Zotsatira |

italo. partitura, lit. - kugawa, kugawa, kuchokera ku lat. partio - kugawa, kugawa; German Partitur, French gawo, eng. Chogoli

Chidziwitso cha nyimbo za polyphonic (zoimbira, kwaya kapena zoimbira), momwe ndodo yosiyana imaperekedwa kwa gawo la chida chilichonse kapena mawu. Ziwalozo zimasanjidwa m’munsi mwa chimzake m’dongosolo linalake kotero kuti kumenyedwa kofanana kwa muyeso kumakhala kofanana choimirira ndipo kungakhale kowoneka kosavuta kuphimba ma consonance omwe amachokera ku kuphatikiza kwa mawu. M'kati mwa kusinthika kwa mapangidwe, maonekedwe ake adasintha kwambiri, omwe adagwirizanitsidwa ndi chitukuko cha njira yopangira.

Mfundo yoyendetsera bwino - kuyika mizere yoyima - idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu org. tablature ndi org. P. (yoyambitsidwa ndi oimba omwe amatsagana ndi kuyimba kwakwaya, kujambula kwa mawu ofunikira kwambiri a nyimboyo; mizere yosiyana idaperekedwa kwa treble ndi mabass, mawu apakati kapena ojambulidwa mu mawonekedwe a tablature, kapena chilichonse chinalembedwa pachosiyana. mzere).

F. Verdelo. A motet. Mapepala nyimbo. (Kuchokera m’buku lakuti Lampadia.)

Malinga ndi iye. theorist Lampadius ("Compendium mu-sicis" - "A Brief Guide to Music", 1537), P. dates back approx. pofika chaka cha 1500, pamene “Tabulae compositoriae” (lit. – “Matebulo a Wolemba”) anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Motet wa F. Verdelot wotchulidwa ndi Lampadius ndi chitsanzo choyamba cha mchitidwe watsopano wa zolemba za nyimbo zomwe zatsikira kwa ife; iyi ndi mizere 4 yosindikizidwa ya P. yokhala ndi mizere pambuyo pa breve ziwiri zilizonse. Mawuwa amakonzedwa mwadongosolo la testitura yawo, mfundo yokhazikika mu wok. P. Zakale kwambiri zolembedwa pamanja za P. - "Fantasia di Giaches" (B-ka Vatican, ork. Chigi VIII, 206) zimatanthauza 1560. Kuwonekera m'zaka za zana la 16. zolemba zolemba polygonal. ndi multikwaya woks. op. kugwirizana ndi kukula kwa kutsanzira polyphony ndi chitukuko cha mgwirizano. Poyerekeza ndi kujambula kwa nthawi imeneyo kwa zolinga zambiri. nyimbo m'mawu a dipatimenti (gawo) kapena m'buku lakwaya (momwe mawu awiri a mawu a 4 adalembedwa patsamba lililonse) P. amayimira kuphweka kwakukulu, chifukwa kunali kowoneka komanso kumathandizira kuzindikira kwa zopingasa ndi zopingasa. wa polyphonic. chonse. Muzolemba za score, instr. nyimbo zinagwiritsidwa ntchito DOS. wok kujambula mfundo. polyphonic prod. Kupangidwa kwa zida mu P. sikunakhazikitsidwe; makiyi ndi dzina la tessitura (cantus, altus, tenor, bassus) adatumizidwa kuti adziwe.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 16 ndi 17. P. adawuka ndi bass wamba. Maonekedwe ake amagwirizana ndi chitukuko cha kalembedwe ka homophonic, makamaka, ndi kufunikira kopangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kwa osewera a limba ndi clavichembalo kuti azitsatira nyimbo zoyimba. mavoti. Mu P. yokhala ndi bass wamba, bass ndi melodic mbali zinalembedwa. mawu (maphwando a zida zokhala ndi tessitura yemweyo ali pamzere womwewo). kutsagana ndi ma harmonic kwa zida za kiyibodi kunakhazikitsidwa mokhazikika ndi siginecha. Ndi kubwera kwa theka lachiwiri. 2th century classical symphonies ndi concertos, bass wamba akuyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito; mgwirizano unayamba kukhazikitsidwa molondola mu P.

