Mafungulo ofanana: ndi chiyani komanso momwe mungawapezere?

Nkhani yotsiriza inali yokhudzana ndi malingaliro a nyimbo monga mode ndi tonality. Lero tipitiriza kuphunzira mutu waukuluwu ndikulankhula za mafungulo ofanana, koma choyamba tidzabwereza mwachidule zomwe zapita.

Zofunikira zamachitidwe ndi kamvekedwe ka nyimbo

m'nyamata - ili ndi gulu losankhidwa mwapadera (gamma) la phokoso, momwe muli masitepe oyambira - okhazikika ndipo pali osakhazikika omwe amamvera okhazikika. Mtundu wina uli ndi mawonekedwe, kotero pali mitundu yamitundu - mwachitsanzo, zazikulu ndi zazing'ono.

Mfungulo - awa ndi malo okwera a fret, chifukwa sikelo yayikulu kapena yaying'ono imatha kumangidwa, kuyimba kapena kuyimba kuchokera pamawu aliwonse. Phokosoli lidzatchedwa zosangalatsa, ndipo ndilo phokoso lofunika kwambiri la tonality, lokhazikika kwambiri ndipo, motero, sitepe yoyamba ya mode.

Matoni ali ndi mayina, zomwe timamvetsetsa zomwe zimadetsa nkhawa komanso kutalika kwake komwe kuli. Zitsanzo za mayina ofunika: C-MAJOR, D-MAJOR, MI-MAJOR kapena C-MINOR, D-MINOR, MI-MINOR. Ndiko kuti dzina la fungulo limapereka chidziwitso cha zinthu ziwiri zofunika - choyamba, za mtundu wanji wa tonic (kapena phokoso lalikulu) lomwe liri ndi tonality, ndipo, kachiwiri, ndi mtundu wanji wa modal mood tonality (ndi khalidwe lotani - lalikulu kapena laling'ono).

Pomaliza, makiyi amasiyana wina ndi mzake komanso ndi zizindikiro za kusintha, ndiko kuti, ndi kukhalapo kwa lakuthwa kulikonse kapena flats. Kusiyana kumeneku ndi chifukwa chakuti masikelo akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono ali ndi dongosolo lapadera la matani ndi semitones (werengani zambiri m'nkhani yapitayi, ie PANO). Choncho, kuti chachikulu chikhale chachikulu, ndipo wamng'ono akhale wamng'ono kwambiri, nthawi zina chiwerengero china cha masitepe osinthidwa (okhala ndi zowomba kapena ndi ma flats) chiyenera kuwonjezeredwa pamlingo.

Mwachitsanzo, mu fungulo la D MAJOR pali zizindikiro ziwiri zokha - zowomba ziwiri (F-lakuthwa ndi C-lakuthwa), ndipo mu fungulo la LA MAJOR muli kale katatu (F, C ndi G). Kapena mu fungulo la D MINOR - lathyathyathya imodzi (B-flat), ndi F MINOR - mpaka ma flats anayi (si, mi, la ndi re).

Tsopano tiyeni tifunse funso? Kodi makiyi onse ndi osiyana kwenikweni ndipo palibe masikelo omwe amafanana? Ndipo kodi palidi phompho lalikulu losatsekeka pakati pa wamkulu ndi wamng'ono? Zikuwonekera, ayi, ali ndi kulumikizana ndi zofanana, zambiri pambuyo pake.

Mafungulo ofananira

Kodi mawu oti “parallelism” amatanthauza chiyani? Nawa mawu odziwika bwino kwa inu monga "mizere yofananira" kapena "dziko lofananira". Kufanana ndi chimodzi chomwe chimakhalapo nthawi imodzi ndi china chake ndipo chimakhala chofanana ndi ichi. Ndipo mawu oti "kufanana" ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi mawu oti "awiri", ndiko kuti, zinthu ziwiri, zinthu ziwiri, kapena zina ziwiri nthawi zonse zimakhala zofanana.

Mizere yofananira ndi mizere iwiri yomwe ili mu ndege imodzi, yofanana wina ndi mzake ngati madontho awiri a madzi ndipo samadutsana (amagwirizana, koma samadutsana - chabwino, sichodabwitsa?). Kumbukirani, mu geometry mizere yofananira imatanthauzidwa ndi zikwapu ziwiri (// monga chonchi), mu nyimbo, nawonso, kutchulidwa kotereku kudzakhala kovomerezeka.

