Lute: ndi chiyani, kapangidwe, phokoso, mbiri, mitundu, ntchito

Chida chakale chodulira zingwe, chomwe chidalandira dzina landakatulo "lute", chikufanizidwa molakwika ndi ambiri okhala ndi gitala yamakono kapena domra. Komabe, ili ndi dongosolo lapadera, phokoso ndi mbiri yakale yomwe ili ndi mfundo zosangalatsa.

Kodi lute ndi chiyani

Lute ndi chida choimbira cha gulu la zingwe zodulidwa. M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, inali ndi thupi looneka ngati peyala ndi zingwe zingapo. Pakati pa anthu achiarabu, iye ankaonedwa ngati mfumukazi ya zida zoimbira, ndipo chifukwa cha mawu ake ofewa, anali ndi tanthauzo lophiphiritsa kwa zipembedzo zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kwa Abuda, kuimba chida chimenechi kunatanthauza bata ndi mkhalidwe wogwirizana m’dziko la anthu ndi milungu, pamene kwa Akristu kunatanthauza kukongola kwakumwamba ndi kulamulira mphamvu za chilengedwe.

M'mbuyomu, lute inali imodzi mwa zida "zachipembedzo" zomwe zinkaimbidwa m'magulu olemekezeka okha. M'mbuyomu, panalinso lingaliro lakuti iye ndi "chida cha mafumu onse."

kapangidwe

Kawirikawiri, m'mbiri yonse, chidacho sichinasinthe mawonekedwe ake oyambirira. Monga kale, thupi la lute ndi lofanana ndi mawonekedwe a peyala ndipo amapangidwa ndi matabwa. Pazifukwa izi, chitumbuwa, mapulo kapena rosewood amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri.

Sitimayo ili ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, ndipo imakongoletsedwanso ndi rosette yojambulidwa pakatikati. Khosi silimapachika, koma lili mu ndege imodzi ndi thupi. M'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, lute ili ndi zingwe zinayi kapena zisanu. Kuyimba sikophweka, chifukwa woyimba amayenera kuthera nthawi yambiri akuyesera kukonzekera Sewerolo.

Kodi lute amamveka bwanji?

Phokoso la lute limafanana m'njira zambiri ndi kudulira gitala, koma poyerekeza zida ziwirizi, mutha kupeza kusiyana. Liwu la lute limasiyanitsidwa ndi kufewa kwapadera, komwe kumakhala kovuta kukwaniritsa poimba gitala. Komanso, akatswiri oimba amaona kumveka bwino kwa chida choimbiracho komanso machulukidwe ake.

Chifukwa cha zingwe zingapo, phokoso la lute limakhala ndi khalidwe lolemekezeka komanso lachikondi. Ndicho chifukwa chake ojambula nthawi zambiri ankamujambula m'manja mwa mtsikana kapena mnyamata.

Mbiri yakale

Mbiri ya chiyambi cha lute ndi yosamvetsetseka. The prototypes woyamba wa chida zamakono ntchito mwakhama ku Egypt, Greece ndi Bulgaria. Komanso, zosiyana zinapezeka ku Persia, Armenia ndi Byzantium. Komabe, akatswiri a mbiri yakale sanathe kudziwa kuti Luthier woyamba anali ndani.

Nyimbo zakale za lute zidayamba kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha anthu aku Bulgaria, omwe adapangitsa kuti ikhale yotchuka kwambiri ku Balkan Peninsula. Komanso, ndi manja a a Moor, chidacho chinasamutsidwa ku Spain ndi Catalonia. Ndipo kale m'zaka za zana la XIV, idafalikira ku Spain ndipo idayamba kusamukira kumayiko olankhula Chijeremani.

mitundu

M'mbiri yonse ya lute, mapangidwe ake asintha kwambiri. Masters anasintha mawonekedwe a mlanduwo, dongosolo, chiwerengero cha zingwe, chinawonjezera kukula kwake. Chifukwa cha izi, pali zida zambiri zodziyimira pawokha padziko lapansi, zomwe kholo lake linali lute. Mwa iwo:

• Sitar (India). Lili ndi matupi awiri omveka, achiwiri omwe ali pa chala. Chinthu chosiyana ndi sitar ndi zingwe zambiri, 7 zomwe ndizo zikuluzikulu. Phokoso pa lute la Indian limachotsedwa mothandizidwa ndi mizrab - mkhalapakati wapadera.
• Kobza (Ukraine). Poyerekeza ndi chida choyambirira, kobza ili ndi thupi lozungulira komanso khosi lalifupi lokhala ndi ma frets 8 okha.
• Vihuela (Italy). Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa vihuela ndiko kutulutsa mawu. Poyambirira, sanali mkhalapakati wapamwamba yemwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito kusewera, koma uta. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, vihuela zinkamveka mosiyana ndi za lute. Thupi lake lapeza zolemba za gitala yamakono, ndipo chifukwa cha njira yotulutsira mawu, imatchedwa gulu la zingwe zoweramitsidwa.
• Mandolin. Kawirikawiri, mandolin amafanana kwambiri ndi lute, koma khosi lake ndi lalifupi ndipo limakhala ndi zingwe zocheperapo. Kuyimba chida ichi, njira yapadera imagwiritsidwa ntchito - tremolo.
• Saz ndi chida chofanana ndi mandolin chofala pakati pa anthu aku Transcaucasia. Saz ali ndi khosi lalitali komanso zingwe zocheperapo kuposa zingwe zina zodulidwa.
• Dutar ndi chida chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakati pa anthu okhala ku Central ndi South Asia. Khosi la dutar ndi lalitali kuposa la lute, motero kusiyanasiyana kwa mawu opangidwa kumakhala kokulirapo.

Komanso, Russian domra nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mtundu wa lute, chifukwa. ndiye chitsanzo cha balalaika ndi mandolin.

Osewera odziwika bwino a lute

Kuyambira kalekale, anthu amene amaimba lute ankatchedwa kuti lute. Monga lamulo, iwo sanali oimba okha, komanso olemba nyimbo. Olemba nyimbo za lute otchuka ndi Vincesto Capirola, Robert de Wiese, Johann Sebastian Bach ndi ena.

M'zaka za zana la XNUMX, kufunikira kwa lute kwatsika kwambiri, koma osewera a lute akupitiliza kusangalatsa anthu ndi machitidwe awo. Mndandanda wa oimba amakono omwe akutchuka ndi chida ichi akuphatikizapo V. Vavilov, V. Kaminik, P. O'Dett, O. Timofeev, A. Krylov ndi ena. Repertoire ya lutenists imakhala ndi mazana a ntchito zomwe zimamasuliridwa kukhala nyimbo za lute, zomwe sizimamveka kokha mu zidutswa za solo, komanso m'magulu.

Lute ndi chida chakale chokhala ndi mbiri yodabwitsa. Idakhala ngati choyimira cha zida zambiri zamakono zodulira zingwe, chifukwa chake tanthauzo lake mu dziko la nyimbo ndilabwino kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti lute safuna kwenikweni m'dziko lamakono, oimba akupitiriza kupanga nyimbo pa izo, kufalitsa chida pakati pa omvera.