Veljo Tormis (Veljo Tormis) |

Veljo Tormis

Kuti cholowa chakale chimveke bwino komanso chofikirika kwa munthu wamakono ndilo vuto lalikulu lomwe wolembayo akukumana nalo lero mu ntchito yake ndi nthano. V. Tormis

Dzina la woimba wa ku Estonia V. Tormis ndi losasiyanitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe chakwaya cha ku Estonia chamakono. Katswiri wodziwika bwino ameneyu anathandiza kwambiri pa chitukuko cha nyimbo zakwaya zamakono ndipo anatsegula njira zina zatsopano zomvekera bwino. Zambiri mwazofufuza zake ndi zoyesa, zowoneka bwino komanso zomwe adazipeza zidachitika pachonde chosinthira nyimbo zachi Estonia, zomwe ndi wodziwa bwino komanso wosonkhanitsa.

Tormis analandira maphunziro ake oimba poyamba pa Tallinn Conservatory (1942-51), kumene anaphunzira organ (ndi E. Arro, A. Topman; S. Krull) ndi nyimbo ndi (V. Kappa), ndiyeno ku Moscow Conservatory ( 1951- 56) mu kalasi yolemba (ndi V. Shebalin). Zokonda kulenga za wopeka tsogolo zinapangidwa mchikakamizo cha mlengalenga wa moyo wanyimbo womuzungulira kuyambira ali mwana. Bambo ake a Tormis amachokera kwa anthu wamba (Kuusalu, tauni ya Tallinn), anali woimba nyimbo m'tchalitchi cha Vigala (West Estonia). Choncho, Velho anali pafupi kuimba kwaya kuyambira ubwana wake, anayamba kuimba limba oyambirira, kutola chorales. Mizu ya mbadwo wa wolemba wake kubwerera ku miyambo ya Estonian nyimbo chikhalidwe, wowerengeka ndi akatswiri.

Today Tormis ndi mlembi wa chiwerengero chachikulu cha ntchito, onse kwaya ndi zida, iye analemba nyimbo zisudzo ndi mafilimu a kanema. Ngakhale, ndithudi, kupanga nyimbo za kwaya ndicho chinthu chachikulu kwa iye. Amuna, akazi, osakanikirana, makwaya a ana, osatsagana nawo, komanso otsagana nawo - nthawi zina zosavomerezeka (mwachitsanzo, ng'oma za shamanic kapena kujambula matepi) - m'mawu amodzi, kuthekera konse kwa kuyimba lero, kuphatikiza mawu ndi zida zoimbira, zapeza. ntchito mu studio ya ojambula. Tormis amayandikira mitundu ndi mitundu ya nyimbo zakwaya ndi malingaliro otseguka, ndi malingaliro osowa komanso kulimba mtima, amaganiziranso mitundu yachikhalidwe ya cantata, kuzungulira kwakwaya, amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yatsopano yazaka za 1980 m'njira yakeyake. - ndakatulo zamakwaya, zoimbaimba, nyimbo zamakwaya. Anapanganso ntchito zamitundu yosakanikirana: cantata-ballet "Estonian Ballads" (1977), siteji ya nyimbo zakale za rune "Women's Ballads" (1965). Opera ya Swan Flight (XNUMX) ili ndi sitampu yakukoka kwa nyimbo zakwaya.

Tormis ndi wolemba nyimbo wochenjera komanso wafilosofi. Iye ali ndi masomphenya amphamvu a kukongola kwa chilengedwe, mwa munthu, mu moyo wa anthu. Zolemba zake zazikuluzikulu komanso zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zimalembedwera mitu yayikulu, yapadziko lonse lapansi, nthawi zambiri mbiri yakale. Mwa iwo, mbuyeyo amadzuka kuzinthu zamafilosofi, amakwaniritsa mawu omwe ali oyenera masiku ano. Nyimbo za kwaya za Nyimbo za Kalendala ya ku Estonia (1967) zimaperekedwa kumutu wamuyaya wa mgwirizano wa chilengedwe ndi kukhalapo kwaumunthu; Kutengera mbiri yakale, Ballad about Maarjamaa (1969), cantatas The Spell of Iron (kukonzanso mwambo wamatsenga a asing'anga akale, kupatsa munthu mphamvu pa zida zomwe adalenga, 1972) ndi Lenin's Words (1972), monga komanso Zokumbukira Mliri » (1973).

