Wilhelm Backhaus |
Wilhelm Backhaus
Ntchito yojambula ya imodzi mwa zowunikira za piyano yapadziko lonse inayamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana. Ali ndi zaka 16, adachita bwino kwambiri ku London ndipo mu 1900 adapanga ulendo wake woyamba ku Ulaya; mu 1905 anakhala wopambana wa IV International Competition wotchedwa Anton Rubinstein ku Paris; mu 1910 analemba zolemba zake zoyambirira; Pachiyambi cha Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse, iye anali kale kutchuka kwambiri mu USA, South America, ndi Australia. Dzina ndi chithunzi cha Backhaus zikhoza kuwonedwa mu Golden Book of Music lofalitsidwa ku Germany kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lathu. Kodi zimenezi sizikutanthauza kuti, woŵerenga angafunse, kuti n’zotheka kuyika Backhouse kukhala woimba piyano “wamakono” pazifukwa zomveka, pokumbukira kutalika kwa ntchito yake imene inali yosayerekezeka, imene inatenga pafupifupi zaka makumi asanu ndi aŵiri? Ayi, luso la Backhaus kwenikweni ndi la nthawi yathu, komanso chifukwa m'zaka zake zowonongeka, wojambulayo sanamalize "zake", koma anali pamwamba pa zomwe adachita. Koma chinthu chachikulu sichili ngakhale mu izi, koma chifukwa chakuti kalembedwe kake kamasewera komanso momwe omvera amamvera pazaka makumi angapo izi zikuwonetseratu njira zambiri zomwe zimakhala zodziwika kwambiri pakukula kwa luso lamakono la piyano, zili ngati mlatho wolumikiza kuyimba kwa piyano zakale ndi masiku athu.
Backhouse konse anaphunzira pa Conservatory, sanalandire maphunziro mwadongosolo. Mu 1892, wotsogolera Arthur Nikisch adalowa mu chimbale cha mnyamata wazaka zisanu ndi zitatu: "Iye amene amasewera Bach wamkulu kwambiri adzapeza chinachake m'moyo." Panthawiyi, Backhaus anali atangoyamba kuphunzira kuchokera kwa mphunzitsi wa Leipzig A. Reckendorf, yemwe adaphunzira naye mpaka 1899. Koma ankaganizira bambo ake enieni auzimu E. d'Albert, amene anamumva kwa nthawi yoyamba ngati 13- mnyamata wazaka ndipo kwa nthawi yaitali anamuthandiza ndi malangizo ochezeka.
Backhouse adalowa m'moyo wake wojambula ngati woimba wodziwika bwino. Mwamsanga adasonkhanitsa gulu lalikulu kwambiri ndipo adadziwika kuti ndi virtuoso yodabwitsa yomwe imatha kuthana ndi zovuta zilizonse zaukadaulo. Anali ndi mbiri yotereyi kuti anafika ku Russia chakumapeto kwa 1910 ndipo anachita chidwi ndi anthu ambiri. “Woyimba piyano wachichepere,” analemba motero Yu. Engel, “choyamba, ali ndi “makhalidwe” apadera a piyano: kamvekedwe kake (m’chiimbidwecho) kamvekedwe kabwino; ngati kuli kofunikira - mwamphamvu, momveka bwino, popanda kugwedeza ndi kufuula mwamphamvu; burashi wokongola, kusinthasintha kwamphamvu, njira yodabwitsa kwambiri. Koma chosangalatsa kwambiri ndi chosavuta njira imeneyi osowa. Backhouse ikukwera pamwamba osati ndi thukuta la pamphumi pake, koma mosavuta, monga Efimov pa ndege, kotero kuti kukwera kwa chidaliro