Gitala - zonse zokhudza chida choimbira

Gitala ndi chida chodulira zingwe, chimodzi mwa zida zofala kwambiri padziko lapansi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chotsagana kapena choyimba payekha m'mitundu yambiri yanyimbo ndi njira zanyimbo, kukhala chida chachikulu mumayendedwe oimba monga blues, dziko, flamenco, nyimbo za rock, nthawi zina jazi, ndi zina zambiri. Adapangidwa m'zaka za zana la 20, magetsi gitala anali ndi chikoka kwambiri pa chikhalidwe chotchuka.

Woyimba nyimbo za gitala amatchedwa a woyimba gitala. Munthu amene amapanga ndi kukonza magitala amatchedwa a gitala luthier or lutha ^{[ 1 ]}.

Mbiri ya gitala

Origin

Umboni wakale kwambiri wa zida za zingwe zokhala ndi thupi lomveka komanso khosi, makolo a gitala lamakono, adachokera ku 2nd millennium BC.^[2] Zithunzi za kinnor (choyimba cha zingwe cha ku Sumeri - cha ku Babulo, chotchulidwa mu nthano za m'Baibulo) chinapezedwa pa zotsalira za dongo panthawi yofukula mabwinja ku Mesopotamiya. Zida zofananazi zinkadziwikanso ku Egypt ndi India wakale: nabla, nefer, zither ku Egypt, veena ndi sitar ku India. Kale ku Girisi ndi ku Roma chida cha cithara chinali chotchuka.

Gitala wakale anali ndi thupi lalitali lozungulira lozungulira komanso khosi lalitali lokhala ndi zingwe. Thupilo linapangidwa mu chidutswa chimodzi - kuchokera ku dzungu louma, chigoba cha kamba, kapena chobowoleredwa kuchokera kumtengo umodzi. M'zaka za III-IV AD. e. ku China, ruan (kapena yuan) ^[3] ndi yueqin ^[4] zida anaonekera , imene thupi matabwa anasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera pamwamba ndi pansi soundboards ndi mbali kulumikiza iwo. Ku Ulaya, izi zinayambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa magitala a Chilatini ndi a Moor cha m'ma 6. Pambuyo pake, m'zaka za m'ma XV - XVI, chida chinawonekavihuela , chomwe chimathandizanso kupanga mapangidwe a gitala yamakono.

Chiyambi cha dzina

Mawu oti "gitala" amachokera ku kuphatikizika kwa mawu awiri: liwu la Sanskrit "sangita" lomwe limatanthauza "nyimbo" ndi Old Persian "tar" kutanthauza "chingwe". Malingana ndi Baibulo lina, mawu akuti "gitala" amachokera ku liwu la Sanskrit "kutur", kutanthauza "zingwe zinayi" (cf. setar - zingwe zitatu). Gitala litafalikira kuchokera ku Central Asia kupita ku Greece kupita ku Western Europe, mawu oti "gitala" adasinthidwa: "cithara (ϰιθάϱα)" ku Greece wakale, Latin "cithara", "giitarra" ku Spain, "chitarra" ku Italy, "gitala" ” ku France, “gitala” ku England, ndipo pomaliza, “gitala” ku Russia. Dzina lakuti "gitala" lidayamba kupezeka m'mabuku akale a ku Europe m'zaka za zana la 13. ^[5]

Gitala waku Spain

M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, likulu la chitukuko cha gitala linali Spain, kumene gitala anachokera ku Roma wakale ( Chilatini gitala ) komanso pamodzi ndi ogonjetsa Aarabu ( Gitala wachiMoor ). M'zaka za m'ma 15, gitala yopangidwa ku Spain yokhala ndi zingwe 5 zokhala ndi zingwe ziwiri (chingwe choyamba chingakhale chimodzi) idafalikira. Magitala oterowo amatchedwa Magitala achisipanishi . Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, gitala la ku Spain , m'kati mwa chisinthiko, amapeza zingwe 6 ndi zolemba zambiri za ntchito, zomwe mapangidwe ake adakhudzidwa kwambiri. Wolemba nyimbo waku Italy komanso woyimba gitala wa virtuoso Mauro Giuliani.

Gitala waku Russia

Gitala anafika ku Russia mochedwa kwambiri, pamene anali atadziwika ku Ulaya kwa zaka mazana asanu. Koma nyimbo zonse za kumadzulo zinayamba kulowa kwambiri ku Russia kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 17 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 18. ^[6] . Gitala inalandira malo olimba chifukwa cha oimba a ku Italy ndi oimba omwe anafika ku Russia kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 17, makamaka Giuseppe Sarti ndi Carlo Canobbio . Patapita nthawi, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19, gitala inalimbitsa malo ake ku Russia chifukwa cha Marcus Aurelius Zani de Ferranti , yemwe anafika ku St. Petersburg mu 1821, kenako Mauro Giuliani ndi Fernando Sor adayendera . Sor, kusiya mkazi wake wa ballerina ku Moscow, yemwe anakhala mkazi woyamba wa ku Russia wojambula choreographer, adapereka nyimbo ya gitala yotchedwa "Remembrance of Russia" ku ulendo wopita ku Russia. Chidutswa ichi chikuchitidwa ngakhale pano ^[6] . Nikolai Petrovich Makarov ^[6] anali woyimba gitala woyamba wodziwika bwino ku Russia kuyimba chida cha zingwe zisanu ndi chimodzi . Ku Russia, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19 , gitala la Spanish lazingwe zisanu ndi ziwiri linakhala lodziwika kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa cha ntchito za woimba waluso komanso woyimba gitala wa virtuoso Andrei Sikhra yemwe ankakhala panthawiyo . oposa chikwi ntchito chida ichi, lotchedwa "Russian gitala".

