Saxophone: kufotokozera zida, kapangidwe, mbiri, mitundu, mawu, momwe kusewera

Saxophone sangadzitamande ndi chiyambi chakale, ndi chaching'ono. Koma m'zaka khumi ndi theka zokha za kukhalapo kwake, phokoso lamatsenga, lamatsenga la chida choimbirachi lapeza mafani padziko lonse lapansi.

Kodi saxophone ndi chiyani

Saxophone ndi ya gulu la zida zamphepo. Universal: oyenera kuyimba payekha, duets, mbali ya oimba (nthawi zambiri - mkuwa, kawirikawiri - symphony). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu jazi, blues, ndipo amakondedwa ndi akatswiri a pop.

Mwaukadaulo wam'manja, wokhala ndi mwayi wabwino kwambiri woimba nyimbo. Zimamveka zamphamvu, zofotokozera, zimakhala ndi timbre. Mtundu wa chidacho ndi wosiyana, kutengera mtundu wa saxophone (pali 14 palimodzi, 8 amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu pakadali pano).

Momwe saxophone imapangidwira

Kunja, ndi chitoliro chachitali chopindika, chokulira pansi. Zida zopangira - ma aloyi amkuwa ndi kuwonjezera kwa malata, zinki, nickel, bronze.

Lili ndi magawo atatu akuluakulu:

• "Eska". Chubu, chomwe chili pamwamba pa chidacho, chimafanana ndi chilembo chachilatini "S" chopindika. Pamapeto pake ndi pakamwa.
• Chimango. Ndizowongoka kapena zopindika. Lili ndi mabatani ambiri, mabowo, machubu, mavavu ofunikira kuti muchotse phokoso la kutalika komwe mukufuna. Chiwerengero chonse cha zipangizozi zimasiyana malinga ndi chitsanzo cha saxophone, kuyambira 19 mpaka 25.
• Lipenga. Mbali yoyaka kumapeto kwa saxophone.

Kuphatikiza pa zinthu zazikuluzikulu, zinthu zofunika ndi izi:

• Pakamwa: gawolo limapangidwa ndi ebonite kapena chitsulo. Ili ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, kukula, kutengera mtundu wa nyimbo zomwe muyenera kuyimba.
• Ligature: nthawi zina chitsulo, chikopa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukakamiza ndodo. Ndi cholimba cholimba, phokoso liri lolondola, ndi lofooka - losawoneka bwino, logwedezeka. Njira yoyamba ndi yabwino popanga zidutswa zakale, yachiwiri - jazi.
• Bango: Chidutswa chathabwa kapena pulasitiki chomangika pakamwa ndi chingwe. Zimabwera mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi ntchito zomwe wapatsidwa. Udindo wopanga mawu. Saxophone yamatabwa imatchedwa chifukwa cha bango lopangidwa ndi matabwa.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Mbiri ya saxophone imalumikizidwa mosagwirizana ndi dzina la mbuye waku Belgian Adolphe Sax. Woyambitsa luso uyu ndi tate wa gulu lonse la zida, koma adaganiza zopatsa saxophone dzina lodziwika ndi dzina lake. Zoona, osati nthawi yomweyo - poyamba woyambitsa anapatsa chidacho dzina lakuti "mouthpiece ophicleid".

Adolphe Sax anayesa ndi ophicleide, clarinet. Kuphatikiza pakamwa pa clarinet ndi thupi la ophicleid, adatulutsa mawu osazolowereka. Ntchito yokonza mapangidwewo inamalizidwa mu 1842 - chida choimbira chatsopano chinawona kuwala. Zinaphatikiza zinthu za oboe, clarinet, zatsopanozo zinali mawonekedwe a thupi lopindika mu mawonekedwe a chilembo S. Mlengi adalandira chilolezo chopangidwa pambuyo pa zaka 4. Mu 1987, sukulu yoyamba ya saxophonists inatsegulidwa.

Mafunde achilendo a saxophone adakhudza omwe adalemba zaka za zana la XNUMX. Zachilendo nthawi yomweyo zinaphatikizidwa mu nyimbo za symphony orchestra, ntchito zoimbira zidawonekera mwachangu, zomwe zikuwonetsa magawo a saxophone. Wolemba woyamba yemwe adamulembera nyimbo anali bwenzi lapamtima la A. Saks, G. Berlioz.

Chiyembekezo chowala chidawopsezedwa m'zaka zoyambirira za zana la XNUMX. Mayiko ena aletsa kusewera ma saxophone, pakati pawo ndi USSR, Nazi Germany. Chidacho chinagawidwa mobisa, chinali chokwera mtengo kwambiri.

Pamene ku Ulaya kunali kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chidwi pa kupangidwa kwa A. Sachs, kumbali ina ya Dziko Lapansi, ku USA, kunakula. Saxophone idatchuka kwambiri ndi mafashoni a jazi. Anayamba kutchedwa "mfumu ya jazi", adayesa kuti adziwe Sewero kulikonse.

Pakatikati mwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, chidacho chinabwerera mwachipambano kudziko lakwawo, ndikubwezeretsanso malo ake akale. Olemba nyimbo za Soviet (S. Rachmaninov, D. Shostakovich, A. Khachaturian), akutsatira dziko lonse lapansi, anayamba kugawa magawo a saxophone m'mabuku awo olembedwa.

Masiku ano, saxophone ndi imodzi mwa zida khumi zotchuka kwambiri, ili ndi mafani padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi oimba amitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku classical mpaka nyimbo za rock.