chachimwemwe kumaperekedwa mwachisawawa kwa omvera ... wachinyamata wojambula nthawi zina zimangokhala zodabwitsa. Adachita chidwi ndi gawo loyamba la pulogalamuyi - Bach adasewera bwino kwambiri Chromatic Fantasy ndi Fugue. Chilichonse ku Backhouse sizowoneka bwino, komanso m'malo mwake, mwadongosolo. Kalanga! - nthawi zina ngakhale zabwino kwambiri! Chotero ndikufuna kubwereza mawu a Bülow kwa mmodzi wa ophunzirawo: “Ai, ai, ai! Wachichepere - ndipo kale kwambiri! Kudziletsa kumeneku kunkawonekera kwambiri, nthawi zina ndimakhala wokonzeka kunena kuti - kuuma, ku Chopin ... Woyimba piyano wina wakale wodabwitsa, atafunsidwa za zomwe zimafunika kuti akhale virtuoso weniweni, anayankha mwakachetechete, koma mophiphiritsira: analoza manja ake, mutu, mtima. Ndipo zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti Backhouse ilibe mgwirizano wathunthu mu utatu uwu; manja odabwitsa, mutu wokongola komanso wathanzi, koma mtima wosamvera womwe suyendera limodzi nawo. Malingaliro awa adagawidwa kwathunthu ndi owunikira ena. M’nyuzipepala ya “Golos” munthu angaŵerenge kuti “kuseŵera kwake kulibe chithumwa, mphamvu ya kutengeka maganizo: kumakhala kouma nthaŵi zina, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri kuuma kumeneku, kusowa kwa malingaliro kumawonekera, kuphimba mbali yokongola kwambiri ya virtuoso.” "Pali luso lokwanira pamasewera ake, palinso nyimbo, koma kufalitsa sikutenthedwa ndi moto wamkati. Kuwala kozizira, makamaka, kumatha kudabwitsa, koma osati kukopa. Lingaliro lake laluso silimalowa mkati mwakuya kwa wolembayo,” timawerenga mu ndemanga ya G. Timofeev.
Kotero, Backhouse adalowa m'bwalo la piyano monga wanzeru, wanzeru, koma wozizira, ndipo malingaliro ochepetsetsa awa - ndi deta yolemera kwambiri - adamulepheretsa kufika pamtunda weniweni wa luso kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo, kutalika kwa kutchuka. Backhouse adachita zoimbaimba mosatopa, adabwereza pafupifupi mabuku onse a piyano kuchokera ku Bach kupita ku Reger ndi Debussy, nthawi zina anali wopambana kwambiri - koma osatinso. Sanayerekeze n’komwe ndi “akuluakulu a dziko lino” – ndi omasulira. Kupereka ulemu kwa kulondola, kulondola, otsutsa adanyoza wojambulayo chifukwa chosewera chirichonse mofanana, mosasamala, kuti sakanatha kufotokoza maganizo ake pa nyimbo zomwe zimayimbidwa. Woyimba piyano wodziwika bwino komanso woimba nyimbo W. Niemann ananena mu 1921 kuti: “Chitsanzo chophunzitsa cha mmene neoclassicism imatsogolere ndi kusalabadira kwake m’maganizo ndi mwauzimu ndi chidwi chowonjezereka pa zaumisiri ndi woimba piyano wa ku Leipzig Wilhelm Backhaus … kuchokera ku chilengedwe , mzimu umene ungapangitse kuti phokoso likhale chithunzithunzi cha mkati wolemera ndi wongoganizira, ukusowa. Backhouse anali ndipo akadali katswiri wamaphunziro. ” Lingaliro ili linagawidwa ndi otsutsa a Soviet pa ulendo wa wojambula wa USSR mu 20s.