Nyimbo za Tormis zimadziwika ndi zophiphiritsa zomveka bwino, nthawi zambiri zowoneka bwino komanso zojambulajambula, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zodzaza ndi malingaliro. Chifukwa chake, m'makwaya ake, makamaka m'makanema ang'onoang'ono, zojambula zakumalo zimatsagana ndi ndemanga zamawu, monga mu Autumn Landscapes (1964), ndi mosemphanitsa, kufotokoza kwakukulu kwa zochitika zodziwikiratu kumalimbikitsidwa ndi chifaniziro cha chilengedwe, monga momwe Hamlet akuchitira. Nyimbo (1965).

Chilankhulo choyimba cha ntchito za Tormis ndi chamakono komanso choyambirira. Katswiri wake waluso komanso luso lake zimalola wolemba nyimbo kuti awonjezere njira zambiri zolembera kwaya. Kwaya imatanthauzidwanso ngati gulu la polyphonic, lomwe limapatsidwa mphamvu ndi kukumbukiridwa, ndipo mosiyana - ngati chida chosinthika, cham'manja cha chipinda cha sonority. Nsalu yamakwaya mwina ndi polyphonic, kapena imanyamula mitundu yolumikizana, imatulutsa mgwirizano wosasunthika, kapena, mosiyana, imawoneka ngati imapumira, yonyezimira ndi yosiyana, kusinthasintha kwapang'onopang'ono ndi kachulukidwe, kuwonekera ndi kachulukidwe. Tormis adayambitsa njira zolembera kuchokera ku nyimbo zamakono zamakono, sonorous (timbre-colorful), komanso zotsatira za malo.

Tormis amaphunzira mwachidwi zigawo zakale kwambiri za nyimbo ndi ndakatulo za ku Estonia, ntchito za anthu ena aku Baltic-Finnish: Vodi, Izhorians, Vepsians, Livs, Karelians, Finns, amatanthauza Chirasha, Chibugariya, Swedish, Udmurt ndi zolemba zina, zojambula. zinthu zochokera kwa iwo za ntchito zawo. Pazifukwa izi, nyimbo zake za "1972 Estonian Lyrical Folk Songs" (1975), "Izhora Epic" (1976), "Northern Russian Epic" (1979), "Ingrian Evenings" (1983), nyimbo za "Zithunzi" za Estonian ndi Swedish. kuyambira Zakale za Chilumba cha Vormsi "(1978), "Bulgarian Triptych" (1983), "Viennese Paths" (1985), "XVII Song of the Kalevala" (XNUMX), makonzedwe ambiri a kwaya. Kumizidwa m'magulu ambiri amtundu wa anthu sikumangowonjezera chilankhulo cha nyimbo cha Tormis ndi mawu a dothi, komanso kumapereka njira zosinthira (zolemba, zamtundu, zamagulu), ndikupangitsa kuti zitheke kupeza mfundo zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha chinenero chamakono.

Tormis akupereka tanthauzo lapadera pa kukopa kwake kwa nthano: "Ndimakondwera ndi cholowa chanyimbo cha nyengo zosiyanasiyana, koma koposa zonse, zigawo zamakedzana zomwe ziri zamtengo wapatali ... Ndikofunikira kufotokozera kwa omvera-owonerera zochitika zapadera za anthu. kaonedwe ka dziko, kaonedwe ka zinthu zapadziko lonse, kamene kanafotokozedwa mwanzeru mu miyambo ya anthu” .

Ntchito za Tormis zimachitidwa ndi otsogolera magulu a ku Estonia, pakati pawo Nyumba za Opera za ku Estonia ndi Vanemuine. The Estonian State Academic Male Choir, the Estonian Philharmonic Chamber Choir, the Tallinn Chamber Choir, Estonian Television and Radio Choir, makwaya angapo a ophunzira ndi achinyamata, komanso kwaya zochokera ku Finland, Sweden, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Germany.

Pamene wotsogolera kwaya G. Ernesaks, mkulu wa sukulu ya oimba nyimbo ku Estonia, ananena kuti: “Nyimbo za Veljo Tormis zimasonyeza moyo wa anthu a ku Estonia,” iye anatchula tanthauzo lachindunji m’mawu ake, ponena za chiyambi chobisika. kufunikira kwakukulu kwauzimu kwa luso la Tormis.

M. Katunyan