Kusiyana kwa Polyphonic |

Kusiyanasiyana kwa Polyphonic - mtundu wanyimbo wozikidwa pakuchita mobwerezabwereza mutuwo ndi kusintha kosagwirizana. AP a. ikhoza kukhala nyimbo yodziyimira payokha. prod. (mutu wa-rogo nthawi zina umatsimikizira mawonekedwe, mwachitsanzo. "Kusiyanasiyana kwa Canonical pa Nyimbo ya Khrisimasi" yolembedwa ndi I. C. Bach) kapena gawo lalikulu la cyclic. prod. (Largo kuchokera ku fp. quintet g-moll op. 30 Taneyev), gawo la cantata, opera (kwaya "Mfumukazi Yodabwitsa Yakumwamba" kuchokera ku opera "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh ndi Maiden Fevronia" ndi Rimsky-Korsakov); nthawi zambiri P. a. - gawo lalikulu, kuphatikiza. osati polyphonic, mawonekedwe (chiyambi cha gawo lapakati la kayendedwe ka 2 ka symphony 5 ya Myaskovsky); nthawi zina amaphatikizidwa mu non-polyphonic. kusintha kozungulira ("Symphonic etudes" lolemba Schumann). K P. a. Makhalidwe onse amitundu yosiyanasiyana amagwira ntchito (kusintha, kugawanika kukhala okhwima ndi aulere, etc.); mawuwa ndi ofala. ayi. mu kadzidzi musicology. AP a. zogwirizana ndi lingaliro la polyphony. kusiyana, zomwe zimatanthauza contrapuntal. kusintha kwa mutuwo, gawo la mawonekedwe, gawo la kuzungulira (mwachitsanzo, chiyambi cha kuwonetsera, mipiringidzo 1-26, ndi reprise, mipiringidzo 101-126, mu kayendetsedwe ka 2 ka symphony yoyamba ya Beethoven; chimes II ndi kuwirikiza kawiri mu Bach's English Suite No 1; "Chromatic Invention" No. 145 kuchokera ku "Microcosmos" ndi Bartok); kusiyanasiyana kwa polyphonic ndiye maziko amitundu yosakanikirana (mwachitsanzo, P. zaka zana, fugue ndi mawonekedwe a magawo atatu mu aria No 3 kuchokera ku cantata ya Bach No 170). Main amatanthauza polyphonic. kusiyanasiyana: kuyambitsidwa kwa mawu osagwirizana (amitundu yosiyana ya kudziyimira pawokha), kuphatikiza. kuyimira melodic-rhythmic. zosankha zofunika. Mitu; kugwiritsa ntchito kukulitsa, kusintha mutu, ndi zina zotero; polyphonization ya chord ulaliki ndi melodicization wa ziwerengero limodzi, kuwapatsa khalidwe la ostinato, ntchito zotsanzira, canons, fugues ndi mitundu yawo; kugwiritsa ntchito counterpoint zovuta; mu polyphony ya zaka za zana la 20. - ma aleatorics, kusintha kwa mndandanda wa dodecaphone, ndi zina. Mu P. a. (kapena kukulirapo - ndi polyphonic. kusiyanasiyana), malingaliro a kalembedweka amaperekedwa ndi njira zapadera, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kusunga chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira pamutuwu osasinthika (cf., mwachitsanzo, kuwonetsera koyamba mu mipiringidzo 1-3 ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya polyphonically. mu mipiringidzo 37-39 ya minuet ya g-moll symphony Mozart); Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri zopangira ndi ostinato, yomwe ili mu metric. kukhazikika ndi mgwirizano. bata; umodzi wa fomu P. a. nthawi zambiri zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kubwerera nthawi zonse ku c.