Стнислав Монюшко (Stanisław Moniuszko) |

Stanisław Moniuszko

Woimba wodziwika bwino wa ku Poland S. Moniuszko ndi amene adapanga nyimbo zamtundu wa opera komanso mawu oimba a chipinda. Ntchito yake idatengera mawonekedwe a nyimbo za anthu aku Poles, Ukrainians ndi Belarusians. Kuyambira ali mwana, Moniuszko anali ndi mwayi wodziwa nthano za anthu wamba za Asilavo. Makolo ake ankakonda luso, anali ndi maluso osiyanasiyana. Amayi ake anaphunzitsa mnyamata nyimbo, bambo ake anali wojambula amateur. Zisudzo kunyumba nthawi zambiri ankachitika, ndi chikondi Stanislav kwa zisudzo, umene unayamba ubwana wake, anadutsa moyo wake wonse.

Ali ndi zaka 8, Moniuszko anapita ku Warsaw - zaka za maphunziro zinayamba. Amaphunzira kuchokera kwa woyimba limba komanso woyimba piyano A. Freyer. Mu 1830, Stanislav anasamukira ku Minsk, komwe adalowa m'bwalo la masewera olimbitsa thupi ndipo adaphunzira zolemba ndi D. Stefanovich, ndipo motsogoleredwa ndi iye adasankha kusankha nyimbo monga ntchito yake.

Moniuszko anamaliza maphunziro ake oimba ku Berlin, pa Singing Academy (1837-40). Iye amadziwa ntchito ndi kwaya ndi oimba, afika chithunzi chathunthu cha nyimbo (makamaka operatic) chikhalidwe Europe. Pazaka izi, ntchito zoyamba zodziyimira pawokha zidawonekera: misa, 2 zingwe quartets, nyimbo zitatu pa St. A. Mickiewicz, nyimbo za zisudzo. Mu 1840-58. Moniuszko amakhala ku Vilna (Vilnius). Pano, kutali ndi malo akuluakulu a nyimbo, talente yake yosunthika imawululidwa. Amagwira ntchito ngati woimba wa Tchalitchi cha St. John's (zolemba za chiwalo cha Nyimbo za Tchalitchi Chathu zimagwirizana ndi izi), amachita ngati wotsogolera m'makonsati a symphony ndi ku nyumba ya opera, amalemba nkhani, ndikupereka maphunziro a piyano. Pakati pa ophunzira ake pali wolemba nyimbo wa ku Russia C. Cui, mmodzi wa otenga nawo mbali mu Mighty Handful. Ngakhale kuti anali ndi mavuto aakulu azachuma, Moniuszko ankagwira naye ntchito kwaulere. Munthu payekhapayekha wa wolembayo adayamba kuwonekera mumitundu ya nyimbo ndi chikondi. Mu 1841 buku loyamba la Nyimbo la Moniuszko linasindikizidwa (pali 12 onse). Nyimbo zomwe zidapangidwa ku Vilna zidakonzekera kwambiri machitidwe ake amtsogolo.

Kupambana kwakukulu kwa Moniuszko ndi opera ya Pebble. Iyi ndi nkhani yomvetsa chisoni ya mtsikana wina wamba, wonyengedwa ndi njonda yolemekezeka. Kuwona mtima ndi chikondi cha nyimbo, nyimbo zomveka bwino zinapangitsa kuti seweroli likhale lodziwika komanso lokondedwa ndi anthu a ku Poland. "Pebble" inachitikira ku Vilna mu 1848. Kupambana kwake mwamsanga kunabweretsa kutchuka kwa woimba wachigawo. Koma patapita zaka 10, opera mu Baibulo latsopano, bwino kwambiri anakonza mu Warsaw. Tsiku la kupanga izi (Januware 1, 1858) limawerengedwa kuti ndi kubadwa kwa zisudzo zachikale za ku Poland.

Mu 1858, Moniuszko anapita kunja ku Germany, France, ndi Czech Republic (pamene anali ku Weimar, anapita ku F. Liszt). Pa nthawi yomweyo, wolemba anaitanidwa ku udindo wa wochititsa wamkulu wa Belki Theatre (Warsaw), umene unachitikira mpaka mapeto a masiku ake. Komanso, Moniuszko ndi pulofesa ku Musical Institute (1864-72), kumene amaphunzitsa makalasi zikuchokera, mogwirizana ndi counterpoint (pakati pa ophunzira ake ndi wolemba Z. Noskovsky). Moniuszko ndiyenso mlembi wa Sukulu ya Piano komanso buku logwirizana.