Mitundu ya saxophones

Mitundu ya saxophones ndi yosiyana:

• kukula;
• timbre;
• mapangidwe;
• kutalika kwa mawu.

A. Sachs adatha kupanga zida zamitundu 14, lero 8 zikufunikabe:

1. Sopranino, sopranissimo. Ma saxophone ang'onoang'ono amatha kupanga mawu apamwamba kwambiri. Timbre ndi yowala, yomveka, yofewa. Kutulutsa kwabwino kwambiri kwanyimbo zamanyimbo. Amakhala ndi thupi lolunjika, popanda kupindika pansi, pamwamba.
2. Soprano. Maonekedwe a thupi oongoka, opindika ndi otheka. Kulemera, kukula - kakang'ono, phokoso loboola, lalitali. Kukula kwakugwiritsa ntchito ndikuchita kwa nyimbo zapamwamba, za pop.
3. Alto. Yang'ono, yapakatikati, ili ndi makina osavuta a kiyibodi. Timbre yolemera imapangitsa kukhala solo. Yalangizidwa kwa oyamba kumene omwe akufuna kuphunzira Sewero. Zotchuka ndi akatswiri.
4. Tenor. Zimamveka zotsika kuposa viola, zovuta kwambiri "kuwomba". Miyeso ndi yochititsa chidwi, kulemera kwake ndi koyenera. Kuphatikizidwa ndi akatswiri: zotheka kuchita payekha, kutsagana. Ntchito: maphunziro, nyimbo za pop, magulu ankhondo.
5. Baritone. Zikuwoneka zochititsa chidwi: thupi limapindika mwamphamvu, pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri. Phokoso ndi lotsika, lamphamvu, lakuya. Kumveka koyera kumawonedwa mukamagwiritsa ntchito kaundula wapansi, wapakati. Kaundula wapamwamba amaimba manotsi ndi mawu mawu. Zili m'gulu la zida zomwe zikufunidwa m'magulu ankhondo.
6. Bass, contrabass. Amphamvu, zitsanzo zolemera. Sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri, amafunikira kukonzekera kwakukulu, kupuma bwino. Chipangizocho ndi chofanana ndi baritone - thupi lopindika kwambiri, makina ovuta a kiyibodi. Phokoso ndilotsika kwambiri.

Kuphatikiza pa magulu awa, ma saxophones ndi awa:

• wophunzira;
• katswiri.

Njira ya saxophone

Sikophweka kudziwa chida: mudzafunika filigree ntchito ya lilime, kupuma ophunzitsidwa bwino, zala mwamsanga, ndi kusinthasintha milomo zipangizo.

Njira zomwe oimba amakono amagwiritsa ntchito panthawi ya Sewero ndizosiyanasiyana. Odziwika kwambiri ndi awa:

• glissando - kusuntha kuchokera ku phokoso kupita ku phokoso;
• vibrato - imapangitsa kuti phokoso likhale "moyo", maganizo;
• staccato - kumveka kwa mawu mwadzidzidzi, kuchoka kwa wina ndi mzake;
• legato - kutsindika pa phokoso loyamba, kusintha kosalala kwa ena onse, kuchitidwa mu mpweya umodzi;
• trills, tremolo - kusinthasintha kobwerezabwereza kwa mawu awiri.

Kusankha kwa Saxophone

Chidacho ndi chokwera mtengo kwambiri, posankha chitsanzo, muyenera kulabadira mfundo zotsatirazi:

• Zida. Kuphatikiza pa chidacho, choyikacho chimaphatikizapo kachipangizo, pakamwa, ligature, bango, mafuta odzola, gaitan, ndi nsalu yapadera yopukuta.
• phokoso. Phokoso la chidacho lidzawonetseratu momwe mwaukadaulo chitsanzo ichi ndi chapamwamba kwambiri. Ndikoyenera kuyang'ana phokoso la kaundula aliyense, kuyenda kwa ma valves, kufanana kwa timbre.
• Cholinga chogula. Palibe nzeru kuti oimba novice kugula akatswiri, mtengo chida. Zitsanzo za ophunzira ndizosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, zotsika mtengo.

Kusamalira Chida

Chidacho chidzakhala nthawi yayitali ndi chisamaliro choyenera. Njira zina ziyenera kuchitika makalasi asanayambe, ena atatha Sewero.

Nkhata pa "esque" amathandizidwa ndi mafuta asanayambe Sewero.

Pambuyo pa maphunziro, onetsetsani kuti mwachotsa condensate popukuta chidacho ndi nsalu zoyamwa (mkati, kunja). Iwo amatsuka, misozi pakamwa, bango. Kuchokera mkati, mlanduwo umapukutidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera, njira zowonjezera (burashi, chingwe chokhala ndi katundu).

M`pofunika kuchitira chida njira ndi mafuta apadera kupanga. Ndikokwanira kuchita njirayi kamodzi pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.

Saxophonists odziwika bwino

Aluso saxophonists kwamuyaya analemba mayina awo mu mbiri ya nyimbo. Zaka za zana la XNUMX, nthawi yomwe chidacho chidawonekera, zidapatsa dziko ochita izi:

• ndi Murmana;
• Edouard Lefebvre;
• Louis Maier.

Zaka za zana la XNUMX zinali zopambana mwa ochita bwino kwambiri awiri - Sigurd Rascher ndi Marcel Muhl.

Jazzmen odziwika bwino azaka zapitazi akuganiziridwa:

• Kwa Lester Young;
• Charlie Parker;
• Colemana Hawkins;
• John Coltrane.