Chiwalo: kufotokoza kwa chida, kapangidwe, phokoso, mitundu, mbiri, ntchito

Chiwalocho ndi chida choimbira chomwe sichimangosangalatsa ndi mawu ake, komanso kukula kwake. Amatchedwa mfumu m'dziko la nyimbo: ndi wamkulu komanso wolemekezeka kotero kuti sasiya aliyense wopanda chidwi.

ndizosowa

Gulu la zida zomwe chiwalocho ndi chake ndi ma kiyibodi amphepo. Chinthu chosiyana ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa kamangidwe. Chiwalo chachikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi chili ku USA, mzinda wa Atlantic City: chimaphatikizapo mapaipi opitilira 30, ali ndi zolembetsa 455, zolemba 7. Ziwalo zolemera kwambiri zopangidwa ndi munthu zinali zolemera matani 250.

Chidacho chimamveka champhamvu, cha polyphonic, chomwe chimayambitsa mkuntho wamalingaliro. Nyimbo zamtunduwu zimangokhala ma octave asanu. M'malo mwake, mwayi wamawu ndi wokulirapo: posintha zolembera za chiwalocho, woyimba amasamutsa phokoso la manotsi ndi octave imodzi kapena ziwiri mbali iliyonse.

Kuthekera kwa "Mfumu ya Nyimbo" kuli pafupifupi zopanda malire: osati mitundu yonse ya mawu omveka omwe amapezeka kwa iye, kuchokera kumunsi mpaka pamwamba kwambiri. Ndi mphamvu yake kutulutsanso phokoso la chilengedwe, kulira kwa mbalame, kulira kwa mabelu, phokoso la miyala yakugwa.

Chipangizo chiwalo

Chipangizocho ndi chovuta kwambiri, kuphatikizapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zambiri, zigawo. Zigawo zikuluzikulu ndi:

• Mpando kapena console. Malo opangira kuti woyimba aziwongolera kapangidwe kake. Zokhala ndi ma levers, masiwichi, mabatani. Palinso zolemba, zopondaponda.
• Zolemba. Ma kiyibodi angapo akusewera ndi manja. Kuchuluka ndi payekha pa chitsanzo chilichonse. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha lero ndi zidutswa 7. Nthawi zambiri kuposa ena, pali mapangidwe omwe ali ndi zolemba za 2-4. Buku lililonse lili ndi zolembera zake. Buku lalikulu lili pafupi kwambiri ndi woimbayo, wokhala ndi zolembera zokweza kwambiri. Chiwerengero cha makiyi pamanja ndi 61 (chimafanana ndi ma octave 5).
• Olembetsa. Ili ndilo dzina la mapaipi a ziwalo, ophatikizidwa ndi timbre yofanana. Kuti atsegule kaundula winawake, woimbayo amagwiritsira ntchito ma lever kapena mabatani a pa remote control. Popanda izi, zolembera sizimveka. Ziwalo zamayiko osiyanasiyana, nyengo zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi zolembera zosiyanasiyana.
• Mipope. Amasiyana kutalika, m'mimba mwake, mawonekedwe. Ena ali okonzeka ndi malilime, ena alibe. Mipope yamphamvu imapanga phokoso lolemera, lotsika, ndipo mosiyana. Chiwerengero cha mipope zimasiyanasiyana, nthawi zina kufika zidutswa zikwi khumi. Zopangira - zitsulo, matabwa.
• Pedal keyboard. Zoyimiridwa ndi makiyi apapazi omwe amatsitsa mawu otsika, a bass.
• Traktura. Dongosolo la zida zomwe zimatumiza siginecha kuchokera kumabuku, ma pedals kupita ku mapaipi (thirakiti losewera), kapena kuchokera pakusintha kosinthira kupita ku register (register thirakiti). Mitundu yomwe ilipo ya thirakitala ndi makina, pneumatic, magetsi, osakanikirana.

History

Mbiri ya chida sichimakhudza zaka mazana ambiri. “Mfumu ya Nyimbo” inaonekera nyengo yathu isanabwere, thumba lachikwama la ku Babulo limatchedwa kholo lake: linali ndi ubweya umene umatulutsa mpweya kudzera m’machubu; pamapeto pake panali thupi lokhala ndi mipope yokhala ndi malilime ndi mabowo. Kholo lina la chidacho limatchedwa panflute.

Chiwalo chomwe chimagwira ntchito mothandizidwa ndi ma hydraulics chidapangidwa ndi mmisiri wakale wachi Greek Ktesebius m'zaka za zana la XNUMX BC: mpweya unkakakamizidwa mkati ndi makina osindikizira amadzi.

Ziwalo zanthawi yapakati sizinasiyanitsidwe ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino: zinali ndi makiyi akulu, osamasuka omwe amakhala patali kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake. Sizinali zotheka kusewera ndi zala - wosewerayo adagunda kiyibodi ndi chigongono chake, nkhonya.

Kupambana kwa chidacho kudayamba pomwe mipingo idachita chidwi nayo (zaka za zana la XNUMX AD). Phokoso lakuya linali lotsatizana bwino ndi mautumiki. Kupititsa patsogolo kapangidwe kake kunayamba: ziwalo zopepuka zidasandulika kukhala zida zazikulu, zomwe zidakhala gawo lalikulu la kachisi.

