Vincenzo Bellini (Vincenzo Bellini) |

Vincenzo bellini

… Iye ndi wolemera mu lingaliro lachisoni, kumverera kwapayekha, kobadwa mwa iye yekha! J. Verdi

Wolemba nyimbo wa ku Italy V. Bellini adalowa m'mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha nyimbo monga katswiri wodziwika bwino wa bel canto, kutanthauza kuti kuyimba kokongola ku Italy. Pambuyo pa imodzi mwa mendulo zagolidi zoperekedwa m’nthaŵi ya moyo wa woimbirayo polemekeza iye, panali mawu achidule olembedwa kuti: “Mlengi wa nyimbo za Chitaliyana.” Ngakhale katswiri wa G. Rossini sakanakhoza kuphimba kutchuka kwake. Mphatso yanyimbo yodabwitsa yomwe Bellini anali nayo idamulola kuti apange nyimbo zoyambira zodzaza ndi nyimbo zachinsinsi, zomwe zimatha kukopa omvera ambiri. Nyimbo za Bellini, ngakhale kuti zinalibe luso lozungulira, zinkakondedwa ndi P. Tchaikovsky ndi M. Glinka, F. Chopin ndi F. Liszt anapanga ntchito zingapo pamitu kuchokera kumasewero a ku Italy. Oimba odziwika bwino a m’zaka za m’ma 1825 monga P. Viardot, alongo a Grisi, M. Malibran, J. Pasta, J. Rubini A. Tamburini ndi ena anaŵala m’ntchito zake. Bellini anabadwira m'banja la oimba. Analandira maphunziro ake oimba ku Neapolitan Conservatory ya San Sebastiano. Wophunzira wa woimba wotchuka ndiye N. Tsingarelli, Bellini posakhalitsa anayamba kufunafuna njira yake mu luso. Ndipo ntchito yake yayifupi, yazaka khumi zokha (35-XNUMX) idakhala tsamba lapadera mu opera yaku Italy.

Mosiyana ndi oimba ena a ku Italy, Bellini analibe chidwi ndi opera buffa, mtundu womwe umakonda dziko. Kale mu ntchito yoyamba - opera "Adelson ndi Salvini" (1825), amene kuwonekera koyamba kugulu lake pa Conservatory Theatre wa Naples, talente woimbidwa nyimbo anaonekera bwino. Dzina la Bellini lidadziwika kwambiri atapanga opera "Bianca ndi Fernando" ndi Neapolitan Theatre San Carlo (1826). Kenako, ndi kupambana kwakukulu, koyambira kwa zisudzo The Pirate (1827) ndi Outlander (1829) imachitika ku La Scala Theatre ku Milan. Sewero la Capuleti ndi Montecchi (1830), lomwe linayambika koyamba pa siteji ya Venetian Fenice Theatre, likupereka moni kwa omvera mwachidwi. Muzolemba izi, malingaliro okonda dziko lawo adapeza mawu olimbikira komanso owona mtima, ogwirizana ndi funde latsopano la gulu lomenyera ufulu wadziko lomwe linayamba ku Italy m'ma 30s. zaka zapitazo. Choncho, masewero ambiri a zisudzo Bellini anatsagana ndi mawonetseredwe kukonda dziko lako, ndi nyimbo za ntchito zake ankaimba m'misewu ya mizinda Italy osati opita zisudzo, komanso amisiri, antchito, ndi ana.

Kutchuka kwa woimbayo kunalimbikitsidwanso pambuyo pa kulengedwa kwa nyimbo za La sonnambula (1831) ndi Norma (1831), zimadutsa ku Italy. Mu 1833 wopeka anapita ku London, kumene bwinobwino anachita zisudzo ake. Malingaliro opangidwa ndi ntchito zake pa IV Goethe, F. Chopin, N. Stankevich, T. Granovsky, T. Shevchenko akuchitira umboni za malo awo ofunikira pazaluso zaku Europe zazaka za zana la XNUMX.