Gitala wakale

M'zaka za m'ma 18 - 19, mapangidwe a gitala aku Spain amasintha kwambiri, ambuye amayesa kukula ndi mawonekedwe a thupi, kumangirira khosi, mapangidwe a makina a msomali, ndi zina zotero. Pomaliza, m'zaka za m'ma 19, wopanga gitala wa ku Spain Antonio Torres anapereka gitala lamakono ndi kukula kwake. Magitala opangidwa ndi Torres masiku ano amatchedwa zapamwamba magitala . Woimba gitala wotchuka kwambiri wa nthawi imeneyo ndi woimba ndi gitala wa ku Spain Francisco Tarrega , yemwe adayika maziko a luso lachikale loimba gitala. M'zaka za m'ma 20, ntchito yake inapitilizidwa ndi Spanish wopeka, gitala ndi mphunzitsi Andres Segovia.

Gitala yamagetsi

M'zaka za m'ma 20, pokhudzana ndi kubwera kwa ukadaulo wamagetsi okulitsa ndi kukonza mawu, mtundu watsopano wa gitala udawonekera - gitala yamagetsi. Mu 1936, Georges Beauchamp ndi Adolphe Rickenbecker, omwe anayambitsa kampani ya Rickenbacker, adalandira chilolezo choyamba cha gitala lamagetsi ndi maginito a maginito ndi thupi lachitsulo (lotchedwa "Frying pan"). Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, akatswiri a ku America ndi amalonda Leo Fender, ndi injiniya ndi woimba Les Paul modziyimira pawokha, amapanga gitala lamagetsi ndi thupi lolimba lamatabwa, lomwe mapangidwe ake sanasinthe mpaka lero. Woyimba kwambiri pagitala lamagetsi ndi (malinga ndi magazini ya Rolling Stone) woyimba gitala waku America Jimi Hendrix yemwe amakhala pakati pazaka za m'ma 20. ^[7] .

Gitala Amakhala ndi

Monga chida chilichonse choimbira, gitala ili ndi magawo angapo. Zikuwoneka ngati chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa. Kapangidwe ka gitala zikuphatikizapo: soundboard, nati, mbali, khosi, zikhomo, mtedza, mtedza, frets, resonator dzenje ndi chogwirizira.

kapangidwe ka gitala zambiri zikuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi pansipa

Kodi chinthu chilichonse (gawo) chili ndi udindo wotani?

Chishalochi chimakhala ngati phiri la zingwe: zimakhazikika pamenepo ndi makatiriji apadera, pamene mapeto a chingwe amalowa mkati mwa gitala.

Sitimayo ndiyo kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwa gitala, ndikuganiza zonse zimveka bwino apa. Chigobacho ndi gawo lolumikiza kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo, limapanga thupi lake.

Pakhosi pali sills. Mtedza - zotuluka pa fretboard. Mtunda pakati pa mtedza umatchedwa fret. Akamanena kuti "kukhumudwa koyamba" - zikutanthauza kuti amatanthauza mtunda pakati pa mutu ndi mtedza woyamba.

   
                 fret nut - mtunda pakati pa mtedza

Ponena za fretboard - mukhala mukukhumudwa tsopano, koma pali magitala okhala ndi makosi awiri nthawi imodzi!

Zikhomo zokonzera ndi mbali yakunja ya makina omwe amamangirira (kumasula) zingwe. Kutembenuza zikhomo, timayimba gitala, kumveketsa bwino.

Bowo la resonator ndi bowo la gitala, pafupi ndi pomwe dzanja lathu lamanja lili poyimba gitala. Kwenikweni, voliyumu yayikulu ya gitala imamveka mozama (koma izi siziri kutali ndi chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimatsimikizira mtundu wa mawu).

Pafupifupi Zofotokozera

• Chiwerengero cha ma frets - kuyambira 19 (kale) mpaka 27 (electro)
• Chiwerengero cha zingwe - kuyambira 4 mpaka 14
• Kutalika - kuchokera 0.5 mpaka 0.8 m
• Miyeso 1.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.2 m
• Kulemera - kuchokera> 1 (mayimbidwe) mpaka ≈15 kg

Gulu la gitala

Mitundu yambiri ya magitala omwe alipo tsopano akhoza kugawidwa motsatira izi:

• Gitala lamayimbidwe - gitala loyimba mothandizidwa ndi thupi lopangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a acoustic resonator.
• Gitala yamagetsi - gitala yomwe imamveka mwa kukulitsa magetsi ndi kutulutsanso chizindikiro chomwe chimatengedwa pazingwe zonjenjemera ndi chojambula.
• Semi-acoustic gitala (gitala la electro-acoustic) - kuphatikiza kwa magitala acoustic ndi magetsi, pomwe kuwonjezera pa thupi lopanda phokoso, zithunzi zimaperekedwanso pamapangidwewo.
• Gitala (resonant kapena resonant gitala) ndi mtundu wa gitala lamayimbidwe momwe zitsulo zomangira zachitsulo zomwe zimamangidwa m'thupi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ziwonjezeke.
• Gitala ya synthesizer (gitala ya MIDI) ndi gitala lopangidwa kuti lizigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chothandizira pakupangira mawu.

