Kujambula zolemba

Zomwe muyenera kudziwa musanayambe phunziro:

Zizindikiro za nyimbo

Kujambula phokoso la nyimbo, zizindikiro zapadera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimatchedwa zolemba. Zizindikiro zimakhala ndi zigawo zotsatirazi:

1. mitu
2. tsinde (timitengo) cholumikizidwa ndi mutu wa cholembera kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanzere kapena kumanja;
3. mbendera (mchira), kulumikiza ku tsinde kokha kumanja kwa izo kapena mating (longitudinal mzere) kulumikiza zimayambira zolemba zingapo.

khola

Zolemba zimayikidwa pa olamulira asanu opingasa, omwe amatchedwa ndodo kapena ndodo. Olamulira a ndodo nthawi zonse amawerengedwa kuchokera pansi mpaka pamwamba mwa dongosolo, ndiko kuti, wolamulira wapansi ndi woyamba, wotsatira ndi wachiwiri, ndi zina zotero.

Zolemba pamtengo zili pamizere kapena pakati pawo. Mzere wapakati pa ndodo ndi Mi. Cholemba chilichonse chomwe chili pamzerewu chimaseweredwa ngati E, bola ngati palibe zikwangwani zokwera kapena zotsika. Cholemba chotsatira (pakati pa mizere) ndi cholemba F, ndi zina zotero. Zolemba zimathanso kugawidwa kunja kwa ndodo ndikulembedwa pa olamulira owonjezera. Olamulira owonjezera pamwamba pa ndodo amatchedwa olamulira apamwamba owonjezera ndipo amawerengedwa kuchokera pansi mpaka pamwamba pa ndodo. Olamulira owonjezerawa amalemba phokoso lapamwamba. Phokoso lotsika limalembedwa pansi pa ndodo ndipo limatchedwa olamulira otsika owonjezera, ndipo amawerengedwa kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi kuchokera pamtengo.

Makhalidwe

Kumayambiriro kwa ogwira ntchito, fungulo limayikidwa nthawi zonse, lomwe limatsimikizira kumveka kwa phokoso limodzi mu sikelo, komwe kuwerengera kwa mawu otsalawo kumawerengedwa.

  Treble clef (kapena sol key) imatsimikizira malo a phokoso loyamba la octave sol pa ndodo, yomwe imalembedwa pamzere wachiwiri.

  Bass clef (kapena clef fa) amasankha malo pa ndodo ya phokoso la octave yaing'ono, yomwe imalembedwa pamzere wachinayi.

Miyezo ndi siginecha ya nthawi. Zigawo zosagwirizana komanso zofooka.

Kuti zikhale zosavuta kuwerenga zolemba, kujambula kwa nyimbo kumagawidwa mu nthawi yofanana (chiwerengero cha kumenyedwa) - miyeso. A bar ndi gawo lazolemba zanyimbo, zochepetsedwa ndi mizere iwiri.

Cholemba choyamba cha muyeso uliwonse chimakhala ndi katchulidwe - katchulidwe. Kugunda komvekera uku kumakhala ngati chiyambi cha kuwerengera muyeso iliyonse. Mipiringidzo imasiyanitsidwa wina ndi mzake ndi mizere yowongoka yomwe imadutsa ndodo. Mipiringidzo iyi imatchedwa barlines.

Pambuyo pa kiyi, siginecha ya nthawi imayikidwa. Kukula kumasonyezedwa ndi nambala ziwiri, imodzi pansi pa inzake mu mawonekedwe a kachigawo kakang'ono: 2/4; 3/6; 4/4 etc. Nambala yapamwamba imasonyeza chiwerengero cha kumenyedwa mu bar, ndipo nambala yapansi imasonyeza nthawi ya kugunda kulikonse (nthawi yomwe imatengedwa ngati gawo la akaunti - kotala, theka, ndi zina zotero). Mwachitsanzo: siginecha ya nthawi ya 2/2 imakhala ndi zolemba ziwiri zazitali, ndipo siginecha ya 7/8 imakhala ndi zolemba zisanu ndi ziwiri. Koma nthawi zambiri mudzapeza awiri anayi. Mwachidule, kukula uku kumadziwikanso ndi chilembo C m'malo mwa manambala. Nthawi zina mumatha kuwona chilembo C chikudutsa ndi mzere woyima - izi ndizofanana ndi kukula kwa 2/2.