Atatsala pang'ono kumwalira, Bellini anasamukira ku Paris (1834). Kumeneko, ku Italy Opera House, adalenga ntchito yake yomaliza - opera I Puritani (1835), masewero ake omwe adapatsidwa ndemanga yabwino kwambiri ndi Rossini.

Ponena za kuchuluka kwa ma opera omwe adapangidwa, Bellini ndi wocheperapo kwa Rossini ndi G. Donizetti - wolembayo adalemba ntchito za siteji 11 za nyimbo. Sanagwire ntchito mopepuka komanso mwachangu monga momwe amachitira anthu amtundu wake. Izi zinali makamaka chifukwa cha njira ya Bellini yogwirira ntchito, yomwe amakamba mu imodzi mwa makalata ake. Kuwerenga libretto, kulowa mu psychology ya anthu otchulidwa, kuchita ngati khalidwe, kufunafuna mawu ndi nyimbo zowonetsera malingaliro - iyi ndiyo njira yofotokozedwa ndi wolembayo.

Popanga sewero lanyimbo zachikondi, wolemba ndakatulo F. Romani, yemwe adakhala wolemba librettist wokhazikika, adakhala munthu wamalingaliro ofanana ndi Bellini. Pogwirizana ndi iye, wolembayo adakwaniritsa mwachibadwa mawonekedwe a mawu a mawu. Bellini ankadziwa bwino za mawu a munthu. Ziwalo za mawu a nyimbo zake ndi zachibadwa kwambiri komanso zosavuta kuyimba. Iwo ali odzazidwa ndi kufalikira kwa mpweya, kupitiriza melodic chitukuko. Palibe zokongoletsa zosafunikira mwa iwo, chifukwa wolembayo adawona tanthauzo la nyimbo zamawu osati muzotsatira za virtuoso, koma pakupatsirana kwamoyo wamunthu. Poganizira kupanga nyimbo zokongola komanso kubwereza momveka bwino monga ntchito yake yayikulu, Bellini sanaphatikizepo kufunika kwa mtundu wa orchestra ndi chitukuko cha symphonic. Komabe, ngakhale izi, wolembayo adatha kukweza nyimbo yachi Italiya-yodabwitsa kwambiri pamlingo watsopano waluso, m'njira zambiri kuyembekezera zomwe G. Verdi ndi ma verists aku Italy akwaniritsa. Pabwalo la zisudzo za Milan ku La Scala pali chithunzi cha nsangalabwi cha Bellini, kwawo, ku Catania, nyumba ya zisudzo imatchedwa dzina la wopeka. Koma chipilala chachikulu kwa iye yekha analengedwa ndi wopeka yekha - anali opera ake odabwitsa, amene mpaka lero samasiya magawo a zisudzo ambiri a dziko.

I. Vetlitsyna

• Opera ya ku Italy pambuyo pa Rossini: ntchito ya Bellini ndi Donizetti →

Mwana wa Rosario Bellini, wamkulu wa chapel ndi mphunzitsi wanyimbo m'mabanja olemekezeka a mzindawu, Vincenzo adamaliza maphunziro awo ku Naples Conservatory "San Sebastiano", kukhala wophunzira wake (aphunzitsi ake anali Furno, Tritto, Tsingarelli). Kumalo osungiramo zinthu zakale, amakumana ndi Mercadante (mnzake wamkulu wamtsogolo) ndi Florimo (wolemba mbiri yake yamtsogolo). Mu 1825, kumapeto kwa maphunziro, iye anapereka opera Adelson ndi Salvini. Rossini ankakonda opera, yomwe sinachoke pa siteji kwa chaka. Mu 1827, opera ya Bellini The Pirate inali yopambana ku La Scala theatre ku Milan. Mu 1828, ku Genoa, woimbayo anakumana ndi Giuditta Cantu wochokera ku Turin: ubale wawo udzakhalapo mpaka 1833. Wolemba nyimbo wotchuka akuzunguliridwa ndi mafani ambiri, kuphatikizapo Giuditta Grisi ndi Giuditta Pasta, oimba ake akuluakulu. Ku London, "Sleepwalker" ndi "Norma" ndi Malibran adakonzedwanso bwino. Ku Paris, wolembayo amathandizidwa ndi Rossini, yemwe amamupatsa malangizo ambiri panthawi ya opera I Puritani, yomwe inalandiridwa ndi chidwi chachilendo mu 1835.