Mwa kupanga hull

• Gitala wakale - gitala lazingwe zisanu ndi chimodzi lopangidwa ndi Antonio Torres (zaka za XIX).
• Gitala wowerengeka ndi gitala lazingwe zisanu ndi chimodzi lomwe limasinthidwa kuti ligwiritse ntchito zingwe zachitsulo.
• A flattop ndi gitala wamba wokhala ndi nsonga yosalala.
• Archtop ndi gitala lamayimbidwe kapena semi-acoustic yokhala ndi bolodi lakumbuyo lakutsogolo komanso mabowo owoneka ngati f (ma ef) omwe ali m'mphepete mwa bolodi lamawu. Kawirikawiri, thupi la gitala loterolo limafanana ndi violin yokulirapo. Yopangidwa mu 1920s ndi Gibson.
• Dreadnought - gitala wamba wokhala ndi thupi lokulitsa la mawonekedwe a "rectangular". Ili ndi voliyumu yowonjezereka poyerekeza ndi nkhani yachikale komanso kuchuluka kwa zigawo zotsika kwambiri mu timbre. Yopangidwa m'ma 1920 ndi Martin.
• Jumbo ndi mtundu wokulirapo wa gitala wamba, wopangidwa mu 1937 ndi Gibson ndipo wadziwika pakati pa oimba magitala akumayiko ndi rock.
• Kumadzulo - gitala lamayimbidwe kapena ma electro-acoustic, mawonekedwe a magitala oterowo akhala odulidwa pansi pa ma frets omaliza kuti zikhale zosavuta momwe zingathere kupeza ma frets otsirizawa.

Potengera mtundu

• Gitala wamba - kuchokera ku D (mi) ya octave yayikulu kupita ku C (re) ya octave yachitatu. Kugwiritsa ntchito makina ojambulira (Floyd Rose) kumakupatsani mwayi wokulitsa mawonekedwe mbali zonse ziwiri. Mtundu wa gitala ndi pafupifupi 4 octaves.
• Gitala ya bass ndi gitala yokhala ndi mawu ochepa, nthawi zambiri octave imodzi yotsika kuposa gitala wamba. Yopangidwa ndi Fender mu 1950s.
• Gitala ya tenor ndi gitala ya zingwe zinayi yokhala ndi sikelo yaifupi, yosiyana komanso kusintha kwa banjo.
• Gitala ya baritone ndi gitala yokhala ndi sikelo yotalikirapo kuposa gitala wamba, yomwe imalola kuti ikhale yocheperako. Adapangidwa ndi Danelectro m'ma 1950s.

Pa kukhalapo kwa matenda

• Gitala wamba ndi gitala lomwe limakhala ndi ma frets ndi ma frets ndipo limasinthidwa kuti liziyimba mofanana.
• Gitala wopanda fretless ndi gitala lomwe lilibe zokhumudwitsa. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kutulutsa mawu omveka bwino pagulu la gitala, komanso kusintha kosalala kwa kamvekedwe ka mawu ochotsedwa. Magitala a bass opanda fretless ndiofala kwambiri.
• Gitala (Slide gitala) - gitala lopangidwa kuti lizisewera ndi slide, mu gitala yotereyi phula limasintha bwino mothandizidwa ndi chipangizo chapadera - slide yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi zingwe.

Ndi dziko (malo) kumene anachokera

• Gitala waku Spain ndi gitala la zingwe zisanu ndi chimodzi lomwe lidawonekera ku Spain mzaka za 13th - 15th.
• Gitala la ku Russia ndi gitala loyimba la zingwe zisanu ndi ziwiri lomwe linawonekera ku Russia m'zaka za 18 - 19th.
• Ukulele ndi gitala la slide lomwe limagwira ntchito "bodza", ndiko kuti, thupi la gitala limakhala lathyathyathya pamphumi pa gitala kapena pa malo apadera, pamene gitala amakhala pampando kapena akuyima pafupi ndi gitala ngati pa. tebulo.

Mwa mtundu wanyimbo

• Gitala wakale - gitala lazingwe zisanu ndi chimodzi lopangidwa ndi Antonio Torres (zaka za XIX).
• Gitala wowerengeka ndi gitala lazingwe zisanu ndi chimodzi lomwe limasinthidwa kuti ligwiritse ntchito zingwe zachitsulo.
• Gitala la Flamenco - gitala lachikale, logwirizana ndi zosowa za kalembedwe ka nyimbo za flamenco, lili ndi phokoso lakuthwa kwambiri.
• Gitala ya Jazz (gitala ya orchestral) ndi dzina lokhazikitsidwa la Gibson archtops ndi ma analogue awo. Magitalawa ali ndi phokoso lakuthwa, lodziwika bwino mu nyimbo za jazi , zomwe zinadziwiratu kutchuka kwawo pakati pa oimba a jazi a m'ma 20s ndi 30s a zaka za XX.

