Stanislav Genrikhovich Neuhaus |

Stanislav Neuhaus

Stanislav Genrikhovich Neuhaus, mwana wa woimba wotchuka Soviet, ankakonda kwambiri ndi modzipereka kwa anthu. Iye nthawi zonse ankakopeka ndi chikhalidwe chapamwamba cha maganizo ndi kumverera - ziribe kanthu zomwe anachita, ziribe kanthu momwe iye analiri. ponena za kulemera kwa malingaliro amalingaliro, kukonzanso kwa chidziwitso cha nyimbo, anapeza ochepa ofanana ndi iyemwini; zinanenedwa bwino za iye kuti kusewera kwake ndi chitsanzo cha "khalidwe labwino lamalingaliro."

• Nyimbo za piyano mu sitolo yapaintaneti ya Ozon →

Neuhaus anali ndi mwayi: kuyambira ali wamng'ono adazunguliridwa ndi malo anzeru, adapuma mpweya wazithunzi zaluso komanso zosunthika. Anthu okondweretsa nthawi zonse anali pafupi naye - ojambula, oimba, olemba. Luso lake linali munthu woti azindikire, kuthandizira, kuwongolera njira yoyenera.

Nthawi ina, ali ndi zaka zisanu, adatenga nyimbo kuchokera ku Prokofiev pa piyano - adamva kuchokera kwa abambo ake. Iwo anayamba kugwira naye ntchito. Poyamba, agogo aakazi, Olga Mikhailovna Neigauz, mphunzitsi wa piyano wazaka zambiri, anali mphunzitsi; Pambuyo pake adasinthidwa ndi mphunzitsi wa Gnessin Music School Valeria Vladimirovna Listova. Ponena za Listova, amene Neuhaus anakhala zaka zingapo m'kalasi, pambuyo pake anakumbukira mwaulemu ndi kuthokoza: "Anali mphunzitsi weniweni ... pa ukadaulo". Valeria Vladimirovna adawona izi ndipo sanayese kundisintha. Iye ndi ine tinkadziwa nyimbo zokha - ndipo zinali zodabwitsa ... "

Neuhaus wakhala akuphunzira ku Moscow Conservatory kuyambira 1945. Komabe, adalowa m'kalasi ya abambo ake - Mecca ya unyamata wa piano wa nthawi imeneyo - pambuyo pake, ali kale m'chaka chachitatu. Izi zisanachitike, Vladimir Sergeevich Belov ntchito naye.

“Poyamba, bambo anga sankakhulupirira kwenikweni za tsogolo langa lojambula zithunzi. Koma, atandiyang'ana kamodzi pa madzulo a wophunzira, mwachiwonekere anasintha maganizo ake - mulimonse, ananditengera ku kalasi yake. Anali ndi ophunzira ambiri, nthawi zonse anali wodzaza kwambiri ndi ntchito yophunzitsa. Ndimakumbukira kuti ndimayenera kumvera ena nthawi zambiri kuposa kusewera ndekha - mzere sunafike. Koma mwa njira, zinalinso chidwi kwambiri kumvetsera: onse nyimbo zatsopano ndi maganizo a bambo pa kutanthauzira ake anazindikira. Ndemanga zake ndi ndemanga zake, kwa aliyense amene analunjikitsidwa, zinapindulitsa kalasi lonse.

Nthawi zambiri munthu amatha kuwona Svyatoslav Richter mu nyumba ya Neuhaus. Iye ankakonda kukhala pansi pa piyano ndi kuyesa popanda kusiya kiyibodi kwa maola ambiri. Stanislav Neuhaus, mboni yowona ndi maso ndi mboni ya ntchitoyi, adadutsa mtundu wa sukulu ya piyano: zinali zovuta kulakalaka yabwinoko. Maphunziro a Richter adakumbukiridwa kwamuyaya: "Svyatoslav Teofilovich adachita chidwi ndi kulimbikira kwakukulu pantchito. Ndikanati, kufuna kwaumunthu. Ngati malo sanamuyendere bwino, adagwa nawo ndi mphamvu zake zonse ndi chilakolako mpaka, potsiriza, adagonjetsa vutolo. Kwa iwo omwe amamuyang'ana kumbali, izi nthawi zonse zimakhala zomveka ... "

M'zaka za m'ma 1950, abambo a Neuhaus ndi mwana wake wamwamuna nthawi zambiri ankaimba limodzi ngati nyimbo ya piyano. M'masewera awo munthu amatha kumva sonata ya Mozart mu D yaikulu, Schumann's Andante ndi zosiyana, "White and Black" ya Debussy, ma suites a Rachmaninov ... abambo. Chiyambireni maphunziro awo ku Conservatory (1953), ndipo pambuyo pake maphunziro apamwamba (XNUMX), Stanislav Neuhaus pang'onopang'ono wadziika yekha pamalo otchuka pakati pa oimba piyano aku Soviet. Ndi iye anakumana pambuyo omvera zoweta ndi akunja.