Dongosolo la zida zojambulira mu piyano yoyambirira idasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono ku gulu la oimba m'magulu, koma makonzedwe a maguluwo anali osiyana kwambiri ndi amakono: nthawi zambiri zingwe zazitali zinali pamwamba, mphepo yamkuntho ndi mphepo yamkuwa pansi pawo. , ndi zingwe zoyambira pansi.

Ngakhale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19 otsogolera nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito malangizo; kokha ndi kubwera kwa kondakitala masiku ano. tanthauzo la mawu (onani Kuchititsa)

Kukonzekera kwa zida m'magulu akuluakulu a symphony orchestra

Mayina achi Russia Mayina achi Italiya

Woodwind

Chitoliro chaching'ono Flauto piccolo Zitoliro Flauti Oboe Oboe cor anglais corno Chingelezi Clarinet Clarinetti Bass clarinet Clarinette basso Fagotti bassoons Contrafagot Contrafagotto

Mphepo zamkuwa

Corni nyanga Trombe mapaipi Trombones Tuba Tuba

Zida zoimbira

Timpani Timpani Triangolo triangle Tamburino ng'oma Msampha Tamburo asilikali Piatti mbale Big ng'oma Gran cassa Xylophone Xylophone Mabelu Campanelli

Celesta Harp Arpa

Zingwe zoimbira

1-e violin 1 Violini 2-e violin 2 Violini Viola Violas Violoncelli cellos Contrabass Contrabassi

P. imakhala yofunikira pakuyimba kwa oimba. ndi wok-or. nyimbo.

Bungwe lovomerezedwa tsopano la P. linapangidwa pakati. Zaka za zana la 19 Zigawo za zida zimakonzedwa molingana ndi orc. magulu, mkati mwa gulu lirilonse zidazo zimalembedwa mu tessitura kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi (kupatulapo malipenga, mbali zake, malinga ndi mwambo wakale, zimalembedwa pansi pa zigawo za nyanga, onani tebulo pamwambapa).

Mitundu yapamwamba mu tessitura (onani Orchestra) imalembedwa pamwamba pa gawo lalikulu. chida (gawo lokha la chitoliro chaching'ono nthawi zina limalembedwa m'munsi), otsika - pansi pake. Zigawo za azeze, piyano, organ, oimba solo ndi kwaya zimalembedwa pagulu la zingwe:

Ndi Rimsky-Korsakov. Spanish Capriccio. Gawo I. Alborada.

Zina zosiyana ndi malamulo okhazikitsidwa zinapangidwa ndi G. Berlioz, R. Wagner, N. Ya. Myaskovsky ndi ena. ndi polyphonic. chinenero kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 P. anayamba kuchititsa kuwerenga kukhala kovuta. Chifukwa chake, pakufunika kufewetsa P., kumasula ku makiyi ena (NA Rimsky-Korsakov ndi olemba ena a sukulu ya St. Petersburg anasiya fungulo la tenor) ndi kusintha (A. Schoenberg, A. Berg, A. Webern, SS Prokofiev, A. Honegger). Mu 50-70s. Zaka za m'ma 20 P. zinaphatikizapo njira zambiri zolembera zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kutuluka kwa mitundu yatsopano ya njira zopangira (aleatoric, sonorim). Onani zotsatira za Kuwerenga.

Zothandizira: Nuremberg M., Zithunzi za Nyimbo, L., 1953, p. 192-199; Matalaev L., Sambani mphambu, "SM", 1964, No 10; Malter L., Matebulo pa zida, M., 1966, p. 55, 59, 67, 89.

IA Barsova