Ndi udindo mu ntchito yochitidwa

• Gitala la solo - gitala lopangidwa kuti liziimba nyimbo zapayekha, zodziwika ndi mawu akuthwa komanso omveka bwino pamanotsi apaokha.

Mu nyimbo zachikale, gitala la solo limatengedwa ngati gitala popanda gulu, mbali zonse zimatengedwa ndi gitala limodzi, mtundu wovuta kwambiri wa gitala.

• Gitala la rhythm - gitala lopangidwa kuti liziyimba zigawo za rhythm, zodziwika ndi zolimba komanso zomveka bwino, makamaka pama frequency otsika.
• Bass Guitar - Gitala yocheperako yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poimba mizere ya bass.

Pa chiwerengero cha zingwe

• Gitala wa zingwe zinayi (gitala la zingwe 4) ndi gitala lomwe lili ndi zingwe zinayi. Magitala ambiri azingwe zinayi ndi magitala a bass kapena magitala a tenor.
• Gitala wa zingwe zisanu ndi chimodzi (gitala la zingwe 6) - gitala lomwe lili ndi zingwe zisanu ndi chimodzi. The kwambiri muyezo ndi ponseponse zosiyanasiyana.
• Gitala wa zingwe zisanu ndi ziwiri (gitala la zingwe 7) - gitala lomwe lili ndi zingwe zisanu ndi ziwiri. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu nyimbo zaku Russia ndi Soviet kuyambira zaka za 18-19 mpaka pano.
• Gitala wa zingwe khumi ndi ziwiri (gitala la zingwe 12) - gitala yokhala ndi zingwe khumi ndi ziwiri, kupanga awiriawiri asanu ndi limodzi, okonzedwa, monga lamulo, mu dongosolo lachikale mu octave kapena mogwirizana. Imaseweredwa makamaka ndi akatswiri oimba nyimbo za rock , oimba amtundu wamba ndi mabadi .
• Zina - Pali mitundu yambiri ya magitala apakati komanso osakanizidwa omwe ali ndi zingwe zochulukira. Pali kuwonjezera kosavuta kwa zingwe kuti muwonjezere kuchuluka kwa zida (monga magitala a zingwe zisanu ndi zingwe zisanu ndi chimodzi), komanso kuwirikiza kapena kuwirikiza katatu zina kapena zingwe zonse kuti phokoso likhale lolemera. Palinso magitala okhala ndi makosi owonjezera (kawirikawiri amodzi) kuti azitha kuchita payekha ntchito zina.

Zina

• Gitala la Dobro ndi gitala la resonator lomwe linapangidwa mu 1928 ndi abale a Dopera. Panopa "Guitar Dobro" ndi chizindikiro cha Gibson.
• Ukulele ndi kagulu kakang'ono ka zingwe zinayi ka gitala lopangidwa chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 kuzilumba za Hawaii.
• Gitala (tap gitala) - gitala lopangidwa kuti liziyimbidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kupopera njira yotulutsa mawu.
• Gitala la Warr ndi gitala lamagetsi lamagetsi, lili ndi thupi lofanana ndi gitala lamagetsi lamagetsi, komanso limalola njira zina zopangira phokoso. Pali zosankha ndi zingwe 8, 12 kapena 14. Ilibe makonda okhazikika.
• Ndodo ya Chapman ndi gitala lamagetsi. Alibe thupi, amalola Sewero kuchokera malekezero awiri. Ali ndi zingwe 10 kapena 12. Mwachidziwitso, ndizotheka kusewera mpaka zolemba 10 nthawi imodzi (chala chimodzi - cholemba chimodzi).

Gitala luso

Poyimba gitala, woyimba gitala amatsina zingwe pa fretboard ndi zala za dzanja lamanzere, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito zala za dzanja lamanja kutulutsa mawu m'njira zingapo. Gitala ali kutsogolo kwa gitala (yopingasa kapena pa ngodya, ndi khosi lokwera kufika madigiri 45), atatsamira pa bondo, kapena amapachikidwa pa lamba wopachikidwa pamapewa. Ena kumanzere - opereka gitala amatembenuza khosi la gitala kumanja, kukoka zingwe moyenerera ndikusintha ntchito za manja - ikani zingwe ndi dzanja lamanja, chotsani phokoso ndi kumanzere. Komanso, mayina a manja amaperekedwa kwa woyimba gitala wamanja.

Kupanga mawu

Njira yaikulu yopangira phokoso pa gitala ndi pinch - gitala amakokera chingwe ndi nsonga ya chala chake kapena msomali, amakoka pang'ono ndi kumasula. Poseweretsa zala, mitundu iwiri ya kudulira imagwiritsidwa ntchito: apoyando ndi tirando.

kuthandiza (kuchokera ku Spanish  kuthandiza , kutsamira ) ndi tsina pambuyo pake chala chimakhazikika pa chingwe choyandikana nacho. Mothandizidwa ndi apoyando , ndime zazikulu zimachitidwa , komanso cantilena , zomwe zimafuna phokoso lakuya komanso lathunthu. Liti kutenga (Chisipanishi tirando - kukoka), mu   mosiyana ndi apoyando, chala chitatha kubudula sichikhala pa chingwe choyandikana, chokulirapo, koma chimasesa momasuka, muzolemba, ngati chizindikiro cha apoyando chapadera (^) sichinasonyezedwe, ndiye kuti ntchitoyo imaseweredwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya tirando.