Kuyambira pachiyambi, Bellini anatha kumva chimene chimapanga chiyambi chake chapadera: zomwe wophunzira wa "Adelson ndi Salvini" adapereka osati chisangalalo cha kupambana koyamba, komanso mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito masamba ambiri a opera mu sewero la nyimbo zomwe zinatsatira. ("Bianca ndi Fernando", "Pirate", Outlander, Capulets ndi Montagues). Mu opera Bianca e Fernando (dzina la ngwaziyo linasinthidwa kukhala Gerdando kuti asakhumudwitse mfumu ya Bourbon), kalembedwe kameneka, kamene kanali ndi chikoka cha Rossini, anali wokhoza kupereka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mawu ndi nyimbo, kufatsa kwawo. kugwirizana koyera ndi kosagwirizana, komwe kumadziwika ndi malankhulidwe abwino. Kupumira kwakukulu kwa ma arias, maziko olimbikitsa a zochitika zambiri zamtundu womwewo (mwachitsanzo, mapeto a chochitika choyamba), kukulitsa kugwedezeka kwa nyimbo pamene mawuwo adalowa, kuchitira umboni kudzoza kwenikweni, zamphamvu kale komanso zokhoza sinthani nyimbo.

Mu "Pirate" chinenero cha nyimbo chimafika mozama. Zolembedwa pamaziko a tsoka lachikondi la Maturin, woimira wodziwika bwino wa "mabuku owopsa", operayo idakonzedwa ndi chigonjetso ndikulimbitsa zikhalidwe za Bellini zosintha, zomwe zidadziwonetsera pokana kubwereza kowuma ndi aria yomwe inali yokwanira. kapena makamaka amamasulidwa ku zokongoletsera mwachizolowezi ndi nthambi m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kusonyeza misala ya heroine Imogen, kotero kuti ngakhale vocalizations anali pansi pa zofunika chifaniziro cha kuvutika. Pamodzi ndi gawo la soprano, lomwe limayamba mndandanda wa "arias openga" otchuka, kukwaniritsidwa kwina kofunikira kwa opera iyi kuyenera kuzindikirika: kubadwa kwa ngwazi ya tenor (Giovanni Battista Rubini adagwira ntchito yake), moona mtima, wokongola, wosasangalala, wolimba mtima. ndi zachinsinsi. Malinga ndi zimene ananena Francesco Pastura, munthu wochita chidwi komanso wofufuza za nyimbo za woimbayo, “Bellini anayamba kupeka nyimbo za opera mwachangu ngati munthu amene amadziŵa kuti tsogolo lake limadalira ntchito yake. Palibe kukayika kuti kuyambira nthawi imeneyo anayamba kuchita mogwirizana ndi dongosolo, lomwe pambuyo pake adamuuza bwenzi lake la Palermo, Agostino Gallo. Wopeka nyimboyo analoŵeza pamtima mavesiwo, ndipo, atadzitsekera m’chipinda chake, anabwereza mawuwo mokweza, “kuyesa kusandutsa munthu amene amatchula mawu ameneŵa.” Pamene ankabwerezabwereza, Bellini anamvetsera mwachidwi kwa iyemwini; kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa mawu pang'onopang'ono kunasandulika kukhala zolemba zanyimbo ... "Pambuyo pa kupambana kotsimikizika kwa The Pirate, wolemeretsedwa ndi chidziwitso komanso amphamvu osati mu luso lake lokha, komanso luso la womasulira - Romani, yemwe adathandizira ku libretto, Bellini anapereka Genoa kukonzanso kwa Bianchi ndi Fernando ndipo adasaina mgwirizano watsopano ndi La Scala; asanayambe kuzolowerana ndi libretto yatsopanoyo, adalemba zolemba zina ndi chiyembekezo kuti adzazipanga "modabwitsa" mu opera. Nthawi ino chisankho chidagwera pa Prevost d'Harlincourt's Outlander, yosinthidwa ndi JC Cosenza kukhala sewero lomwe lidapangidwa mu 1827.