Monga tanenera kale, Neuhaus anali pafupi ndi mabwalo a luso la intelligentsia kuyambira ali mwana; anakhala zaka zambiri m'banja la ndakatulo kwambiri Boris Pasternak. Ndakatulo zinkamveka mozungulira iye. Pasternak ankakonda kuwerenga iwo, ndi alendo ake, Anna Akhmatova ndi ena, nawonso kuwerenga iwo. Mwinamwake mlengalenga umene Stanislav Neuhaus ankakhala, kapena zina zachibadwa, "zosadziwika" za umunthu wake, zinali ndi zotsatira - mulimonse, pamene adalowa mu siteji ya konsati, anthu nthawi yomweyo anamuzindikira kuti Za izi, osati wolemba prose, amene nthawi zonse anali ambiri pakati pa anzake. ("Ndinamvetsera ndakatulo kuyambira ndili mwana. Mwinamwake, monga woimba nyimbo, zinandipatsa zambiri ..., "adakumbukira.) Makhalidwe a nyumba yake yosungiramo katundu - yochenjera, yamanjenje, yauzimu - nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi nyimbo za Chopin, Scriabin. Neuhaus anali m'modzi mwa a Chopinists abwino kwambiri mdziko lathu. Ndipo monga momwe zinaganiziridwa moyenerera, mmodzi wa omasulira obadwa a Scriabin.

Nthawi zambiri amadalitsidwa ndi kuwomba m'manja mwachikondi chifukwa chosewera Barcarolle, Fantasia, waltzes, nocturnes, mazurkas, Chopin ballads. Sonatas ndi tinyimbo tating'onoting'ono ta Scriabin - "Fragility", "Desire", "Riddle", "Weasel in the Dance", zotsogola kuchokera ku ma opus osiyanasiyana, adasangalala kwambiri madzulo ake. “Chifukwa ndi ndakatulo zoona” (Andronikov I. Kwa nyimbo - M., 1975. P. 258.), - monga momwe Irakli Andronikov ananeneratu m'nkhani yakuti "Neigauz Again". Neuhaus wochita konsati anali ndi mtundu winanso womwe unamupangitsa kukhala wotanthauzira bwino kwambiri wa repertoire yomwe idatchulidwa kumene. Quality, akamanena zake amapeza mawu olondola kwambiri mawu kupanga nyimbo.

Pamene akusewera, Neuhaus ankawoneka kuti akuyenda bwino: womvera amamva kuyenda kwamaganizo a nyimbo za woimbayo, osakakamizidwa ndi clichés - kusiyana kwake, zosangalatsa zosayembekezereka za ngodya ndi kutembenuka. Woyimba piyano, mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri amapita ku siteji ndi Fifth Sonata ya Scriabin, ndi etudes (Op. 8 ndi 42) ndi wolemba yemweyo, ndi ma ballads a Chopin - nthawi iliyonse ntchitozi zinkawoneka mosiyana, mwa njira yatsopano ... kusewera mosagwirizana, kudutsa stencil, kusewera nyimbo a la impromptu - ndi chiyani chomwe chingakhale chokongola kwambiri mu concertante? Zinanenedwa pamwambapa kuti mofananamo, momasuka komanso mwachidwi, VV Sofronitsky, yemwe ankamulemekeza kwambiri, ankaimba nyimbo pa siteji; bambo ake omwe adasewera mumsewu womwewo. Mwina zingakhale zovuta kutchula woyimba piyano pafupi ndi ambuyewa potengera magwiridwe antchito kuposa Neuhaus Jr.