Komanso, woyimba gitala amatha kumenya zingwe zonse kapena zingapo zoyandikana nthawi imodzi ndi zala zitatu kapena zinayi popanda kuyesetsa pang'ono. _ Njira yopangira mawu imeneyi imatchedwa rasgueado. Dzina lakuti "ches" ndilofala.

Kutsina ndi kugunda kungapangidwe ndi zala za dzanja lamanja kapena mothandizidwa ndi chipangizo chapadera chotchedwa plectrum (kapena plectrum). Plectrum ndi mbale yaying'ono yokhazikika yazinthu zolimba - fupa, pulasitiki kapena chitsulo. Woyimba gitala amaigwira mu zala za dzanja lake lamanja ndi tsina kapena kumenya nawo zingwe .

Slap imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mitundu yambiri yamakono. Kuti achite izi, woyimba gitala amamenya mwamphamvu chingwe chimodzi ndi chala chachikulu, kapena kunyamula ndikutulutsa chingwe. Njirazi zimatchedwa mbama ( kugunda ) ndi pop ( mbedza ), motero. Nthawi zambiri mbama amagwiritsidwa ntchito poimba gitala ya bass. _

M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, njira yachilendo yosewera yapangidwa mwakhama, njira yatsopano yochotsera phokoso, pamene chingwecho chimayamba kumveka kuchokera ku zala zowala pakati pa frets pa chala. Njira yopangira mawu iyi imatchedwa kugogoda (kugogoda ndi manja awiri posewera ndi manja awiri) kapena TouchStyle. Pa kugunda kuli ngati kuyimba piyano, dzanja lililonse likusewera gawo lake lodziyimira palokha.

Dzanja lamanzere

Ndi dzanja lamanzere , woimba gitala akugwira khosi kuchokera pansi , atatsamira chala chake chakumbuyo kwake . Zala zina zonse zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potsina zingwe pamalo ogwirira ntchito pa fretboard . Zala zimasankhidwa ndikuwerengedwa motere: 1 - index, 2 - pakati, 3 - mphete, 4 -chala chaching'ono. Malo a dzanja okhudzana ndi ma frets amatchedwa "malo" ndipo amasonyezedwa ndi nambala yachiroma. Mwachitsanzo, ngati woyimba gitala adula chingwe ndi cha 1 chala pa 4th kudandaula, ndiye amati dzanja lili pa malo 4. Chingwe chosatambasulidwa chimatchedwa chingwe chotsegula.

Zingwezo zimamangiriridwa ndi mapepala a zala - motero, ndi chala chimodzi, woyimba gitala amakankhira chingwe chimodzi pa fret inayake. Ngati chala cholozera chimayikidwa pa fretboard, ndiye kuti zingapo, kapena zonse, zingwe pa fret yomweyo zidzapanikizidwa nthawi yomweyo. Njira yodziwika bwino imeneyi imatchedwa " barre “. Pali barre yaikulu ( barre yodzaza ), pamene chala chikukankhira zingwe zonse, ndi barre yaing'ono ( theka-barre ), pamene chiwerengero chochepa cha zingwe ( mpaka 2 ) chikanikizidwa. Zala zina zonse zimakhalabe zaulere panthawi yoyika barre ndipo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukakamiza zingwezo mwanjira zina. Palinso nyimbo zomwe, kuwonjezera pa barre wamkulu ndi chala choyamba, m'pofunika kutenga bare yaying'ono pamtundu wina, womwe zala zaulere zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, malingana ndi "playability" ya chinachake. mawu.

Magitala

Kuphatikiza pa njira zoyambira zoimbira gitala zomwe tafotokozazi, pali njira zingapo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi oimba nyimbo zosiyanasiyana.