M'zaka za zana la XNUMX, ambuye apamwamba kwambiri adagwira ntchito ku Italy. Kenako Germany anatenga ulamuliro. Pofika m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, dziko lililonse ku Europe lidadziwa kupanga kanthu kakang'ono kodziwika.

Zaka za m'ma XIV ndi nthawi ya chida: mapangidwewo adakonzedwa bwino, kukula kwa makiyi ndi ma pedals kunachepetsedwa, zolembera zinali zosiyanasiyana, ndipo mtunda unakulitsidwa. Zaka za m'ma XV - nthawi ya mawonekedwe a zosintha ngati kachiwalo kakang'ono (chonyamula), choyima (kukula kwapakati).

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX ndi XNUMX kumadziwika kuti ndi "nthawi yabwino kwambiri" yanyimbo zamagulu. Mapangidwewo adawongoleredwa: chidacho chikhoza kulowa m'malo mwa oimba onse, ndikupanga mawu osiyanasiyana odabwitsa. Olemba Bach, Sweelinck, Frescobaldi adapanga ntchito makamaka pachida ichi.

Zaka za zana la XNUMX zidakankhira zida zazikulu pambali. Anasinthidwa ndi mapangidwe ang'onoang'ono omwe ndi osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo safuna mayendedwe ovuta a thupi. Nyengo ya “mfumu ya nyimbo” yatha.

Masiku ano ziwalo zitha kuwoneka ndikumveka m'matchalitchi achikatolika, pamakonsati anyimbo zachipinda. Chidacho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira, chimachita payekha.

Zosiyanasiyana

Ziwalo zimagawidwa motsatira njira zingapo:

chipangizo: mkuwa, zamagetsi, digito, bango.

zinchito: konsati, tchalitchi, zisudzo, chipinda.

Kutaya: classical, baroque, symphonic.

Chiwerengero cha mabuku: imodzi-awiri-atatu-mabuku, etc.

Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri ya ziwalo:

• Mphepo - yokhala ndi makiyi, mapaipi, ndi chida chachikulu. Ndi m'gulu la ma aerophones. Zikuwoneka ngati ambiri amalingalira chiwalocho - chomanga chachikulu chokhala ndi zipinda zingapo zapamwamba, zomwe zili m'matchalitchi ndi zipinda zina zazikulu.
• Symphonic - mtundu wa chiwalo champhepo chomwe chimakhala ndi mwayi pamawu. Magulu osiyanasiyana, ma timbre apamwamba, olembetsa amalola chida ichi chokha kuti chilowe m'malo mwa oimba onse. Oimira ena a gululi ali ndi mabuku asanu ndi awiri, makumi masauzande a mapaipi.
• Zisudzo - sizimasiyana mumitundu yosiyanasiyana yanyimbo. Wokhoza kupanga phokoso la piyano, phokoso lambiri. Idapangidwa koyambirira ndi cholinga chotsagana ndi nyimbo zamasewera, makanema amakanema opanda phokoso.
• Chiwalo cha Hammond ndi chida chamagetsi, chomwe chimakhazikitsidwa ndi kaphatikizidwe kowonjezera ka siginecha yamawu kuchokera kumagulu amphamvu. Chidachi chinapangidwa mu 1935 ndi L. Hammond ngati njira ina ya matchalitchi. Mapangidwewo anali otsika mtengo, ndipo posakhalitsa anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama ndi magulu ankhondo, jazz, oimba blues.

ntchito

Masiku ano, chidachi chikugwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama ndi Aprotestanti, Akatolika - amatsagana ndi kupembedza. Amaikidwa m'maholo adziko kuti azitsagana ndi makonsati. Zotheka za limba zimalola woimba kuimba yekha kapena kukhala gawo la oimba. "Mfumu ya nyimbo" imakumana m'magulu, amatsagana ndi makwaya, oimba, nthawi zina amachita nawo zisudzo.

Momwe mungasewere chiwalo

Kukhala walimba ndizovuta. Muyenera kugwira ntchito ndi manja ndi miyendo nthawi imodzi. Palibe chiwembu chokhazikika - chida chilichonse chimakhala ndi mapaipi osiyanasiyana, makiyi, zolembera. Popeza mwadziwa bwino chitsanzo chimodzi, ndizosatheka kusamutsa kupita ku china, muyenera kuphunziranso chipangizocho.

Kusewera phazi ndi vuto lapadera. Mudzafunika nsapato zapadera, zowonongeka. Kuwongolera kumapangidwa ndi chala chala, chidendene.

Zigawo zanyimbo zimalembedwa padera pa kiyibodi ya phazi ndi zolemba.

Opanga

Ntchito za "mfumu ya nyimbo" zinalembedwa ndi olemba aluso akale komanso zaka zana zapitazo:

• M. Dupre
• V. Mozart
• F. Mendelssohn
• A. Gabrieli
• D. Shostakovich
• R. Shchedrin
• N. Grigny