Opera ya Bellini, yomwe idapangidwa pa siteji ya zisudzo zodziwika bwino za Milan, idalandiridwa mwachidwi, idawoneka ngati yopambana The Pirate ndipo idayambitsa mikangano yayitali pankhani yanyimbo zochititsa chidwi, kubwereza nyimbo kapena kuyimba nyimbo molingana ndi chikhalidwe chachikhalidwe, chochokera mawonekedwe oyera. Wotsutsa nyuzipepala ya Allgemeine Musicalische Zeitung adawona ku Outlander malo aku Germany opangidwanso mochenjera, ndipo izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi kutsutsidwa kwamakono, kutsindika kuyandikira kwa opera ku chikondi cha The Free Gunner: kuyandikana uku kumawonekera muchinsinsi cha wodziwika bwino, komanso pofotokoza kugwirizana pakati pa munthu ndi chilengedwe, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro okumbukira omwe akutumikira cholinga cha wolembayo "kupanga ulusi wachiwembu kukhala wogwirika komanso wogwirizana" (Lippmann). Katchulidwe kochulukira kwa ma silabo okhala ndi kupuma kwakukulu kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu yotukuka, manambala amtundu uliwonse amasungunuka m'nyimbo zomveka zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziziyenda mosalekeza, "kutsatizana kochulukira" (Kambi). Kawirikawiri, pali chinachake choyesera, Nordic, mochedwa chakale, pafupi ndi "tone to etching, kuponyedwa mkuwa ndi siliva" (Tintori).

Pambuyo pa kupambana kwa ma opera Capulets e Montagues, La sonnambula ndi Norma, kulephera kosakayikitsa kunali kuyembekezera mu 1833 ndi opera Beatrice di Tenda potengera tsoka la Cremonese chikondi CT Fores. Tikuwona zifukwa ziwiri zomwe zalephereka: kuthamangira kuntchito ndi chiwembu chachisoni kwambiri. Bellini adadzudzula Romani, yemwe adayankha modzudzula wolembayo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyana pakati pawo. Opera, panthawiyi, sanayenere kukwiyitsidwa koteroko, chifukwa ali ndi ubwino wambiri. Ma ensembles ndi makwaya amasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe awo okongola, ndipo magawo a solo amasiyanitsidwa ndi kukongola kwanthawi zonse kwajambula. Pamlingo wina, akukonzekera opera yotsatira - "Puritani", kuphatikizapo chimodzi mwazoyembekezera zochititsa chidwi za kalembedwe ka Verdi.

Pomaliza, timatchula mawu a Bruno Cagli - amatchula La Sonnambula, koma tanthauzo lawo ndi lalikulu kwambiri komanso limagwira ntchito ku ntchito yonse ya wolemba: "Bellini analota kuti akhale wolowa m'malo wa Rossini ndipo sanabise izi m'makalata ake. Koma ankadziwa kuti n'zovuta kuyandikira mawonekedwe ovuta komanso otukuka a ntchito za malemu Rossini. Wotsogola kwambiri kuposa momwe amaganizira, Bellini, yemwe kale anali pamsonkhano ndi Rossini mu 1829, adawona mtunda wowalekanitsa ndipo analemba kuti: "Kuyambira tsopano ndidzalemba ndekha, malinga ndi luntha, kuyambira pakutentha kwa unyamata. Ndinayesa mokwanira.” Mawu ovutawa akulankhula momveka bwino za kukana kukhwima kwa Rossini kwa zomwe zimatchedwa "common sense", ndiko kuti, kuphweka kwakukulu kwa mawonekedwe.

Bambo Marchese

Opera:

"Adelson ndi Salvini" (1825, 1826-27) "Bianca ndi Gernando" (1826, pansi pa mutu wakuti "Bianca ndi Fernando", 1828) "Pirate" (1827) "Mlendo" (1829) "Zaira" (1829) " Capulets ndi Montecchi (1830) "Somnambula" (1831) "Norma" (1831) "Beatrice di Tenda" (1833) "The Puritans" (1835)