-l. mtundu wa mawonekedwe a polyphonic (mwachitsanzo, ku canon), kusokonezeka kwapang'onopang'ono kwaukadaulo, kuchuluka kwa mawu, ndi zina zambiri. Kwa P. a. kumaliza ndi wamba, to-rye mwachidule anawomba polyphonic. kufotokozera mwachidule njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito; zingakhale zovuta contrapuntal. kuphatikiza (mwachitsanzo mu Bach's Goldberg Variations, BWV 988), canon (Largo kuchokera ku symphony 8, prelude gis-moll op. 87 No 12 Shostakovich); pl. kusintha kozungulira (kuphatikiza osati polyphonic, momwe, komabe, gawo lodziwika bwino limaseweredwa ndi polyphonic. njira zachitukuko) zimatha ndi kusintha kwa fugue, mwachitsanzo. mu op. AP NDI. Tchaikovsky, M. Regera, B. Britten ndi ena. Chifukwa ma polyphonic njirayo nthawi zambiri imalumikizidwa ndi kalankhulidwe ka ma homophonic (mwachitsanzo, kusamutsa nyimbo kuchokera ku liwu lapamwamba kupita ku bass, monga vertically movable counterpoint), ndi P. a. Njira zama homophonic zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, malire pakati pa polyphonic. ndi sanali polyphonic. zosiyana ndizosiyana. AP a. amagawidwa kukhala ostinato (kuphatikiza zochitika zomwe mutu wobwereza umasintha, mwachitsanzo fp. "Basso ostinato" Shchedrin) ndi neostinato. Wodziwika kwambiri P. a. pa bass wamakani. Nyimbo yobwerezabwereza imatha kusungidwa m'mawu aliwonse (mwachitsanzo, akatswiri a kalembedwe kokhazikika nthawi zambiri amaika cantus firmus mu tenor (2)) ndikusamutsidwa kuchokera ku liwu limodzi kupita ku linzake (mwachitsanzo, mu atatu "Musafooke, wokondedwa" kuchokera ku opera ya Glinka "Ivan Susanin" ); tanthauzo la milandu imeneyi ndi P. a. ku nyimbo yokhazikika. Mitundu ya ostinate ndi neostinate nthawi zambiri imakhala pamodzi, palibe malire omveka bwino pakati pawo. AP a. kuchokera ku Nar. machitidwe oundana, pomwe nyimbo yokhala ndi kubwerezabwereza imalandira ma polyphonic osiyanasiyana. zokongoletsera. Zitsanzo zoyambirira za P. a. mu prof. nyimbo ndi za mtundu wa ostinato. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi mawu a m'zaka za zana la 13. mtundu wa galliard (onani mu Art. Polyphony), yomwe idakhazikitsidwa pamizere itatu ya nyimbo za Gregorian. Mitundu yotereyi inali yofala (motets “Speravi”, “Trop plus est bele – Biauté paree – je ne sui mie” yolembedwa ndi G. de Machot). Masters a style okhwima omwe amachitidwa mu P. a. adzafotokoza. njira zama polyphonic. lilime, etc. njira ya melodic. kusintha. Типичен мотет «La mi la sol» X. Izaka: cantus firmus amabwerezedwa mu tenor ka 5 ndi kamvekedwe kocheperako mu geometric. kuchulukirachulukira (kugwirizira kotsatira ndi nthawi zazifupi kawiri), zotsutsana zimapangidwa kuchokera ku zazikulu. mitu pakuchepetsa (onani chitsanzo pansipa). Mfundo P. a. nthawi zina ankatumikira monga maziko a Misa - mbiri cyclic yoyamba yaikulu. mitundu: cantus firmus, yochitidwa ngati ostinato m'mbali zonse, inali mzati wochirikiza wa kusintha kwakukulu kosiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, mu unyinji wa L'homme armé ndi Josquin Despres, Palestrina). Sov. ofufuza V. AT. Protopopov ndi S. C. Zojambulajambula zimatengedwa ngati polyphonic. kusintha (pa ostinato, malinga ndi mfundo ya kumera ndi strophic. mtundu) maziko a mawonekedwe otsanzira azaka za 14-16. (cm. Polyphony). Mu kale P. a. cantus firmus sichinachitidwe mosiyana pamaso pa kusiyana; Chizoloŵezi chofotokozera mutu makamaka pakusintha chinakonzedwa ndi mawu (cf. Intonation, VI) - poyimba mawu oyamba a chorale pamaso pa Misa; kulandiridwa kudakhazikitsidwa kale kuposa zaka za zana la 16. pakubwera kwa passacaglia ndi chaconne, zomwe zidakhala mitundu yotsogola ya P.