Monga tanenera kale, kumenyedwa koyambirira kwa muyeso uliwonse kumawonekera, kumamveka mwamphamvu kuposa zomveka zina - zimamveka. Pa nthawi yomweyi, nthawi zambiri phokoso la ziwalo zolimba ndi zofooka zimasungidwa, mwachitsanzo, pali kusintha kofanana kwa mawu. Nthawi zambiri, muyeso umakhala ndi mikwingwirima ingapo, yoyamba yolimba (yomwe ili ndi chizindikiro cha katchulidwe> pamtengo) ndipo zingapo zofooka zimazitsatira. Pakumenya kawiri (2/4), kumenya koyamba (“kumodzi”) kumakhala kolimba, kwachiwiri (“ziwiri”) kumakhala kofooka. Mu mipingo itatu (3/4), kugunda koyamba (“kumodzi”) kumakhala kolimba, kwachiwiri (“ziwiri”) kumakhala kofooka, ndipo kwachitatu (“zitatu”) kumakhala kofooka.

Kumenya kawiri ndi katatu kumatchedwa zosavuta. Muyezo wa Quadruple (4/4) ndizovuta. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku miyeso iwiri yosavuta ya siginecha yapawiri. M'malo ovuta kwambiri, pali mawu awiri amphamvu pa kugunda koyamba ndi kwachitatu, ndipo mawu oyamba amakhala pa kugunda kolimba kwambiri kwa muyeso, ndipo kamvekedwe kachiwiri pa kugunda kocheperako, mwachitsanzo, kumamveka mofooka pang'ono kuposa yoyamba.

Zangozi

Kuti muwonetse fungulo la cholemba, lathyathyathya , lakuthwa , awiri athyathyathya , yakuthwa pawiri , ndipo zizindikiro za becar zikhoza kuikidwa patsogolo pa cholembacho .

Anthu oterewa amatchedwa mwangozi. Ngati pali lakuthwa kutsogolo kwa cholembacho, ndiye kuti cholembacho chimakwera ndi theka la kamvekedwe, kawiri-kuthwa - ndi kamvekedwe. Ngati lathyathyathya, ndiye kuti cholembacho chimatsitsidwa ndi semitone, ndipo ngati chakuthwa kawiri, ndi kamvekedwe. Kuchepetsa ndi kukweza zizindikiro zomwe zikuwonekera kamodzi zimayikidwa pamagulu onse mpaka zitathetsedwa ndi chizindikiro china. Pali chizindikiro chapadera chomwe chimalepheretsa kuchepa kapena kuwonjezeka kwa cholemba ndikuchibwezera ku chikhalidwe chake chachilengedwe - ichi ndi chothandizira. Pawiri lathyathyathya komanso lakuthwa kawiri sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri.

Zangozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazochitika ziwiri: monga chinsinsi komanso mwachisawawa. Zizindikiro zazikuluzikulu zimakhala kumanja kwa kiyi mu dongosolo linalake: fa - do - sol - re - la - mi - si kwa sharps, kwa flats - si - mi - la - re - sol - do - fa. Ngati cholemba chomwecho chokhala ndi lakuthwa kapena lathyathyathya chikakumana ndi muyeso uliwonse, ndiye kuti lathyathyathya kapena lakuthwa limayikidwa kamodzi kokha ndikusunga zotsatira zake muyeso lonse. Zakuthwa zotere ndi ma flats amatchedwa mwachisawawa.

Kutalika kwa zolemba ndi kupuma

Kaya cholembacho chili ndi mthunzi kapena ayi, komanso ndodo zomwe zalumikizidwa, mwachitsanzo, Stems zikuwonetsa kutalika kwa cholemba. Kutalika kwa zolemba zazikulu ndi zonse (1) ndipo zimasonyezedwa ndi mutu wopanda mthunzi wopanda tsinde, komanso magawo ake: theka (2), kotala (3),chisanu ndi chitatu (4), khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi (5), ndi zina zotero. pamenepa, nthawi ya cholemba chonse ndi mtengo wachibale: zimatengera tempo yamakono ya chidutswacho. Utali wina wokhazikika ndi nambala iwiri, yomwe imasonyezedwa ndi kakona kakang'ono kosasunthika kokhala ndi mikwingwirima pafupi ndi ngodya.

Ngati zolemba zingapo zimalembedwa mzere ndi nthawi yochepa kuposa yachinayi, ndipo palibe (kupatula, mwinamwake, woyamba) amagwera pa kugunda kwamphamvu, ndiye amalembedwa pansi pamphepete wamba kapena viscous - ndodo yogwirizanitsa mapeto. wa masika. Komanso, ngati zolembazo ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, m'mphepete mwake ndi umodzi, ngati khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi ziwiri, ndi zina zotero.