Kotero, apa pali makiyi ofanana - awa ndi makiyi awiri omwe ali ofanana wina ndi mzake. Pali zambiri zofanana pakati pawo, koma palinso kusiyana kwakukulu. Zofanana zotani? Iwo ali ndi mawu onse ofanana. Popeza kuti phokoso limagwirizana, zikutanthauza kuti zizindikiro zonse ziyenera kukhala zofanana - zakuthwa ndi zowonongeka. Zili choncho: mafungulo ofanana ali ndi zizindikiro zofanana.

Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni titenge makiyi awiri C WAMKULU ndi A MINOR - onse apo ndipo palibe zizindikiro, zomveka zonse zimagwirizana, kutanthauza kuti makiyiwa akufanana.

Chitsanzo china. Kiyi ya MI-FLAT MAJOR yokhala ndi ma flats atatu (si, mi, la) ndi kiyi ya C MINOR komanso yokhala ndi ma flat atatu omwewo. Apanso tikuwona makiyi ofanana.

Ndiye pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa ma tonality awa? Ndipo inu nokha mumayang'ana mosamala mayina (C MIJOR // A MINOR). Mukuganiza chiyani? Mukuwona, pambuyo pa zonse, kiyi imodzi ndi yayikulu, ndipo yachiwiri ndi yaying'ono. Mu chitsanzo ndi awiri awiri (MI-FLAT MAJOR // C MINOR), zomwezo ndizowona: imodzi ndi yaikulu, ina ndi yaying'ono. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mafungulo ofananira amakhala ndi ma modal mosiyana, mosiyana. Kiyi imodzi idzakhala yayikulu nthawi zonse, ndipo yachiwiri - yaying'ono. Ndiko kulondola: zotsutsana zimakopa!

Ndi chiyani china chosiyana? Mulingo wa C-MAJOR umayamba ndi cholemba DO, ndiye kuti, cholemba DO mmenemo ndi tonic. Sikelo ya A MINOR imayamba, monga mukumvetsetsa, ndi cholemba LA, chomwe ndi chothandizira pakiyi iyi. Ndiko kuti, chimachitika ndi chiyani? Phokoso m'makiyi awa ndi ofanana, koma ali ndi olamulira akuluakulu osiyanasiyana, ma tonic osiyanasiyana. Apa pali kusiyana kwachiwiri.

Tiyeni tipeze mfundo zina. Choncho, mafungulo ofanana ndi makiyi awiri omwe ali ndi phokoso lofanana, zizindikiro zomwezo (zakuthwa kapena zafulati), koma tonics amasiyana ndipo mawonekedwe ndi osiyana (imodzi ndi yaikulu, ina ndi yaying'ono).

Zitsanzo zina zamakiyi ofananira:

• D WAMKULU // B MINOR (onse apo ndipo pali awiri akuthwa - F ndi C);
• A MAJOR // F Sharp MINOR (zatatu zakuthwa pa kiyi iliyonse);
• F YACHIKULU // D MINOR (chipinda chimodzi chodziwika bwino - B lathyathyathya);
• B FLAT MAJOR // G MINOR (mafurati awiri apo ndi apa - si ndi mi).

Kodi ndimapeza bwanji makiyi ofananira?

Ngati mukufuna kudziwa momwe mungadziwire fungulo lofanana, ndiye kuti tipeze yankho la funso ili mozama. Ndiyeno tidzapanga lamulo.

Tangoganizani: C MAJOR ndi A MINOR ndi makiyi ofanana. Ndipo tsopano ndiuzeni: ndi pamlingo wotani PAMENE MAKULU ndi "kulowera ku dziko lofanana"? Kapena, mwa kuyankhula kwina, ndi digiri yanji ya C MAJOR ndi tonic yaing'ono yofananira?

Tsopano tiyeni tichite izo topsy-turvy. Kodi mungatuluke bwanji mumdima wa A MINOR kupita ku C MAJOR komwe kuli kotentha komanso kosangalatsa? Kodi "portal" ili kuti kupita kudziko lofanana nthawi ino? Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ndi digiri iti ya wamng'ono yomwe imakhala ndi tonic ya kukula kofanana?