• Arpeggio (brute force) - kutulutsa motsatizana kwa ma chord. Amachitidwa podulira zingwe zosiyanasiyana motsatizana ndi chala chimodzi kapena zingapo.
• Arpeggio - mwachangu kwambiri, mukuyenda kumodzi, kutulutsa motsatizana kwa mawu omwe ali pazingwe zosiyanasiyana.
• Pindani (kumangitsa) - kukweza kamvekedwe mwa kusuntha kwa chingwe pamodzi ndi mtedza wa fret. Malingana ndi zochitika za gitala ndi zingwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito , njirayi ikhoza kuonjezera cholemba chochotsedwa ndi chimodzi ndi theka mpaka matani awiri.
  • Kupindika kosavuta - chingwecho chimamenyedwa koyamba kenako kukoka.
  • Prebend - chingwe choyamba chimakokedwa ndipo kenako chimakanthidwa .
  • Pindani m'mbuyo - chingwe chimakokedwa mwakachetechete, ndikuchimenya ndikuchitsitsa mpaka pomwe chinalembedwa.
  • Kupindika kwa cholowa - kumenya chingwe, kulimbitsa, ndiyeno chingwecho chimatsitsidwa ku kamvekedwe koyambirira.
  • Bend grace note - kumenya chingwe ndikumangitsa nthawi imodzi .
  • Unison bend - imachotsedwa pomenya zingwe ziwiri, kenako cholemba chapansi chimafika kutalika kwa chapamwamba. Zolemba zonse ziwiri zimamveka nthawi imodzi .
  • Microbend ndi chonyamulira chomwe sichikhazikika kutalika, pafupifupi 1/4 ya kamvekedwe.
• Menyani - pansi ndi chala chachikulu, mmwamba ndi cholozera, pansi ndi cholozera ndi pulagi, mmwamba ndi cholozera.
• Vibrato ndikusintha pang'ono pang'onopang'ono pamawu a mawu ochotsedwa. Zimachitidwa mothandizidwa ndi kugwedeza kwa dzanja lamanzere pakhosi, pamene mphamvu ya kukanikiza chingwe imasintha, komanso mphamvu ya kugwedezeka kwake ndipo, motero, phula . Njira ina yochitira vibrato ndikuchita motsatizana nthawi ndi nthawi ya njira ya " bend " mpaka kutalika kochepa. Pa magitala amagetsi okhala ndi ” whammy bar ” ( tremolo systems ), lever nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga vibrato .
• Zisanu ndi zitatu ( rumba )- chala cholozera pansi, chala chachikulu pansi, chala cholozera mmwamba } ka 2, cholozera pansi ndi mmwamba.
• Glissando ndikusintha kosalala pakati pa zolemba. Pa gitala , ndizotheka pakati pa zolemba zomwe zili pa chingwe chomwecho , ndipo zimachitidwa ndi kusuntha dzanja kuchoka pa malo amodzi kupita kumalo ena popanda kumasula chala kukanikiza chingwe .
• Golpe ( Spanish:  kupweteka  - kuwombera ) - njira yolankhulirana, kugogoda pa bolodi la gitala lamayimbidwe ndi zikhadabo, uku akusewera. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu nyimbo za flamenco. _
• Legato - kachitidwe kosalekeza ka zolemba. Gitala amayimba ndi dzanja lamanzere .
  • Kukwera ( percussion ) legato - chingwe chomveka kale chimamangidwa ndi chala chakumanzere ndi champhamvu, pomwe phokoso silikhala ndi nthawi yoyimitsa. Dzina lachingerezi la njirayi ndilofalanso - nyundo, nyundo - he .
  • Kutsika legato - chala chikuchotsedwa pa chingwe, ndikuchitola pang'ono nthawi yomweyo. Palinso dzina lachingerezi - pool , pool - off .
  • Trill ndikusintha mwachangu kwa manotsi awiri opangidwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa nyundo ndi dziwe.
• Pizzicato imaseweredwa ndi kuzulidwa kwa dzanja lamanja. Chingwecho amachigwira ndi dzanja lamanja pakati pa chala chakutsogolo ndi chala chachikulu , kenako chingwecho amachikoka chapatali n’kumasulidwa . Kaŵirikaŵiri chingwecho chimakokera m’mbuyo patali pang’ono , kumapangitsa kuti pakhale phokoso lodekha . Ngati mtunda uli waukulu, ndiye kuti chingwecho chimagunda ma frets ndikuwonjezera kugunda kwa phokoso.
• Kulankhula ndi chikhatho cha dzanja lamanja - kusewera ndi mawu osamveka, pamene chikhatho chamanja chimayikidwa pambali pa choyimira ( mlatho ), mbali ina pa zingwe. Dzina lachingerezi la njira imeneyi, lomwe anthu ambiri oimba magitala amakono amagwiritsa ntchito ndi “ palm mute ” ( eng. wosalankhula  - muthu).  
• Pulgar ( Spanish:  chala chachikulu  - chala chachikulu ) - kusewera ndi chala chachikulu chakumanja. Njira yayikulu yopangira mawu mu nyimbo za flamenco. Chingwecho chimakanthidwa poyamba m’mbali mwa zamkati ndipo kenako m’mphepete mwa kachidutswa kakang’ono .
• Sesa (Chingerezi  Sintha -sesa) - kutsetsereka chosankhacho motsatira zingwezo m'mwamba kapena pansi posewera arpeggios, kapena kutsitsa chosankhacho m'mwamba kapena pansi, ndikupangitsa mawu okatula patsogolo pa cholembera chachikulu.
• Staccato - zazifupi, zolemba za staccato. Amachitidwa mwa kumasula kukakamiza kwa zingwe za zala za kumanzere , kapena kugwedeza zingwe za dzanja lamanja , mwamsanga mutangotenga phokoso kapena phokoso.
• Seche ndi njira ina yoyimba yomwe imakhala ndi kumenya zingwe pamalo oyimilira, oyenera magitala okhala ndi thupi lopanda kanthu, ma acoustic ndi semi-acoustic.
• Tremolo ndiwothamanga kwambiri mobwerezabwereza popanda kusintha cholemba.
• Kulankhula kwa mawu omveka bwino ndiko kusinthasintha kwa kamvekedwe kake ka chingwecho pogwira chingwe chomvekera bwino lomwe m'malo ochigawa m'magulu angapo . Pali ma harmonics achilengedwe, omwe amaseweredwa pa chingwe chotsegula, ndi chochita kupanga, chomwe chimaseweredwa pa chingwe chomangika. Palinso zomwe zimatchedwa mkhalapakati ndi harmonic opangidwa pamene phokoso lipangidwa nthawi imodzi ndi plectrum ndi mnofu wa chala chachikulu kapena chala chakutsogolo chogwira plectrum.