Zimachitika kuti muyenera kulemba cholemba chomwe chimatha, mwachitsanzo, magawo atatu a eyiti. Pali njira ziwiri zochitira izi: ngati pali kugunda kwamphamvu kwa nthawi yonse ya cholembacho, ndiye kuti zolemba ziwiri zimatengedwa, zomwe zimapereka magawo atatu a eyiti (ndiko kuti, kotala ndi chisanu ndi chitatu) ndi kumangirizidwa, ndiko kuti, mgwirizano umayikidwa pakati pawo - arc, ndi malekezero ake pafupifupi kukhudza ovals zolemba. Ngati kugunda kwamphamvu kwasiyidwa pambali, ndiye kuti kukulitsa cholembacho ndi theka la mawu ake, dontho limayikidwa kumanja kwa oval (ndiko kuti, pakadali pano, magawo atatu a eyiti ndi kotala ndi dontho). Zolemba zamadontho zimathanso kuphatikizidwa pansi pamphepete imodzi.

Pomaliza, pangakhale kofunikira kugawa nthawi ina osati m'magawo awiri, koma m'magawo atatu, asanu, kapena nambala ina ya magawo ofanana osati kuchulukitsa pawiri. Pankhaniyi, katatu, pentoli ndi mitundu ina yofananira imagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kupuma kwa phokoso kumatchedwa kupuma. Kutalika kwa kupuma kumayesedwa mofanana ndi kutalika kwa phokoso (zolemba). Mpumulo wonse (8) ndi wofanana ndi nthawi ya mawu onse. Zimasonyezedwa ndi kamphindi kakang'ono pansi pa mzere wachinayi wa ogwira ntchito. Mpumulo wa theka (9) ndi wofanana ndi nthawi yayitali ndi theka la noti. Zimasonyezedwa ndi mzere wofanana ndi mpumulo wa kotala, koma mzerewu umalembedwa pamwamba pa mzere wachitatu wa ogwira ntchito. Kupumira kwapanayi (10) ndi kofanana ndi nthawi yachinayi ndipo kumawonetsedwa ndi mzere wosweka pakati. Zopuma zachisanu ndi chitatu (11), khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi (12) ndi makumi atatu ndi ziwiri (13) ndizofanana mu nthawi yachisanu ndi chitatu, khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu ndi makumi atatu ndi ziwiri, motsatana, ndipo zimasonyezedwa ndi slash ndi mbendera imodzi, ziwiri kapena zitatu zazing'ono.

Kadontho kumanja kwa cholemba kapena kupuma kumawonjezera nthawi yake ndi theka. Madontho awiri pa noti kapena kupuma amawonjezera nthawi ndi theka ndi kotala ina.

Madontho pamwamba kapena m'munsimu amasonyeza kugwedezeka kwa machitidwe kapena staccato, momwe phokoso lililonse limataya gawo la nthawi yake, limakhala lakuthwa, lalifupi, louma.

League (arc yopindika mmwamba kapena pansi) imalumikiza zolemba zoyandikana za utali womwewo, kuwerengera nthawi yawo. League yolumikiza manotsi awiri kapena kuposerapo pamabwalo osiyanasiyana amatanthauza kagwiridwe kabwino ka mawu awa.

Fermata - chizindikiro chosonyeza kwa woimbayo kuti ayenera kuwonjezera nthawi ya cholembera kapena kupuma mwakufuna kwake.

Zizindikiro zobwerezabwereza

Popanga chidutswa, nthawi zambiri pamafunika kubwereza chidutswa chake kapena chidutswa chonse. Kuti muchite izi, muzolemba za nyimbo, zizindikiro zobwerezabwereza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito - kubwereza. Nyimbo zomwe zili pakati pa zizindikirozi ziyenera kubwerezedwa. Nthawi zina zikabwerezedwa, pamakhala mathero osiyanasiyana. Pankhaniyi, kumapeto kwa kubwerezabwereza, mabatani amagwiritsidwa ntchito - volts. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kwa nthawi yoyamba, miyeso yomaliza yomwe ili mu volt yoyamba imaseweredwa, ndipo pakubwereza, miyeso ya volt yoyamba imadumphidwa ndipo miyeso ya volt yachiwiri imaseweredwa m'malo mwake.

Maulendo

Nyimbo za nyimbo zimasonyezanso nthawi ya nyimboyo. Tempo ndi liwiro lomwe nyimbo imaseweredwa.