Mayankho ake ndi osavuta. Pachiyambi choyamba: digiri yachisanu ndi chimodzi ndi tonic yaing'ono yofanana. Pankhani yachiwiri: digiri yachitatu imatha kuonedwa ngati tonic of the parallel major. Mwa njira, sikofunikira konse kuti mufike ku digiri yachisanu ndi chimodzi ya zazikulu kwa nthawi yayitali (ndiko kuti, kuwerengera masitepe asanu ndi limodzi kuchokera koyamba), ndikwanira kutsika masitepe atatu kuchokera ku tonic ndipo tidzatero. kufika ku digiri iyi yachisanu ndi chimodzi mwanjira yomweyo.

Tiyeni tipange tsopano LAMULANI (koma osati yomaliza). Choncho, kuti mupeze tonic yaing'ono yofananira, ndikwanira kutsika masitepe atatu kuchokera pagawo loyamba la kiyi yayikulu yoyambira. Kuti mupeze tonic of the parallel major, m'malo mwake, muyenera kukwera masitepe atatu.

Onani lamulo ili ndi zitsanzo zina. Musaiwale kuti ali ndi zizindikiro. Ndipo pamene tikwera kapena kutsika masitepe, tiyenera kutchula zizindikiro izi, ndiko kuti, kuziganizira.

Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni tipeze kakang'ono kofananira pa kiyi ya G MAJOR. Kiyi ili ndi yakuthwa imodzi (F-yakuthwa), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti padzakhalanso yakuthwa imodzi mofananira. Timatsika masitepe atatu kuchokera ku SOL: SOL, F-SHARP, MI. IMANI! MI ndiye cholemba chomwe tikufuna; uku ndi sitepe yachisanu ndi chimodzi ndipo uku ndiko khomo lolowera kakang'ono kofananira! Izi zikutanthauza kuti fungulo lofanana ndi G MAJOR lidzakhala MI MINOR.

Chitsanzo china. Tiyeni tipeze kiyi yofananira ya F MINOR. Pali ma flats anayi mu kiyi iyi (si, mi, la ndi re-flat). Timakwera masitepe atatu kuti titsegule chitseko cha wamkulu wofanana. Mayendedwe: F, G, A-FLAT. IMANI! A-FLAT - apa ndiye phokoso lomwe mukufuna, nayi fungulo lokondedwa! A FLAT MAJOR ndiye fungulo lomwe likufanana ndi F MINOR.

Kodi kudziwa kufanana tonality ngakhale mofulumira?

Kodi mungapeze bwanji zofanana zazikulu kapena zazing'ono zosavuta? Ndipo, makamaka, ngati sitikudziwa kuti ndi zizindikiro ziti zomwe zili mu kiyiyi? Ndipo tiyeni tifufuzenso ndi zitsanzo!

Tangozindikira kufanana kotsatiraku: G MIJOR // E MINOR ndi F MINOR // A FLAT MAJOR. Ndipo tsopano tiyeni tiwone chomwe chiri mtunda pakati pa tonics wa mafungulo ofanana. Kutalikirana kwa nyimbo kumayesedwa ndi nthawi, ndipo ngati mumadziwa bwino mutu wakuti "Kuchuluka ndi Kufunika Koyenera kwa Pakati", ndiye kuti mutha kudziwa mosavuta kuti nthawi yomwe timakondwera nayo ndi yachitatu yaying'ono.

Pakati pa phokoso la SOL ndi MI (pansi) pali kachitatu kakang'ono, chifukwa timadutsa masitepe atatu, ndi toni imodzi ndi theka. Pakati pa FA ndi A-FLAT (mmwamba) ndi gawo lachitatu laling'ono. Ndipo pakati pa ma tonic a masikelo ena ofanana, padzakhalanso kagawo kakang'ono kachitatu.

Zikukhalira zotsatirazi LAMULANI (chosavuta komanso chomaliza): kuti mupeze fungulo lofanana, muyenera kuyika pambali yachitatu yaying'ono kuchokera ku tonic - mmwamba ngati tikuyang'ana chachikulu chofanana, kapena pansi ngati tikufunafuna wamng'ono wofanana.