Izi zinachitika kwa zaka zambiri, mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 50. Zinkawoneka kuti maonekedwe a Backhouse sanasinthe. Koma mosapita m'mbali, kwa nthawi yayitali mosadziwika bwino, panali njira yosinthira luso lake, yogwirizana kwambiri ndi kusinthika kwa munthu. Mfundo yauzimu, ya makhalidwe abwino inadza patsogolo kwambiri ndi mphamvu, kuphweka kwanzeru kunayamba kugonjetsa kuwala kwakunja, kufotokoza - mopanda chidwi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, repertoire wojambula anasintha: zidutswa virtuoso pafupifupi mbisoweka pa mapulogalamu ake (iwo anali osungidwa kwa encores), Beethoven anatenga malo aakulu, kenako Mozart, Brahms, Schubert. Ndipo izo zinachitika kuti m'zaka za m'ma 50 anthu, titero, adapezanso Backhaus, adamuzindikira kuti ndi mmodzi wa "Beethovenists" wodabwitsa wa nthawi yathu.
Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti njira yodziwika bwino yadutsa kuchokera kwa munthu wanzeru, koma wopanda pake, yemwe amakhalapo ambiri nthawi zonse, kupita kwa wojambula weniweni? Osati ndithudi mwanjira imeneyo. Chowonadi ndi chakuti machitidwe a wojambulayo sanasinthe njira yonseyi. Backhouse wakhala akugogomezera chikhalidwe chachiwiri - kuchokera pamalingaliro ake - luso lomasulira nyimbo mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe chake. Anawona mwa wojambula yekha "womasulira", mkhalapakati pakati pa woimba ndi womvera, wokhazikitsidwa ngati cholinga chake chachikulu, ngati sichinali cholinga chokha, kufalitsa kwenikweni kwa mzimu ndi kalata ya malemba a wolemba - popanda zowonjezera kuchokera kwa iye, popanda kuwonetsa luso lake "Ine". M'zaka za unyamata wa wojambulayo, pamene kukula kwake kwa piyano komanso kukula kwa nyimbo kunaposa kukula kwa umunthu wake, izi zinapangitsa kuuma kwamaganizo, umunthu, kusakhalapo kwamkati ndi zolakwa zina zomwe zadziwika kale za piano ya Backhouse. Kenako, wojambulayo atakhwima mwauzimu, umunthu wake mosapeŵeka, mosasamala kanthu za kulengeza ndi kuŵerengera kulikonse, unayamba kusiya chizindikiro pa kumasulira kwake. Izi sizinapangitse kuti kutanthauzira kwake kukhala "koyenera", sikunapangitse kusamvana - apa Backhouse anakhalabe wokhulupirika kwa iyemwini; koma malingaliro odabwitsa a milingo, kulumikizana kwatsatanetsatane ndi zonse, kuphweka kolimba ndi kopambana komanso chiyero chauzimu cha luso lake mosatsutsika, ndipo kusakanizika kwawo kunayambitsa demokalase, kupezeka, zomwe zidamubweretsera kupambana kwatsopano, kosiyana kwambiri kuposa kale. .
Mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri a Backhaus amatuluka ndi mpumulo wapadera pakutanthauzira kwake kwa Beethoven mochedwa sonatas - kutanthauzira koyeretsedwa kukhudza kulikonse kwa malingaliro, njira zabodza, zogonjera kwathunthu kuwululidwa kwa kapangidwe kake kamkati ka wophiphiritsa, kulemera kwa malingaliro a wolembayo. Monga momwe ofufuzawo adanenera, nthawi zina omvera a Backhouse ankawoneka ngati wotsogolera yemwe adatsitsa manja ake ndikupatsa oimba mwayi woimba payekha. "Pamene Backhaus amasewera Beethoven, Beethoven amalankhula kwa ife, osati Backhaus," analemba motero katswiri wa nyimbo wa ku Austria K. Blaukopf. Osati mochedwa Beethoven, komanso Mozart, Haydn, Brahms, Schubert. Schumann anapeza mwa wojambula uyu wotanthauzira kwambiri, yemwe kumapeto kwa moyo wake anaphatikiza ubwino ndi nzeru.