Chilimbikitso cha chitukuko cha P. zaka zana. (kuphatikiza neostinata) chinali chida chothandizira ndi kuthekera kwake kophiphiritsa.

Mtundu womwe umakonda kwambiri ndi makwaya osiyanasiyana, omwe amawonetsedwa ndi organ P. v. S. Scheidt pa "Warum betrübst du dich, mein Herz".

Organ P. in. Ya. P. Sweelinka pa "Est-ce Mars" - yokongola (mutuwo umaganiziridwa mu kapangidwe kake ndi kuchepa kwachidule (3)), okhwima (mawonekedwe a mutuwo amasungidwa), neostinata - ndi otchuka osiyanasiyana mu 16 - 17 zaka. zosiyanasiyana pa mutu wa nyimbo.

Pakati pa neostinatny P. mu zaka za 17-18 zovuta kwambiri ndizo zomwe zimagwirizana ndi fugue. Kotero, ku P. zana. kutsatizana kwapang'onopang'ono kwa zotsutsana, mwachitsanzo mu fugues F-dur ndi g-moll D. Buxtehude.

Zolemba zake zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. G. Frescobaldi: oyambirira 2 fugues, ndiye 3rd fugue kusiyana (kuphatikiza mitu ya fugues zapitazo) ndi 4 fugue kusiyana (pa zinthu za 1st).

Nyimbo zolembedwa ndi JS Bach - encyclopedia of the art of P. v. Bach idapanga masinthidwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuti-rye ambiri. milandu ikuyandikira yaulere chifukwa choyika bwino pakati pa mawu a chorale. Mtundu womwewo umaphatikizapo chikondwerero cha "Canonical Variations on a Christmas Song" (BWV 769) - mndandanda wa mawu awiri ovomerezeka pa cantus firmus (mu octave, wachisanu, wachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi octave pakukuza; ma canon a 3 ndi 4 ali ndi ufulu. mawu); m’kusiyanitsidwa komalizira kwachisanu ndi chimodzi, chorale ndi nkhani za kanoni zofalitsidwa (m’chisanu ndi chimodzi, chachitatu, chachiŵiri, palibe) ndi mawu aŵiri aufulu; mu zikondwerero. mawu asanu ndi limodzi a coda amaphatikiza mawu onse a chorale. Chuma chapadera cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya polyphonic chimasiyanitsa "Goldberg Variations": kuzungulira kumagwiridwa pamodzi ndi mabasi osiyanasiyana ndi kubwerera - ngati kukana - ku njira ya canon. Makani a mawu awiri okhala ndi liwu laulere amaikidwa m'mitundu yachitatu iliyonse (palibe mawu aulere pakusintha kwa 5), nthawi ya ma canon imakulirakulira kuchokera kumodzi kupita ku ina (pofalitsidwa mumitundu ya 27 ndi 12); mu mitundu ina - polyphonic zina. mitundu, pakati pawo fughetta (15th variation) ndi quadlibet (10th variation), pomwe mitu ingapo yanyimbo zamakolo imatsutsidwa mokondwera. Chiwalo cha passa-calla mu c-moll (BWV30) chimasiyanitsidwa ndi mphamvu yosayerekezeka ya kukula kosasunthika kwa mawonekedwe, kovekedwa korona ndi fugue monga kaphatikizidwe kapamwamba ka semantic. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwatsopano kwa lingaliro lolimbikitsa la kapangidwe kake kozungulira pamutu umodzi kumadziwika ndi "Art of the Fugue" ndi "Musical Offering" ya Bach; monga free P. in. cantatas ena amamangidwa pa chorales (mwachitsanzo, No 582).