Yesetsani (mutha kudumpha ngati zonse zimveka bwino)

Ntchito: pezani makiyi ofananira a C SHARP MINOR, B FLAT MINOR, B WAMKULU, F AKUKHALA KWAMBIRI.

Kusankha: muyenera kupanga magawo ang'onoang'ono. Chifukwa chake, chaching'ono chachitatu kuchokera ku C-SHARP kupita m'mwamba ndi C-SHARP ndi MI, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti MI MAJOR idzakhala kiyi yofananira. Kuchokera ku B-FLAT imapanganso gawo laling'ono lachitatu, chifukwa tikuyang'ana chachikulu chofanana, timapeza - D-FLAT MAJOR.

Kuti tipeze zofanana zazing'ono, timayika magawo atatu pansi. Chifukwa chake, gawo laling'ono lachitatu kuchokera ku SI limatipatsa G-SHARN MINOR, yofanana ndi SI MAJOR. Kuchokera ku F-SHARP, gawo laling'ono lachitatu pansi limapereka phokoso la D-SHARP ndipo, motero, dongosolo la D-SHARP MINOR.

Mayankho: C-KUKHALA WAMNG'ono // MI WAMKULU; B-FLAT MINOR // D-FLAT MAJOR; B WAMKULU // G WAKUCHUTSA WAKUTI; F CHOKUCHULUKA KWAMBIRI // D CHAKUCHULUKA KWAMBIRI.

Kodi pali makiyi ambiri otere?

Pazonse, makiyi khumi ndi awiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyimbo, theka la iwo (15) ndi lalikulu, ndipo theka lachiwiri (wina 15) ndi laling'ono, ndipo, mukudziwa, palibe chinsinsi chimodzi chokha, aliyense ali ndi awiri. Ndiko kuti, zikuwoneka kuti pali mitundu 15 ya makiyi omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zofanana. Gwirizanani, mapeyala 15 ndiosavuta kukumbukira kuposa masikelo 30 pawokha?

Komanso - ngakhale zovuta! Pamagulu 15, awiriawiri asanu ndi awiri ndi akuthwa (kuchokera 1 mpaka 7 lakuthwa), asanu ndi awiri awiri ndi lathyathyathya (kuchokera 1 mpaka 7 flats), gulu limodzi liri ngati "khwangwala woyera" popanda zizindikiro. Zikuwoneka kuti mutha kutchula zilembo ziwiri zoyera popanda zizindikiro. Si C MAJOR yokhala ndi A MINOR?

Ndiye kuti, tsopano muyenera kukumbukira osati makiyi 30 owopsa okhala ndi zizindikilo zosamvetsetseka, komanso ngakhale 15 osachita mantha pang'ono, koma nambala yamatsenga "1 + 7 + 7". Tsopano tiyika makiyi onsewa patebulo kuti timveke bwino. Mu tebulo ili la makiyi, nthawi yomweyo zidziwikiratu yemwe akufanana ndi ndani, ndi zilembo zingati ndi ziti.

Mndandanda wa makiyi ofanana ndi zizindikiro zawo

Mutha kutsitsa tebulo lomwelo mwanjira yabwino kwambiri kuti mugwiritse ntchito ngati pepala lachinyengo mumtundu wa pdf kuti musindikize - DOWNLOAD

Ndizo zonse pakadali pano. M'mabuku otsatirawa, muphunzira kuti makiyi a dzina lomwelo ndi chiyani, komanso momwe mungakumbukire mwachangu komanso mpaka kalekale zizindikiro zomwe zili m'makiyiwo, komanso njira yodziwira mwachangu zizindikiro ngati mwayiwala.

Chabwino, tsopano tikukupatsani kuti muwone filimu yojambula pamanja ndi nyimbo zodabwitsa za Mozart. Nthaŵi ina Mozart anasuzumira pawindo ndipo anaona gulu lankhondo likudutsa mumsewu. Gulu lenileni lankhondo lovala mayunifolomu owoneka bwino, okhala ndi zitoliro ndi ng'oma zaku Turkey. Kukongola ndi kukongola kwa chiwonetserochi kunadabwitsa Mozart kotero kuti tsiku lomwelo adalemba nyimbo yake yotchuka "Turkish March" (chomaliza cha piano sonata No. 11) - ntchito yomwe imadziwika padziko lonse lapansi.

WA Mozart "Turkish March"