Francis Poulen |

Frances Poulenc

Nyimbo zanga ndi chithunzi changa. F. Poulenc

F. Poulenc ndi m'modzi mwa oimba okongola kwambiri omwe France idapereka padziko lapansi m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. Analowa mu mbiri ya nyimbo monga membala wa bungwe la kulenga "Six". Mu "Zisanu ndi chimodzi" - wamng'ono kwambiri, osapitirira zaka makumi awiri - adagonjetsa ulamuliro ndi chikondi chapadziko lonse ndi talente yake - choyambirira, chamoyo, chodziwikiratu, komanso makhalidwe aumunthu - nthabwala zosalephera, kukoma mtima ndi kuona mtima, ndi chofunika kwambiri - luso kupatsa anthu ubwenzi wake wodabwitsa. “Francis Poulenc ndiye nyimbo yokhayo,” analemba motero D. Milhaud ponena za iye, “sindidziŵa za nyimbo ina iliyonse imene ingachite mwachindunji, imene ingakhale yolongosoledwa momvekera bwino kwambiri ndi imene ingafikire cholingacho ndi kusalakwa kofananako.

Wolemba tsogolo anabadwira m'banja la mafakitale akuluakulu. Amayi - woimba wabwino kwambiri - anali mphunzitsi woyamba wa Francis, adapereka kwa mwana wake chikondi chake chopanda malire pa nyimbo, kuyamikira kwa WA ​​Mozart, R. Schumann, F. Schubert, F. Chopin. Kuyambira ali ndi zaka 15, maphunziro ake oimba adapitilira motsogozedwa ndi woimba piyano R. Vignes ndi wolemba nyimbo C. Kequelin, yemwe adayambitsa woimbayo ku luso lamakono, ku ntchito ya C. Debussy, M. Ravel, komanso kwa oimba nyimbo. mafano atsopano a achinyamata - I. Stravinsky ndi E. Sati. Unyamata wa Poulenc udagwirizana ndi zaka za Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse. Anamulowetsa m’gulu lankhondo, zimene zinam’lepheretsa kuloŵa m’chipinda chosungiramo zinthu zakale. Komabe, Poulenc adawonekera koyambirira kwa nyimbo ku Paris. Mu 1917, wolemba wazaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu adapanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu la nyimbo zatsopano za "Negro Rhapsody" za baritone ndi zida zoimbira. Ntchitoyi inali yopambana kwambiri kotero kuti Poulenc nthawi yomweyo adakhala wotchuka. Analankhula za iye.

Polimbikitsidwa ndi kupambana, Poulenc, kutsatira "Negro Rhapsody", imapanga nyimbo za "Bestiary" (pa st. G. Apollinaire), "Cockades" (pa st. J. Cocteau); zidutswa za piano "Perpetual Motions", "Walks"; choreographic concerto kwa piyano ndi oimba "Morning Serenade"; ballet ndi kuimba Lani, anachita mu 1924 mu Entreprise S. Diaghilev. Milhaud adayankha izi ndi nkhani yosangalatsa: "Nyimbo za Laney ndizomwe mungayembekezere kuchokera kwa wolemba ... Ballet iyi idalembedwa ngati gulu lovina… , amene ife tiri kotero kokha ntchito za Poulenc mowolowa manja endow ... Phindu la nyimbo imeneyi ndi kupirira, nthawi sizidzakhudza izo, ndipo mpaka kalekale kusunga unyamata wake watsopano ndi chiyambi.

M'mabuku oyambirira a Poulenc, mbali zofunika kwambiri za khalidwe lake, kukoma, kalembedwe kake, mtundu wapadera wa nyimbo za Parisian, kugwirizana kwake kosasinthika ndi nyimbo ya Parisian, kunawonekera kale. B. Asafiev, wodziwika ndi zolemba izi, ananena “zomvekera bwino ...

M'zaka za m'ma 30, luso loimba la woimbayo linakula. Amagwira ntchito mwachangu mumitundu yanyimbo zamawu: amalemba nyimbo, cantatas, kuzungulira kwakwaya. Mu munthu Pierre Bernac wopeka anapeza womasulira luso nyimbo zake. Ndi iye monga woimba piyano, anayenda mokulira komanso mwachipambano m’mizinda yonse ya ku Ulaya ndi America kwa zaka zoposa 20. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi nyimbo za kwaya za Poulenc pa malemba auzimu: Misa, "Litanies kwa Black Rocamadour Mayi wa Mulungu", Mapepala anayi a nthawi ya kulapa. Pambuyo pake, m'zaka za m'ma 50, Stabat mater, Gloria, ma motets anayi a Khrisimasi adapangidwanso. Zolemba zonse zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri, zimasonyeza miyambo ya nyimbo za nyimbo za ku France za nthawi zosiyanasiyana - kuchokera ku Guillaume de Machaux kupita ku G. Berlioz.