Zinanenedwa pamasamba am'mbuyomu kuti kalembedwe kameneka, chifukwa cha zithumwa zake zonse, amakhala ndi zoopsa zina. Pamodzi ndi zopambana zaluso, zolakwika zimathekanso pano: zomwe zidatuluka dzulo mwina sizingachitike lero. Neuhaus - kubisa chiyani? - anali wotsimikiza (kawirikawiri) za kusinthasintha kwa luso luso, iye ankadziwa kuwawa kwa siteji kulephera. Nthawi zonse m'mabwalo ochitira konsati amakumbukira zovuta, pafupifupi zochitika zadzidzidzi pamasewero ake - nthawi yomwe lamulo loyambirira la magwiridwe antchito, lopangidwa ndi Bach, lidayamba kuphwanyidwa: kuti musewere bwino, muyenera kukanikiza kiyi yoyenera ndi chala chakumanja. nthawi yoyenera ... Izi zidachitika ndi Neuhaus ndi mu Chopin's Twenty-four Etude , ndi mu Scriabin's C-sharp wamng'ono (Op. 42) etude, ndi Rachmaninov's G-minor (Op. 23) oyamba. Sanatchulidwe ngati woimba wolimba, wokhazikika, koma-kodi sizodabwitsa?—kuwonongeka kwa luso la Neuhaus monga woimba konsati, "chiwopsezo" chake chaching'ono chinali ndi chithumwa chake, chithumwa chake: amoyo okha ndi omwe ali pachiwopsezo. Pali oimba piyano omwe amaika midadada yosawonongeka ya nyimbo ngakhale mu mazurka a Chopin; nthawi zosalimba za Scriabin kapena Debussy - ndipo amaumitsa pansi pa zala zawo ngati konkire yolimbitsa. Sewero la Neuhaus linali chitsanzo cha zosiyana. Mwina, m'njira zina adataya (adakumana ndi "zotayika zaukadaulo", m'chilankhulo cha owunikira), koma adapambana, komanso chofunikira kwambiri. (Ndikukumbukira kuti pokambirana pakati pa oimba a ku Moscow, mmodzi wa iwo anati, "Muyenera kuvomereza, Neuhaus amadziwa kuimba pang'ono ..." Pang'ono? ochepa mukudziwa momwe mungachitire pa piyano. zomwe angachite. Ndipo ndiye chinthu chachikulu. ”….

Neuhaus sankadziwika ndi ma clavirabends okha. Monga mphunzitsi, nthawi ina adathandiza abambo ake, kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma sikisite adakhala mtsogoleri wa kalasi yake ku Conservatory. (Pakati pa ophunzira ake pali V. Krainev, V. Kastelsky, B. Angerer.) Nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi ankapita kudziko lina kukachita ntchito yophunzitsa anthu, ku Italy ndi ku Austria. “Kaŵirikaŵiri maulendo ameneŵa amachitika m’miyezi yachilimwe,” iye anatero. “Penapake, mu umodzi wa mizinda ya ku Ulaya, oimba piyano achichepere ochokera kumaiko osiyanasiyana amasonkhana. Ndimasankha kagulu kakang’ono, pafupifupi anthu asanu ndi atatu kapena khumi, mwa awo amene kwa ine amaoneka kukhala oyenerera chisamaliro, ndi kuyamba kuphunzira nawo. Ena onse angokhalapo, akumaonerera phunzirolo ali ndi manotsi m’manja mwawo, akumadutsa, monga mmene tinganenere, kuyeserera chabe.

Nthawi ina mmodzi wa otsutsa anamufunsa za maganizo ake pa uphunzitsi. “Ndimakonda kuphunzitsa,” anayankha Neuhaus. “Ndimakonda kukhala pakati pa achinyamata. Ngakhale ... Muyenera kupereka mphamvu zambiri, mitsempha, mphamvu nthawi ina. Mukuona, sindingathe kumvetsera nyimbo zomwe sizili nyimbo m'kalasi. Ndikuyesera kukwaniritsa china chake, kukwaniritsa… Nthawi zina zosatheka ndi wophunzira uyu. Nthawi zambiri, pedagogy ndi chikondi cholimba. Komabe, ndikufuna kuti choyamba ndimve ngati woimba konsati.”

Kuphunzira kolemera kwa Neuhaus, njira yake yodabwitsa yomasulira nyimbo, zaka zambiri za zochitika za siteji - zonsezi zinali zamtengo wapatali, komanso zazikulu, kwa achinyamata olenga omwe amamuzungulira. Anali ndi zambiri zoti aphunzire, zambiri zoti aphunzire. Mwina, choyamba, mu luso la piyano kumveka. Luso limene ankadziwa ochepa ofanana.