Gitala notation

Mu gitala , mawu ambiri omwe alipo amatha kutulutsidwa m'njira zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, phokoso la mi la octave yoyamba likhoza kutengedwa pa chingwe choyamba chotseguka, pa chingwe cha 1 pa 2 fret, pa chingwe cha 5 pa 3 fret, _ pa chingwe cha 9 pa 4 fret, pa 14. chingwe pa 5th fret ndi pa chingwe cha 19 pa 6 fret (pa gitala la 24 - string ndi 6 frets ndi kusintha kokhazikika). _ _ _ _ Izi zimapangitsa kuti sewero limodzimodzilo likhale lotheka m'njira zingapo, kutulutsa mawu ofunikira pazingwe zosiyanasiyana ndikutsina zingwezo ndi zala zosiyanasiyana. Pankhaniyi, timbre yosiyana idzapambana pa chingwe chilichonse. Makonzedwe a zala za woyimba gitala akamayimba kachidutswa amatchedwa kuti chala cha chidutswacho. Ma consonances osiyanasiyana komanso nyimbo zitha kukhala adasewera m'njira zambiri komanso amakhala ndi zala zosiyanasiyana. Pali njira zingapo zojambulira zala za gitala.

Chidziwitso cha nyimbo

M'mawu amakono a nyimbo , pojambula ntchito za gitala , ndondomeko ya misonkhano imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonyeza zala za ntchitoyo. Chifukwa chake, chingwe chomwe tikulimbikitsidwa kuyimbira phokoso chimawonetsedwa ndi nambala ya chingwe chozungulira, malo a dzanja lamanzere (mode) akuwonetsedwa ndi nambala yachiroma, zala. dzanja lamanzere - manambala kuyambira 1 mpaka 4 (chingwe chotsegula - 0), zala za dzanja lamanja - m'zilembo zachilatini p , i , m ndi a , ndi momwe sankhani ndi zithunzi  ( pansi , ndiko kuti, kutali ndi inu ) ndi  ( mmwamba , ndiko kuti, kwa inu nokha ).

Komanso, powerenga nyimbo, muyenera kukumbukira kuti gitala ndi transposing chida - ntchito kwa gitala nthawi zonse anajambula ndi octave apamwamba kuposa amamveka. Izi zimachitika pofuna kupewa mizere yambiri yowonjezera kuchokera pansi.

Tablature

Njira ina yojambulira ntchito za gitala ndi kujambula kwa tablature, kapena tablature. Gitala sikuwonetsa kutalika, koma malo ndi chingwe cha phokoso lililonse la chidutswacho. Komanso muzolemba pazithunzi, zolembera zala zofanana ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba nyimbo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. notation ya tablature ingagwiritsidwe ntchito paokha komanso molumikizana ndi nyimbo.

kukanda

Pali zithunzi zojambula za zala zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pophunzira kuimba gitala , amatchedwanso " fingering ". Chala chofananacho ndi chidutswa cha khosi la gitala chojambulidwa ndi madontho okhala ndi malo oyika zala zakumanzere. Zala zimatha kusankhidwa ndi manambala awo, komanso malo a chidutswa pa fretboard.

Pali gulu lazinthu zamapulogalamu ” gitala chord calculator ” - awa ndi mapulogalamu omwe amatha kuwerengera ndikuwonetsa zala zonse zomwe zingatheke panjira yomwe yaperekedwa.

Zida za gitala

Zida zosiyanasiyana ndi zida zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi gitala pakagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikuchita, kuphatikiza izi:

• Plectrum ( mkhalapakati ) - mbale yaying'ono (yopangidwa ndi pulasitiki, fupa, chitsulo) yokhala ndi makulidwe a 0. 1-1 (nthawi zina mpaka 3) mm , amagwiritsidwa ntchito potulutsa mawu.
• Slider - silinda yopanda kanthu ya zinthu zolimba komanso zosalala, makamaka zitsulo kapena galasi (botolo), zovala pazala chimodzi cha kumanzere; imagwira ntchito ngati ” sliding threshold “, kukulolani kuti musasinthe mwachisawawa kamvekedwe ka mawu otulutsa.
• Capo - chipangizo chomangirira zingwe zonse kapena zingapo nthawi imodzi, kuti muchepetse kusewera makiyi ena, komanso kuwonjezera kumveka kwa chidacho.
• Mlandu - chikwama chofewa kapena cholimba kapena chikwama chosungira komanso (kapena) kunyamula gitala .
• Imani ( kuyimirira ) - chipangizo chokonzekera bwino chida pansi kapena khoma , kusungirako kwakanthawi kochepa.
• Lamba wa gitala ndi lamba wopangidwa ndi zinthu zolimba ( zachikopa kapena zopangira ) zomwe zimalola woyimba kuimba momasuka ali chiimire .
• Gitala clef ndi chida chosinthira khosi la gitala lachikale (lomwe limamangiriridwa ku thupi ndi phula lapadera losinthira).
• Hex wrench - t. n . ” truss “, kukonza kupotoza kwa khosi (ndipo, molingana, mtunda wa pakati pa zingwe ndi frets) pa magitala ambiri amakono mwa kumasula - kulimbikitsa ndodo ya truss. Makiyi omwewo, koma ang'onoang'ono, amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji ndi kusintha kwabwino kwa kusiyana pakati pa chingwe ndi khosi pamitundu ina ya magitala amagetsi.
• Turntable - chipangizo chomwe chimathandizira kuphulika kwa zingwe; ndi mphuno - chowonjezera cha chogwirira cha msomali.
• Chojambula chodziwikiratu - pamodzi ndi gitala lamayimbidwe, zithunzi zapadera zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe sizili mbali ya kapangidwe ka gitala, koma zimalowetsedwa mu dzenje la resonator kapena kumangirizidwa ku chida chakunja.
• Chochunira ndi chipangizo chamagetsi chomwe chimapangitsa kuyimba gitala kukhala kosavuta powonetsa kulondola kwa chingwe chilichonse .
• Chingwe chaching'ono - waya wamagetsi otetezedwa mwapadera potumiza chizindikiro kuchokera pa gitala yamagetsi kupita ku zokulitsa, kusakaniza, kujambula ndi zida zina.
• Polish posamalira thupi , khosi kapena soundboard .
• Msomali wa chipangizo chapadera ^{[ 8 ]} zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi kuti musunthe mwachangu kuchoka pakusintha kumodzi kupita kwina (mwachitsanzo, kuchokera pagulu kupita ku "Wataya D").

Zothandizira

1. ↑ . Dikishonale Yanyimbo [ Trans . naye. B . P . Jurgenson, kuwonjezera. rus. dipatimenti]. _-M. : DirectMedia Publishing, 2008. CD - ROM
2. ↑ Charnasse, Helene. Six-string guitar  : From the beginnings to the present day . — M . : ” Music “, 1991 . — ISBN 5-7140-0288-1 _ _ _ _ _ _
3. ↑ 阮 ruǎn ; yuǎn chibwano . misewu . zhuan , yuan ( chida chodulira cha zingwe chakale )
4. ↑ 月琴 inu chibwano . misewu . yueqin ( 4 - chida cha zingwe chokhala ndi thupi lozungulira kapena 8 - mbali) " Great Chinese - Russian Dictionary m'mavoliyumu anayi "
5. ↑ Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch . ed . A . M . Prokhorov . – 4th ed . _ _ — M . : Owls . encyclopedia , 1989 . ISBN 5-85270-001-0 _ _ _ _ _ _
6. ↑ ^{1 2 3} GUITA M'DZIKO LATHU
7. ↑ Rolling Stone Magazine : Mndandanda wa Oimba Gitala 100 Opambana Nthawi Zonse.
8. ↑ Tsamba lazinthu patsamba la wopanga
9. Sharnasset, Helen. Six-string guitar  : From the origins to the present day = Helene Charnasse , La guitare . — M . : ” Music “, 1991 . — ISBN 5-7140-0288-1 _ _ _ _ _ _Mark Philips, John Chappel. Guitar for Dummies( full version )= Guitar For Dummies . — M . : ” Dialectics “, 2006 . — S. _ 384 . — ISBN 0-7645-5106 – X _ _ _ _
10. John Chappel. Rock guitar for ” dummies “= Rock Guitar For Dummies . — M . : ” Dialectics “, 2006 . — S. _ 368 . — ISBN 0-7645-5356-9 _ _ _ _ _ _

Guitar FAQ

Kodi gitala yabwino imawononga ndalama zingati?

Kwa $ 150-200 pali mitundu yambiri ngakhale yolumikizidwa, yokhala ndi chochunira chomangidwa ndi zotsatira. Ndipo ngakhale $ 80-100 mutha kugula gitala labwino kwambiri la EUPHONY, mtundu wa MARTINEZ, mwachitsanzo, kapena mitundu ingapo ya bajeti yomwe si yokwera mtengo, koma yabwino kwambiri komanso yomveka.

Ndi gitala iti yomwe ili yabwino kugula kwa oyamba kumene?

Akatswiri amalangiza kuyamba maphunziro ndi gitala tingachipeze powerenga. Zingwe zofewa za nayiloni zimayikidwa pamenepo, bala ili ndi m'lifupi mwake, ndipo phokoso limatha kudziwika ngati lofewa komanso lozungulira. Pa magitala oterowo, ntchito zakale zimachitidwa, komanso nyimbo za jazi ndi flamenco.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa gitala lakale ndi lamayimbidwe?

Zingwe za nayiloni zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gitala lachikale. Zimakhala zofewa pokhudza ndipo ndizosavuta kuziyika pakhosi la gitala. Pa gitala la acoustic pali zingwe zolimba zachitsulo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phokoso likhale lamphamvu komanso lodzaza. Nthawi zina, zingwe zachitsulo zopangidwa mwapadera zimatha kukhazikitsidwa pagitala lachikale.