Poulenc amathera zaka za Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse ku Paris atazingidwa ndi nyumba yake ku Noise, akugawana ndi anzawo zovuta zonse za moyo wankhondo, akuvutika kwambiri chifukwa cha tsogolo la dziko lakwawo, anthu ake, achibale ndi mabwenzi. Malingaliro omvetsa chisoni ndi malingaliro a nthawi imeneyo, komanso chikhulupiriro cha chigonjetso, mu ufulu, chinawonetsedwa mu cantata "Nkhope ya Munthu" ya kwaya iwiri cappella ku mavesi a P. Eluard. Wolemba ndakatulo wa French Resistance, Eluard, adalemba ndakatulo zake pansi pa nthaka, komwe adazizembetsa mwachinsinsi ndi dzina loti Poulenc. Wopeka nyimboyo anabisanso ntchito ya cantata ndi kufalitsidwa kwake. M’kati mwa nkhondoyo, uku kunali kulimba mtima kwakukulu. Sizongochitika mwangozi kuti pa tsiku lomasulidwa la Paris ndi madera ake ozungulira, Poulenc monyadira adawonetsa chigonjetso cha The Human Face pawindo la nyumba yake pafupi ndi mbendera ya dzikolo. Wopeka nyimbo za opera anali katswiri wa seŵero. Opera yoyamba, The Breasts of Theresa (1944, ku mawu a farce ndi G. Apollinaire) - opera yosangalatsa, yopepuka komanso yosasamala - imasonyeza chidwi cha Poulenc pa nthabwala, nthabwala, ndi kusamvana. Ma opera 2 otsatirawa ali amtundu wina. Awa ndi masewero omwe ali ndi chitukuko chakuya chamaganizo.

“Dialogues of the Carmelites” (libre. J. Bernanos, 1953) likuvumbula nkhani yomvetsa chisoni ya imfa ya anthu okhala m’nyumba ya amonke ya Karimeli m’nthaŵi ya Kuukira Kwakukulu kwa France, imfa yawo yamphamvu yopereka nsembe m’dzina la chikhulupiriro. "Liwu laumunthu" (lochokera pa sewero la J. Cocteau, 1958) ndi monodrama yanyimbo yomwe liwu laumunthu lamoyo ndi lonjenjemera limamveka - liwu lachikhumbo ndi kusungulumwa, liwu la mkazi wosiyidwa. Pa ntchito zonse za Poulenc, opera iyi inamubweretsera kutchuka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Inasonyeza mbali zowala kwambiri za luso la wolembayo. Ichi ndi nyimbo youziridwa yodzazidwa ndi umunthu wozama, mawu obisika. Ma opera onse a 3 adapangidwa kutengera luso lodabwitsa la woyimba waku France komanso wochita masewero D. Duval, yemwe adakhala woyamba woimba mumasewerowa.

Poulenc amamaliza ntchito yake ndi 2 sonatas - Sonata ya oboe ndi piyano yoperekedwa kwa S. Prokofiev, ndi Sonata ya clarinet ndi piyano yoperekedwa kwa A. Honegger. Imfa yadzidzidzi inafupikitsa moyo wa wolemba nyimboyo panthaŵi ya kukwera kwakukulu kwa kulenga, mkati mwa maulendo oimba nyimbo.

Cholowa cha wolembayo chimakhala ndi ntchito pafupifupi 150. Nyimbo zake zomveka zimakhala ndi luso lapamwamba kwambiri - ma operas, cantatas, nyimbo zakwaya, nyimbo, zabwino zomwe zinalembedwa m'mavesi a P. Eluard. Munali m'mitundu iyi momwe mphatso yowolowa manja ya Poulenc ngati woyimba nyimbo idawululidwa. Nyimbo zake, monga nyimbo za Mozart, Schubert, Chopin, zimagwirizanitsa kuphweka kwa zida, zochenjera komanso zakuya zamaganizo, zimakhala ngati chisonyezero cha moyo wa munthu. Chinali chithumwa chanyimbo chomwe chinapangitsa kuti nyimbo za Poulenc ziziyenda bwino ku France ndi kupitilira apo.

L. Kokoreva

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