Zochita pafupipafupi ndi ma concerts a wolemba ku St. Petersburg zinabweretsa Moniuszko pafupi ndi oimba a ku Russia - anali bwenzi la M. Gliyaki ndi A. Dargomyzhsky. Ntchito yabwino kwambiri ya Moniuszko imagwirizanitsidwa makamaka ndi mitundu yomwe sinakhudzidwe ndi gulu lalikulu lachi Polish F. Chopin kapena sanalandire chitukuko chachikulu kuchokera kwa iye - ndi opera ndi nyimbo. Moniuszko adapanga zisudzo 15. Kuphatikiza pa Pebbles, ntchito zake zabwino kwambiri zikuphatikiza The Enchanted Castle (The Terrible Yard - 1865). Moniuszko nthawi zambiri ankatembenukira ku comic opera (Yavnuta, The Timber Rafter), ballet (kuphatikizapo Monte Cristo), operetta, nyimbo zamasewero owonetserako masewera (W. Shakespeare's Hamlet, The Robbers) F. Schiller, vaudeville ndi A. Fredro). Nthawi zonse amakopa woyimba ndi mtundu wa cantata ("Milda", "Niola"). M'zaka zapitazi, cantatas 3 zinalengedwa ku mawu a A. Mickiewicz: "Mizimu" (zochokera ku ndakatulo yochititsa chidwi "Dzyady"), "Crimean Sonnets" ndi "Mistress Tvardovskaya". Moniuszko adayambitsanso gawo la dziko mu nyimbo za tchalitchi (ma 6 misa, 4 "Ostrobramsky litanies"), adayala maziko a symphonism ya Chipolishi (pulogalamu ya "Fairy Tale", "Kaini", etc.). Wolembayo adalembanso nyimbo za piyano, zomwe zimapangidwira makamaka kupanga nyimbo zapakhomo: ma polonaise, mazurkas, waltzes, zolemba 2 za zidutswa za "Trinkets".

Koma chofunika kwambiri, pamodzi ndi zilandiridwe za ntchito, chinali nyimbo za nyimbo (c. 400), zomwe wolembayo adaziphatikiza m'magulu - "Mabuku a Nyimbo Zanyumba". Dzina lawo limadzinenera lokha: iyi ndi nyimbo za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, zomwe sizinapangidwe kwa akatswiri okha, komanso okonda nyimbo. “Sindikupanga chilichonse chatsopano. Ndikuyenda m’mayiko a ku Poland, ndimadzazidwa ndi mzimu wa nyimbo zachikale. Kuchokera kwa iwo, motsutsana ndi chifuniro changa, kudzoza kumatsanulira mu zolemba zanga zonse. M'mawu awa Moniuszko akuwulula chinsinsi cha "social" yodabwitsa ya nyimbo zake.

K. Zenkin

Zolemba:

machitidwe - Ideal (Ideal, 1841), Carmagnola (Karmaniol, 1840), Yellow cap (Zulta szlafmyca, ca. 1842), Wonderful water (Woda cudowna, 1840s), Rural idyll (Sielanka, 1843, Spanish 1852st Pebbles), ., 1, Vilnius, 1848nd ed., 2, Warsaw), Betley (comic., 1858), Timber Rafter (Flis, comic opera, 1852), Countess (Hrabina, comic., 1858), Mawu aulemu (Verbum nobile , 1860), Enchanted Castle (Terrible Yard; Straszny dwur, 1861), Pariah (Paria, 1865); alireza - Lottery (Loteria, 1843, Minsk; 1846, Warsaw), Recruitment (Pobur rekrutуw, 1842), Nkhondo Yanyimbo (Walka muzykуw, 1840s), Yavnuta, kapena Gypsies (kope loyamba pansi pa dzina la Gypsies, 1 Cypsies, 1850 , Vilnius, kope lachiwiri pansi pa mutu Yavnuta, 1852, Warsaw), Beata (melodrama, 2, Warsaw); ballet - Monte Cristo (1866), Waiting (Na kwaterunku, 1868), Tricks of Satan (Figle szatana, 1870); nyimbo za ballet za zisudzo za The Merry Wives of Windsor zolembedwa ndi O. Nicholas ndi The Bronze Horse lolemba D. Aubert; za orchestra – Overtures Tale (Winter's Tale; Bajka, Conte d'hiver, 1848), Cain, or the Death of Abel (1856), Military Overture, or Beloved Hetman (Uwertura wojenna albo Kochanka hetmanska, 1857), Concert Polonaise (Polonez) ; kwa mawu ndi orchestra - cantatas Milda (1848), Niola (1852), Krumine (osamalizidwa, 1852) - yotsatira. Yu. Kraszewski, Madonna (1856), Mizimu (Widma, 1865), Crimean Sonnets (Sonety krymskie, 1868), Pani Tvardovskaya (1869), 6 misa (kuphatikiza Petrovinskaya), 4 Ostrobramsky litanies (Litanie ostro1843); ma ensembles a chipinda - 2 zingwe. quartet (mpaka 1840); za piyano (pafupifupi masewero 50) - Baubles (Fraszki, 2 notebook of plays, 1843), 6 polonaises, waltzes, mazurkas; kwa organ - Nyimbo za mpingo wathu (Piesni naszego kosciola), kwaya, wok. ensembles; kwa mawu ndi piyano - Nyimbo ya St. 400; nyimbo za zisudzo za zisudzo - za vaudeville: A. Fredro "Overnight in the Apennines" (1839), "The New Don Quixote, kapena One Hundred Madnesses" (1842, post. 1923), ku positi. "Hamlet" ndi "The Merchant of Venice" ndi Shakespeare, "Achifwamba" ndi Schiller, "Carpathian Highlanders" ndi Kozhenevsky, "Lilly Venedy" ndi Y. Slovatsky.