Mwachilungamo, ziyenera kutsindika kuti ngakhale m'zaka zake zakumapeto - ndipo iwo anali opambana a Backhouse - sanapambane mu chirichonse mofanana. Makhalidwe ake adakhala opanda organic, mwachitsanzo, atagwiritsidwa ntchito ku nyimbo za Beethoven za nthawi yoyambirira komanso yapakati, pomwe woyimbayo amafunikira kutenthetsa komanso kusangalatsa. Wowunika wina ananena kuti "pomwe Beethoven sanena zochepa, Backhouse alibe chilichonse choti anene."
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, nthawi yatilolanso kuti tiwone bwino luso la Backhaus. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti "cholinga" chake chinali chofanana ndi momwe amachitira chidwi chambiri ndi machitidwe achikondi ngakhalenso "zachikondi chapamwamba", chikhalidwe cha nthawi yapakati pa nkhondo ziwiri zapadziko lonse. Ndipo, mwinamwake, chinali pambuyo poti chidwichi chinayamba kuchepa kuti tinatha kuyamika zinthu zambiri ku Backhouse. Chotero mmodzi wa magazini a Chijeremani sanali olondola m’kutcha Backhaus m’cholembedwa cha imfa “womalizira wa oimba piyano opambana a m’nthaŵi yakale.” M'malo mwake, iye anali mmodzi mwa oimba piyano oyambirira a nthawi ino.
"Ndikufuna kuimba nyimbo mpaka masiku otsiriza a moyo wanga," anatero Backhouse. Maloto ake anakwaniritsidwa. Zaka khumi ndi theka zapitazi zakhala nthawi yachitukuko chosaneneka m'moyo wa ojambula. Anakondwerera tsiku lake lobadwa la 70 ndi ulendo waukulu wopita ku USA (kubwereza zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake); mu 1957 adasewera makonsati onse a Beethoven ku Rome madzulo awiri. Atasokoneza ntchito yake kwa zaka ziwiri ("kukhazikitsa njira"), wojambulayo adawonekeranso pamaso pa anthu mu ulemerero wake wonse. Osati pamakonsati okha, komanso panthawi yoyeserera, sanasewerepo ndi mtima wonse, koma, m'malo mwake, nthawi zonse amafuna tempos yabwino kuchokera kwa okonda. Iye ankawona kuti ndi nkhani yaulemu mpaka masiku ake otsiriza kukhala ndi malo osungiramo, okonzekera, pamasewero ovuta monga Liszt's Campanella kapena zolemba za Liszt za nyimbo za Schubert. M'zaka za m'ma 60, zolemba zambiri za Backhouse zinatulutsidwa; zolemba za nthawiyi zinagwira kutanthauzira kwake kwa ma sonatas onse ndi ma concerto a Beethoven, ntchito za Haydn, Mozart ndi Brahms. Madzulo a tsiku la kubadwa kwake kwa zaka 85, wojambulayo adasewera ndi chidwi chachikulu ku Vienna Second Brahms Concerto, yomwe adayamba kuchita mu 1903 ndi H. Richter. Pomaliza, masiku 8 asanamwalire, adachita konsati pa chikondwerero cha Carinthian Summer ku Ostia ndipo adaseweranso, monga nthawi zonse, modabwitsa. Koma vuto la mtima mwadzidzidzi linamulepheretsa kumaliza pulogalamuyo, ndipo patapita masiku angapo wojambula wodabwitsayo anamwalira.
Wilhelm Backhaus sanasiye sukulu. Iye sankakonda ndipo sankafuna kuphunzitsa. Kuyesera kochepa - ku King's College ku Manchester (1905), Sonderhausen Conservatory (1907), Philadelphia Curtis Institute (1925 - 1926) sikunasiye mbiri yake. Analibe ophunzira. Iye anati: “Ndatanganidwa kwambiri ndi zimenezi. "Ndikakhala ndi nthawi, Backhouse mwiniwake amakhala wophunzira wanga wokondedwa." Iye ananena popanda kaimidwe, popanda coquetry. Ndipo anayesetsa kukhala wangwiro mpaka mapeto a moyo wake, kuphunzira nyimbo.
Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.