Iye mwini, pamene anali pa siteji, anali ndi phokoso lodabwitsa la piyano: iyi inali pafupifupi mbali yamphamvu kwambiri ya machitidwe ake; palibe paliponse pamene ulamuliro waufumu wa luso lake laluso unadziŵika ndi zoonekeratu monga zomveka. Ndipo osati mu gawo la "golide" la repertoire yake - Chopin ndi Scriabin, kumene munthu sangathe kuchita popanda kusankha chovala chomveka bwino - komanso mu nyimbo iliyonse yomwe amatanthauzira. Tiyeni tikumbukire, mwachitsanzo, kutanthauzira kwake kwa E-flat yaikulu ya Rachmaninoff (Op. 23) kapena F-minor (Op. 32) preludes, Debussy's piyano watercolors, amasewera ndi Schubert ndi olemba ena. Kulikonse woyimba piyano amakopeka ndi kumveka kokongola ndi kolemekezeka kwa chidacho, kamvekedwe kofewa, kopanda kupsinjika, ndi mitundu yowoneka bwino. Kulikonse kumene inu mukanakhoza kuwona okonda (simunganene mwanjira ina) malingaliro pa kiyibodi: okhawo omwe amakonda piyano, mawu ake oyambirira ndi apadera, amaimba nyimbo motere. Pali oimba piyano ochepa omwe amasonyeza chikhalidwe chabwino cha phokoso mumasewero awo; pali ochepa kwambiri mwa omwe amamvetsera chida chokha. Ndipo palibe ojambula ambiri omwe ali ndi mtundu wamtundu wamtundu womwe amatengera iwo okha. (Pambuyo pa zonse, Piano Masters - ndi iwo okha! - ali ndi phokoso la phokoso losiyana, mofanana ndi kuwala kosiyana, mtundu ndi mitundu ya ojambula opambana.) Neuhaus anali ndi piyano yake, yapadera, sizingasokonezeke ndi zina.

… Chithunzi chodabwitsa nthawi zina chimawonedwa mu holo ya konsati: wosewera yemwe walandira mphoto zambiri pamipikisano yapadziko lonse m'nthawi yake, amapeza omvera achidwi movutikira; pa zisudzo za winayo, yemwe ali ndi mbiri yocheperako, kusiyanitsa ndi maudindo, holo imakhala yodzaza. (Amanena kuti ndi zoona: mpikisano uli ndi malamulo awoawo, omvera omvera ali ndi awo.) Neuhaus analibe mwayi wopambana mpikisano ndi anzake. Komabe, malo omwe adakhala nawo mu moyo wa philharmonic adamupatsa mwayi wowonekera kuposa omenyera mpikisano odziwa zambiri. Anali wotchuka kwambiri, matikiti a clavirabends ake nthawi zina amafunsidwa ngakhale patali kwambiri kumaholo komwe amachitira. Anali ndi zomwe wojambula aliyense woyendayenda amalota: omvera ake. Zikuwoneka kuti kuwonjezera pa mikhalidwe yomwe yatchulidwa kale - nyimbo zachirendo, chithumwa, nzeru za Neuhaus monga woimba - chinachake chinadzipangitsa kudzimva kuti chinadzutsa chifundo cha anthu kwa iye. Iye, momwe ndingathere kuweruza kuchokera kunja, sanali okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kufunafuna kupambana ...

Womvera tcheru amazindikira nthawi yomweyo (kukoma kwa wojambula, kudzipereka kwa siteji) - monga amazindikira, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, mawonetseredwe aliwonse achabechabe, kaimidwe, siteji yodziwonetsera. Neuhaus sanayese chilichonse kuti asangalatse anthu. (I. Andronikov akulemba bwino kuti: "M'holo yaikulu, Stanislav Neuhaus amakhalabe ngati yekha ndi chida ndi nyimbo. Monga ngati palibe aliyense mu holo. Ndipo amasewera Chopin ngati kuti ali yekha. wachangu kwambiri ”… (Andronikov I. Kwa nyimbo. S. 258)) Ichi sichinali coquetry woyengedwa kapena kulandiridwa kwa akatswiri - ichi chinali katundu wa chikhalidwe chake, khalidwe. Ichi mwina chinali chifukwa chachikulu cha kutchuka kwake ndi omvera. "... Munthu akapatsidwa mphamvu zochepa kwa anthu ena, enanso amamukonda kwambiri," katswiri wa zamaganizo Stanislavsky adatsimikizira, potengera izi kuti "wosewera akangosiya kuwerengera ndi gulu la anthu muholoyo, iye amamukonda. anayamba kumufikira (Stanislavsky KS Sobr. soch. T. 5. S. 496. T. 1. S. 301-302.). Pochita chidwi ndi nyimbo, ndipo kokha ndi izo, Neuhaus analibe nthawi yodandaula za kupambana. M'mene adadza kwa iye wowona.

G. Tsypin