Pali maulendo atatu akuluakulu a kuphedwa: pang'onopang'ono, pang'onopang'ono komanso mofulumira. Tempo yayikulu nthawi zambiri imawonetsedwa kumayambiriro kwa ntchito. Pali mayina akuluakulu asanu a tempos awa: Pang'onopang'ono - adagio (Adagio), Pang'onopang'ono, modekha - andante (Andante), Moderately - moderato (Moderato), Posachedwa - allegro (Allegro), Fast - presto (Presto). Avereji ya mayendedwe awa - moderato - amafanana ndi liwiro la sitepe yodekha.

Nthawi zambiri, poimba nyimbo, muyenera kufulumizitsa kapena kuchepetsa tempo yake yayikulu. Kusintha kwa tempo kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumatanthauzidwa ndi mawu akuti: Accelerando, achidule ngati accel. (accelerando) - kuthamangitsa, Ritenuto, (ritenuto) chidule cha rit. - kuchepetsa, ndi tempo (ndi tempo) - pamtunda womwewo (kubwezeretsanso mayendedwe apitawo pambuyo pa kuthamangitsidwa kwapitako kapena kuchepa).

Volume

Pamene mukuimba nyimbo, kuwonjezera pa tempo, phokoso lofunika (mphamvu) la phokoso liyenera kuganiziridwanso. Chilichonse chokhudzana ndi kufuula chimatchedwa dynamic tints. Mithunzi iyi ikuwonetsedwa muzolemba, nthawi zambiri pakati pa ndodo. Matchulidwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakulimbitsa mawu ndi awa: pp (pianisimo) - chete kwambiri, p (piyano) - yofewa, mf (mezzo-forte) - yokhala ndi mphamvu yapakatikati, f (forte) - mokweza, ff (fortissimo) - mokweza kwambiri. Komanso zizindikiro <(crescendo) - pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezera phokoso ndi> (diminuendo) - pang'onopang'ono kufooketsa phokoso.

Pamodzi ndi mawu omwe ali pamwambawa a tempos, zolembazo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mawu omwe akuwonetsa momwe nyimbo zimagwirira ntchito, mwachitsanzo: zoyimba, zodekha, zachangu, zosewerera, zanzeru, motsimikiza, ndi zina zambiri.

Zizindikiro za Melisma

Zizindikiro za Melisma sizisintha tempo kapena rhythmic ya nyimbo, koma zimangokongoletsa. Pali mitundu iwiri ya ma melysms:

• grace note ( ) - chodziwika ndi cholemba chaching'ono patsogolo pa chachikulu. Kalemba kakang'ono kodutsa kamasonyeza chisomo chachifupi, ndipo chomwe sichinadulidwe chimasonyeza chachitali. Muli ndi notsi imodzi kapena zingapo zomveka motengera nthawi yanoti yayikulu. Pafupifupi konse ntchito zamakono nyimbo.
• mordent ( ) - kumatanthauza kusinthana kwa cholemba chachikulu ndi chowonjezera chimodzi kapena semitone yotsika kapena yapamwamba kuposa iyo. Ngati modent wadutsa, ndiye kuti phokoso lowonjezera ndilotsika kuposa lalikulu, mwinamwake ndilokwera. Osagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano nyimbo notation.
• groupetto ( ). Chifukwa cha kutalika kwa cholemba chachikulu, chothandizira chapamwamba, chachikulu, chothandizira chochepa komanso mawu akulu amaseweredwa mosinthana. Pafupifupi sichinapezeke m'zolemba zamakono.
• katatu ( ) - kusinthasintha kofulumira kwa mawu olekanitsidwa ndi liwu kapena semitone kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake. Cholemba choyamba chimatchedwa cholembera chachikulu, ndipo chachiwiri chimatchedwa chothandizira ndipo nthawi zambiri chimayima pamwamba pa chachikulu. Kutalika konse kwa trill kumatengera nthawi ya cholembera chachikulu, ndipo zolemba za trill siziseweredwa ndi nthawi yeniyeni ndipo zimaseweredwa mwachangu momwe zingathere.
• vibrato ( osasokoneza ndi trill!) - Kusintha kwanthawi ndi nthawi kwa mamvekedwe kapena kumveka kwa mawu. Njira yodziwika kwambiri kwa oimba gitala, yomwe imatheka pogwedeza chala ndi chingwe.

Apa, zikuwoneka, ndizo zonse zomwe woyimba gitala aliyense ayenera kudziwa, poyambira. Ngati mukufuna kuphunzira zambiri za notation zanyimbo, muyenera kuyang'ana zolemba zapadera zamaphunziro.