Carl Orff |

Carl Orff

Zochita za Orff, yemwe amapeza maiko atsopano pachikhalidwe chakale, angafanane ndi ntchito ya womasulira ndakatulo yemwe amasunga zikhalidwe za chikhalidwe kuti zisamaiwale, kutanthauzira molakwika, kusamvetsetsana, kuwadzutsa ku tulo tofa nato. O. Leontieva

Kumbuyo kwa moyo wanyimbo wa XX atumwi. luso la K. Orff ndi lodabwitsa pa chiyambi chake. Kapangidwe katsopano kalikonse ka wolemba nyimboyo kakhala nkhani ya mikangano ndi kukambirana. Otsutsa, monga lamulo, adamuimba mlandu wa kusweka moona mtima ndi mwambo wa nyimbo za ku Germany zomwe zimachokera kwa R. Wagner kupita kusukulu ya A. Schoenberg. Komabe, kuzindikira kowona mtima komanso kwapadziko lonse kwa nyimbo za Orff kunakhala mkangano wabwino kwambiri pazokambirana pakati pa wolemba ndi wotsutsa. Mabuku onena za wolembayo ndi wotopetsa ndi mbiri yakale. Orff mwiniyo ankakhulupirira kuti zochitika ndi tsatanetsatane wa moyo wake sizingakhale zosangalatsa kwa ofufuza, ndipo makhalidwe aumunthu a wolemba nyimbo sizinathandize konse kumvetsa ntchito zake.

Orff anabadwira m'banja la akuluakulu a ku Bavaria, momwe nyimbo zimakhalira nthawi zonse kunyumba. Wobadwa ku Munich, Orff adaphunzira kumeneko ku Academy of Musical Art. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake adadzipereka kuchita zochitika - poyamba ku Kammerspiele Theatre ku Munich, ndipo kenako m'mabwalo a sewero a Mannheim ndi Darmstadt. Panthawi imeneyi, ntchito zoyamba za wolemba zikuwonekera, koma zadzaza kale ndi mzimu woyesera kulenga, chikhumbo chophatikiza zaluso zingapo mothandizidwa ndi nyimbo. Orff sapeza zolemba zake nthawi yomweyo. Monga oimba ambiri achichepere, amadutsa zaka zambiri akufufuza ndi zokonda: zophiphiritsa zamalemba zakale, ntchito za C. Monteverdi, G. Schutz, JS Bach, dziko lodabwitsa la nyimbo za lute lazaka za zana la XNUMX.

Wolembayo akuwonetsa chidwi chosatha pazochitika zonse za moyo wamakono wamakono. Zokonda zake ndi monga zisudzo ndi situdiyo za ballet, moyo wanyimbo zosiyanasiyana, nthano zakale zaku Bavaria ndi zida zamtundu wa anthu aku Asia ndi Africa.

Kuyamba kwa siteji cantata Carmina Burana (1937), amene pambuyo pake anakhala gawo loyamba la Triumphs triptych, anabweretsa Orff kupambana kwenikweni ndi kuzindikira. Izi za kwaya, oimba solo, ovina ndi orchestra zinachokera pa mavesi a nyimbo kuchokera m'mawu a tsiku ndi tsiku achijeremani a zaka za m'ma 1942. Kuyambira ndi cantata iyi, Orff amalimbikira kupanga mtundu watsopano wa nyimbo, kuphatikiza zinthu za oratorio, opera ndi ballet, zisudzo ndi zinsinsi zakale, zisudzo zam'misewu ndi nthabwala zaku Italy za masks. Umu ndi momwe zigawo zotsatirazi za triptych "Catulli Carmine" (1950) ndi "Triumph of Aphrodite" (51-XNUMX) zimathetsedwera.

