Malingaliro amalingaliro |

KUGWIRITSA NTCHITO (kuchokera ku lat. affectus - chisangalalo chamaganizo, chilakolako) - nyimbo ndi zokongola. lingaliro limene linafala m’zaka za zana la 18; malinga ndi chiphunzitso ichi, chachikulu (kapena ngakhale chokha) chomwe chili mu nyimbo ndi mawu, kapena "chifaniziro", munthu. kumverera, zilakolako. A.t. amachokera ku zakale (Aristotle) ​​ndi Middle Ages. aesthetics ("Musica movet affectus" - "Nyimbo zimasuntha zilakolako," anatero Wodala Augustine). Udindo wofunikira pakupanga kwa A. t. idaseweredwa ndi filosofi ya R. Descartes - nkhani yake "Emotional passions" ("Les passions de l'vme", 1649). Kuyika kwakukulu kwa A. t. amalembedwa ndi I. Mattheson. "Ndizotheka kufotokoza bwino mothandizidwa ndi zida zosavuta zolemekezeka za moyo, chikondi, nsanje. Mutha kufotokozera mayendedwe onse a mzimu ndi mawu osavuta kapena zotsatira zake, "adalemba mu The Newest Study of the Singspiel ("Die neueste Untersuchung der Singspiele", 1744). Kukonzekera kwachidule kumeneku kunatsimikiziridwa ndi tanthawuzo latsatanetsatane (nthawi zambiri lokhazikika) la zomwe zingafotokoze. Pogwiritsa ntchito nyimbo, kamvekedwe, kugwirizana, kumverera kumodzi kapena kwina. Ngakhale J. Tsarlino ("Istitetioni harmoniche", 1558) analemba za kugwirizana ndi zina zimakhudza decomp. nthawi ndi maulendo atatu akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono. A. Werkmeister (chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 17) anakulitsa mndandanda wa zolemba zakale zokhudzana ndi zina. amatanthauza, kuyambitsa mu izo tonality, tempo, dissonance ndi consonance, kaundula. Malingana ndi zomwe V. Galileya adanena, pankhaniyi, timbres ndi luso lopangira zidazo zinkaganiziridwanso. M'zochita zonsezi zokhudzidwazo zidagawidwa; A. Kircher mu 1650 ("Musurgia universalis") ali ndi 8 mwa mitundu yawo, ndi FW Marpurg mu 1758 - kale 27. Funso la nthawi zonse ndi kusintha kwa zotsatira zake linaganiziridwanso. Othandizira ambiri a A. t. ankakhulupirira kuti muses. ntchito imatha kuwonetsa kukhudzika kumodzi kokha, kuwonetsa pakuwonongeka. zigawo za kapangidwe ka gradations ake ndi mithunzi. A.t. zachitika pang'onopang'ono monga kufotokozera kwazomwe zikuchitika ku Italy, French. ndi German. nyimbo ser. Zaka za m'ma 18, zina zinali zokongola. kuyembekezera chitsogozo cha "sensitive" mu nyimbo. creativity 2nd floor. Zaka za zana la 18 (N. Piccinni, ana a JS Bach, JJ Rousseau ndi ena). A.t. adatsata ambiri. oimba akuluakulu, afilosofi, aesthetics a nthawi imeneyo: I. Mattheson, GF Telemann, JG Walter ("Musical Lexicon"), FE Bach, II Kvanz, mbali ina GE Lessing, Abbot JB Dubos, JJ Rousseau, D. Diderot ("Mphwake wa Ramo's ”), CA Helvetius (“Pa Maganizo”), AEM Grétry (“Memoirs”). Mu 2nd floor. Zaka za m'ma 18 A. t. imataya mphamvu zake.

Kuteteza mfundo za chilengedwe. ndi kutengeka kwenikweni. kufotokoza kwa nyimbo, othandizira A. t. anatsutsa luso laling'ono, motsutsana ndi German stilted. sukulu classicist, motsutsa gulu la padziko lapansi, nthawi zambiri nakulitsa mu nyimbo za Katolika. ndi evangelical. tchalitchi, komanso motsutsana ndi malingaliro abwino. aesthetics, omwe anakana chiphunzitso cha kutsanzira ndipo ankafuna kutsimikizira "zosamvetsetseka" za malingaliro ndi zilakolako za mus. zikutanthauza.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, A. t. anali wodziwika ndi malire, zimango chikhalidwe. Kuchepetsa zomwe zili mu nyimbo kuti ziwonetsere zilakolako, adanyoza kufunikira kwa chidziwitso chomwe chilimo. Poganizira zomwe zimakhudza ngati mayendedwe auzimu omwewo kwa anthu onse, A. t. okonda kuyimba kuti afotokoze zamitundu ina yamalingaliro, osati mawonekedwe awo payekhapayekha. Kuyesera systematize intervals, makiyi, rhythms, tempos, etc. malinga ndi maganizo-kufotokoza. zotsatira nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa schematism ndi mbali imodzi.

Zothandizira: Дидро D., Племянник Рамо, Избр. ku., pa. франц., т. 1, M., 1926; Маркус S., История музыкальной ESTетики, ч. 1, M., 1959, p. II; Wаlthеr JG, Musikalisches Lexikon, Lpz., 1732; Mattheson J., The Perfect Conductor, Kassel, 1739; Bach C. Ph. Em., Ndemanga ya Zojambula Zowona Zoyimba Piano, Tl 1-2, В., 1753; Rousseau J.-J., Dictionnaire de musique, Gиn., 1767, P., 1768; Engel JJ, za mndandanda wanyimbo, В., 1780; Gretry A., Mйmoires, ou Essais sur la musique, P., 1789, P., 1797; Marx A. В., Za kujambula mu nyimbo, B., 1828; Kretzschmar H., Malingaliro atsopano olimbikitsa mawu omveka bwino a nyimbo, mawu aesthetics, в сб.: «JbP», XII, Lpz., 1905; его же, general ndi makamaka chiphunzitso cha zimakhudza, I-II, там же, XVIII-XIX, Lpz., 1911-12; Schering A., The Music Aesthetics of the German Enlightenment, «SIMG», VIII, B., 1906/07; Goldschmidt H., The Music Aesthetics of the 18th Century, Z., 1915; Schцfke R., Quantz monga aesthetician, «AfMw», VI, 1924; Frotscher G., mapangidwe amutu a Bach motengera chiphunzitso cha zomwe zimakhudza. Nenani za 1925st Musicological Congress ku Leipzig. 1926, Lpz., 1700; Seraukу W., Kukongola kwa nyimbo zotsanzira mu nthawi ya 1850-1929, University Archive XVII, Mьnster i. W., 1955; Eggebrecht HH, Mfundo yofotokozera mumkuntho wanyimbo ndi chilimbikitso, "German Quarterly Journal for Literary Studies and Intellectual History", XXIX, XNUMX.

KK Rosenshield