Kuchokera pa 2nd floor. Kusiyanasiyana kwa zaka za zana la 18 ndi polyphony ndizosiyana pang'ono: polyphonic. kusiyanasiyana kumathandizira kuwululira mutu wa homophonic, womwe umaphatikizidwa mu classic. mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Kotero, L. Beethoven anagwiritsa ntchito fugue ngati imodzi mwa zosiyana (nthawi zambiri za dynamization, mwachitsanzo, mu 33 kusiyana op. 120, fugato ku Larghetto kuchokera ku symphony ya 7) ndipo adanena kuti ndi mapeto a kusintha kwa kusintha (mwachitsanzo, zosiyana Es-dur op .35). Angapo P. mkati mwa kuzungulira amapanga mosavuta "mawonekedwe a dongosolo la 2" (mwachitsanzo, mu "Variations on a Theme of Handel" ya Brahms, 6th variation-canon ikufotokoza mwachidule chitukuko cham'mbuyo ndipo motero amayembekezera fugue yomaliza. ). Chotsatira chofunikira m'mbiri cha kugwiritsa ntchito polyphonic. zosiyana - zosakanikirana za homophonic-polyphonic. mawonekedwe (onani Free Style). Zitsanzo zachikale - mu Op. Mozart, Beethoven; mu op. Olemba a nyengo zotsatila - mapeto a piyano. quartet op. 47 Schumann, gulu lachiwiri la symphony ya 2 ya Glazunov (ma sarabande omwe ali ndi khalidwe amaphatikizidwa ndi maulendo atatu, concentric ndi sonata mawonekedwe), mapeto a symphony ya 7 ya Myaskovsky (rondo sonata ndi kusiyana kwa mitu yayikulu). Gulu lapadera limapangidwa ndi ntchito kumene P. v. ndi fugue: Sanctus kuchokera ku Berlioz's Requiem (mawu oyamba ndi fugue kubwerera ndi zovuta polyphonic ndi orchestral); kufotokozera ndi strettas mu fugue kuchokera ku Glinka's Mau oyamba a opera Ivan Susanin amasiyanitsidwa ndi kolasi yomwe imasonyeza ubwino wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya polyphonic. mawonekedwe a couplet; m'mawu oyamba a opera Lohengrin, Wagner anafanizira P. v. mawu oyamba ndi mayankho. Ostinatnye P. v. mu nyimbo 27nd floor. Zaka za 2th-18th zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri komanso momasuka kwambiri. Beethoven anadalira miyambo ya chaconnes akale mu 19 kusiyana mu c-moll, nthawi zina anamasulira P. v. pa basso ostinato mbali ya mawonekedwe lalikulu (mwachitsanzo, mu coda zoopsa za 32 kayendedwe ka 1 symphony); maziko a mapeto olimba mtima a symphony ya 9 ndi P. v. pa basso ostinato (mutu woyambirira), omwe amawulula mbali za rondo (kubwereza kwa 3, mutu waukulu), katatu (kubwerera kwa fungulo lalikulu mu fugato yachiwiri ) ndi mawonekedwe okhazikika. Kapangidwe kapadera kameneka kanakhala ngati chitsogozo cha I. Brahms (chomaliza cha symphony ya 2) ndi oimba azaka za zana la 2.

M'zaka za m'ma 19 kukhala ambiri polyphonic. kusinthasintha kwa nyimbo yokhazikika; nthawi zambiri ndi soprano ostinato - mawonekedwe, poyerekeza ndi basso ostinato, samagwirizana kwambiri, koma ali ndi mtundu waukulu. (mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwachiwiri mu Kwaya yaku Persian kuchokera ku Glinka's Ruslan ndi Lyudmila) ndi zowoneka (mwachitsanzo, magawo anyimbo ya Varlaam kuchokera ku Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov) zotheka, popeza mu P. v. pa soprano ostinato main. chidwi chimayang'ana pa kusintha kwa polyphonic. (komanso mgwirizano, orc., etc.) kupanga nyimbo. Mitu nthawi zambiri imakhala yomveka bwino (mwachitsanzo, Et incarnatus kuchokera ku Schubert's Mass Es-dur, chiyambi cha kayendetsedwe ka Lacrimosa kuchokera ku Verdi's Requiem), komanso zamakono. nyimbo (2nd of Messiaen's "Three Little Liturgys"). Zofanana P. in. zikuphatikizidwa mu mawonekedwe akuluakulu (mwachitsanzo, mu Larghetto kuchokera ku symphony ya 2 ya Beethoven) kawirikawiri pamodzi ndi mitundu ina ya mitundu (monga, Glinka's Kamarinskaya, Glazunov kusiyana kwa piyano op. 7, Reger's Variations ndi Fugue pa Mutu wa Mozart ). Glinka amabweretsa pamodzi P. zaka. kuyimba nyimbo yokhazikika yokhala ndi mawonekedwe anyimbo (mwachitsanzo, chotsutsana chosunthika chosunthika mumitundu itatu ya "Okondedwa, Okondedwa" kuchokera ku opera ya "Ivan Susanin"; mu kanoni "Nthawi yodabwitsa bwanji" kuchokera ku zisudzo. "Ruslan ndi Lyudmila" contrapuntal chilengedwe kulowa rispost monga P. v. pa propost). Kukula kwa chikhalidwe cha Glinka kunapangitsa kuti mawonekedwewo aziyenda bwino m'njira zambiri. op. Borodin, Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Lyadov, Tchaikovsky ndi ena. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza ma bunks. nyimbo za AV Alexandrov (mwachitsanzo, "Palibe njira imodzi m'munda"), Chiyukireniya. Wopeka ND Leontovich (mwachitsanzo, "chifukwa cha miyala phiri", "Poppy"), Chiuzibeki. Wolemba nyimbo M. Burkhanov ("Pa Phiri Lalikulu"), wolemba nyimbo wa ku Estonia V. Tormis (nyimbo zosiyanasiyana za ostinato pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono za harmonic ndi polyphonic mu "Nyimbo za Tsiku la St. John") ndi ena ambiri. ena