The siteji Cantata mtundu wanyimbo anakhala siteji pa njira wopeka kulenga opera Luna (zochokera nthano za Abale Grimm, 1937-38) ndi Good Girl (1941-42, satire pa ulamuliro wankhanza wa "Third Reich". ”), zatsopano mu mawonekedwe awo a zisudzo ndi chilankhulo chanyimbo. . Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, Orff, monga akatswiri ambiri aku Germany, adasiya kuchita nawo zachikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha dzikolo. Sewero la Bernauerin (1943-45) linakhala ngati linachitapo kanthu pazochitika zoopsa za nkhondo. Pamwamba pa nyimbo ndi zochititsa chidwi za wolembayo amaphatikizanso: "Antigone" (1947-49), "Oedipus Rex" (1957-59), "Prometheus" (1963-65), kupanga mtundu wa trilogy wakale, ndi "The Chinsinsi cha Mapeto a Nthawi ”(1972). Nyimbo yomaliza ya Orff inali "Sewero" kwa owerenga, kwaya yolankhula komanso kukambirana pamavesi a B. Brecht (1975).

Dziko lophiphiritsa lapadera la nyimbo za Orff, kukopa kwake ku ziwembu zakale, zongopeka, zakale - zonsezi sizinali kuwonetseratu zaluso ndi zokongoletsa za nthawiyo. Gulu la “kubwerera kwa makolo akale” limachitira umboni, choyamba, ku malingaliro aumunthu a wolemba nyimboyo. Orff adawona kuti cholinga chake chinali kupanga zisudzo zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zimamveka kwa aliyense m'maiko onse. “Chotero,” wolembayo anatsindika motero, “ndipo ndinasankha mitu yamuyaya, yomveka m’madera onse a dziko lapansi …

Nyimbo ndi siteji ya woyimbayo amapanga mu umodzi wawo "Orff Theatre" - chodabwitsa kwambiri pachikhalidwe chanyimbo chazaka za zana la XNUMX. E. Doflein analemba kuti: “Ili ndi bwalo la zisudzo. - "Imawonetsa m'njira yapadera mgwirizano wa mbiri yakale ya zisudzo zaku Europe - kuchokera kwa Agiriki, kuchokera ku Terence, kuchokera ku sewero la baroque mpaka opera yamakono." Orff adayandikira yankho la ntchito iliyonse mwanjira yoyambirira, osadzichititsa manyazi ndi mtundu kapena miyambo yamalembedwe. Ufulu wodabwitsa wopangira Orff makamaka chifukwa cha kukula kwa talente yake komanso luso lapamwamba kwambiri lolemba. Mu nyimbo za nyimbo zake, woimbayo amakwaniritsa mawu omveka bwino, ooneka ngati osavuta. Ndipo kufufuza kokha kwa zotsatira zake kumawonetsa momwe zachilendo, zovuta, zoyeretsedwa komanso panthawi imodzimodziyo teknoloji ya kuphweka kumeneku.

Orff adathandizira kwambiri pamaphunziro anyimbo a ana. Kale ali wamng'ono, pamene adayambitsa sukulu ya masewera olimbitsa thupi, nyimbo ndi kuvina ku Munich, Orff adakhudzidwa ndi lingaliro lopanga dongosolo la maphunziro. Njira yake yopangira zinthu idakhazikitsidwa pakusintha, kupanga nyimbo zaulere kwa ana, kuphatikiza ndi zinthu zapulasitiki, choreography, ndi zisudzo. "Aliyense amene mwana adzakhale mtsogolo," adatero Orff, "ntchito ya aphunzitsi ndikumuphunzitsa luso, kuganiza mozama ... Wopangidwa ndi Orff mu 1962, Institute of Musical Education ku Salzburg yakhala likulu lapadziko lonse lapansi lophunzitsira ophunzitsa nyimbo m'masukulu a preschool ndi masukulu akusekondale.

Zochita zabwino za Orff pazaluso zanyimbo zadziwika padziko lonse lapansi. Anasankhidwa kukhala membala wa Bavarian Academy of Arts (1950), Academy of Santa Cecilia ku Rome (1957) ndi mabungwe ena ovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi. M'zaka zomalizira za moyo wake (1975-81), wolemba nyimboyo anali wotanganidwa kukonzekera mabuku asanu ndi atatu a zipangizo kuchokera m'nkhokwe yake.

I. Vetlitsyna