankawakuta ndi mamba, zigoba za kamba, ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali.

Chipangizo cha Harpsichord

Harpsichord imawoneka ngati makona atatu. Zingwe zomangika mopingasa ndizofanana ndi makina a kiyibodi. Kiyi iliyonse imakhala ndi chodumphira. Langetta imamangiriridwa kumtunda kwa kankhira, komwe kumamatira plectrum (lilime) la nthenga za khwangwala, ndiye amathyola chingwe pamene fungulo litsekedwa. Pamwamba pa bango pali damper yopangidwa ndi zikopa kapena zomverera, zomwe zimasokoneza kugwedezeka kwa chingwe.

Kusintha kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha voliyumu ndi timbre ya harpsichord. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti crescendo yosalala ndi deminuendo sizingachitike pa chida ichi. M'zaka za m'ma 15, chidacho chinali ndi ma octave atatu, zolemba zina zachromatic zidasowa m'munsi. M'zaka za zana la 3, mitunduyi idakulitsidwa mpaka ma octave 16, ndipo m'zaka za zana la 4 chidacho chinali ndi ma octave 18. Chida chodziwika bwino cha m'zaka za m'ma 5 chinali ndi makiyibodi awiri (mabuku), ma seti awiri a zingwe 18` ndi 2 - 2`, zomwe zimamveka mokweza kwambiri. Atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito payekhapayekha komanso palimodzi, kupanga timbre mwakufuna kwanu. Chomwe chimatchedwa "lute register" kapena timbre ya m'mphuno chinaperekedwanso. Kuti aipeze, anafunika kugwiritsa ntchito kachidutswa kakang’ono ka zingwezo ndi tokhala ndi makutu kapena zikopa.

Oimba zeze owala kwambiri ndi J. Chambonière, JF Rameau, F. Couperin, LK Daken ndi ena ambiri.