M'zaka za zana la 20 P.'s value in. (makamaka pa basso ostinato) yakula kwambiri; luso lokonzekera la ostinato limalepheretsa zizolowezi zowononga zamakono. mgwirizano, ndipo nthawi yomweyo basso ostinato, kulola contrapuntal aliyense. ndi zigawo za polytonal, sizimasokoneza ma harmonic. ufulu. Pobwerera ku mawonekedwe a ostinato, kukongola kunathandiza. makhazikitsidwe a neoclassicism (mwachitsanzo, M. Reger); mu milandu ambiri P. mu. - chinthu kalembedwe (mwachitsanzo, mapeto a ballet "Orpheus" ndi Stravinsky). Mu neostinatny P. zaka zana. Chizoloŵezi chachizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito njira ya canon chikhoza kutsatiridwa (mwachitsanzo, "Kusiyana Kwaulere" No. 140 kuchokera ku "Microcosmos" ya Bartok, mapeto a symphony ya Webern op. 21, "Variazioni polifonici" kuchokera ku piano sonata ya Shchedrin, "Hymn" ya cello, zeze ndi timpani wolemba Schnittke) . Mu P. in. njira za polyphony yatsopano zimagwiritsidwa ntchito: zosinthika za dodecaphony, polyphony of layers ndi polyphonic. aleatoric (mwachitsanzo, mu op op. V. Lutoslavsky), makina apamwamba kwambiri. ndi rhythmic. njira (mwachitsanzo, P. v. mu Messiaen's Four Rhythmic Etudes), etc. Nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi ma polyphonic achikhalidwe. zidule; momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito njira zachikhalidwe m'njira zovuta kwambiri (onani, mwachitsanzo, zomanga zopingasa mumayendedwe achiwiri a Sonata ya Shchedrin). Masiku ano pali zitsanzo zambiri zodziwika bwino za nyimbo zachikale mu nyimbo; kudandaula kwa zomwe Bach ndi Beethoven adakumana nazo kumatsegula njira yojambula za filosofi yapamwamba (ntchito ya P. Hindemith, DD Shostakovich). Choncho, kumapeto kwa Shostakovich mochedwa (op. 2) violin sonata (ostinato iwiri pianos, kumene counterpoint mu gis-moll ali ndi tanthauzo la mbali mbali), mwambo Beethoven anamva mu dongosolo la muses kwambiri. maganizo, mu ndondomeko ya kuwonjezera lonse; ichi ndi mankhwala. - chimodzi mwa umboni wa zotheka zamakono. Mafomu a P.

Zothandizira: Protopopov Vl., Mbiri ya polyphony muzochitika zake zofunika kwambiri. Nyimbo za ku Russia zachikale ndi za Soviet, M., 1962; wake, Mbiri ya polyphony mu zochitika zake zofunika kwambiri. Zakale zaku Western Europe zazaka za XVIII-XIX, M., 1965; ake, Njira Zosiyanasiyana mu mawonekedwe a nyimbo, M., 1967; Asafiev B., Mtundu wanyimbo ngati njira, M., 1930, yemweyo, buku. 2, M., 1947, (mbali zonse ziwiri) L., 1963, L., 1971; Skrebkov S., Mfundo Zaluso za masitayilo oimba, M., 1973; Zuckerman V., Kusanthula kwa nyimbo. Kusintha mawonekedwe, M., 1974.

VP Frayonov