Zolemba zachimuna |
kuchokera ku Latin mensura - mera; zilembo - dimensional notation
Dongosolo lojambulira mawu anyimbo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zaka za 13th-16th. Mosiyana ndi zolemba zakale zomwe sizinali m'maganizo (onani Nevmy), m'mphepete mwake mumangowonetsa momwe nyimboyo imayendera, komanso nyimbo yoyimba yomwe idalowa m'malo mwake, momwe zimamvekera kutalika kwa mawu, M. n. zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kukonza mamvekedwe ndi kutalika kwa mawu. Izi zinakhala zofunikira ndi chitukuko cha polyphony, pamene mu motets munali kuchoka ku matchulidwe amodzi a syllable iliyonse ya malemba m'mawu onse. M. ndi. opangidwa ndikufotokozedwa ndi Johannes de Garlandia, Franco waku Cologne, Walter Odington, Hieronymus waku Moravia (zaka za zana la 13), Philippe de Vitry, de Muris, Marchetto waku Padua (zaka za zana la 14), Johannes Tinctoris (zaka za 15th-16th), Francino Gaffori ( 16th c.), etc.
Kuti con. 13 ndi c. kutchula nthawi ya phokoso ndi kupuma mu M. n. zizindikiro zotsatirazi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito (zoperekedwa mu dongosolo lotsika la nthawi; mawu onse ndi Chilatini):
M'zaka za zana la 14 ngakhale nthawi yaying'ono idayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito - minima
(kang'ono kwambiri) ndi semiminima
(theka osachepera).
Gawo lowerengera la nthawi poyamba linali lolemba longa. Panali longa perfecta note (yangwiro), yofanana ndi ma brevis atatu, ndi longa imperfecta note (yopanda ungwiro), yofanana ndi ma brevis awiri. Kuchokera ku Ser. 14 ndi c. malingaliro a perfecta, magawano a magawo atatu, ndi imperfecta, magawano a magawo awiri, adawonjezeredwa ku chiŵerengero cha zolemba zina za "oyandikana nawo" m'malo mwa mndandanda wa nthawi zolembera; zolemba zokha za duplex longa (kenako maxima) ndi minima nthawi zonse zinali zomenyedwa pawiri. Mitundu ya magawano a rhythmic ankatchedwa masikelo. Panali mayina apadera a masikelo a nthawi iliyonse. Choncho, mlingo wa longa unkatchedwa modus, brevis scale ankatchedwa tempus, semibrevis scale ankatchedwa prolatio. Pambuyo pake, cholembera brevis chinakhala nthawi yowerengera, yofanana ndi yamakono. chidziwitso chonse; mitundu ya masikelo ake, mwachitsanzo tempus perfectum (yogawika m'ma semibrevis atatu) ndi tempus imperfectum (yogawika m'ma semibrevis awiri) ankasonyezedwa motsatana ndi zizindikiro.
и
; dzina lomaliza likugwiritsidwabe ntchito mpaka pano pakukula kwa 4/4. Zizindikirozi zinayikidwa kumayambiriro kwa mzere wa nyimbo kapena pakati pa kusintha kwa sikelo. Kuchokera m'zaka za zana la 14 la kuwerengera nthawi mu M. n. inakhala note semibrevis. Kugawika kwake kukhala magawo atatu a minima kudasankhidwa ndi mawu akuti prolatio major (perfecta), kukhala awiri - ndi mawu akuti prolatio minor (imperfecta). Kadontho mu chizindikiro cha tempus kanagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiro chosiyana. Izi zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kufotokoza mwachidule zonse zinayi zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito. mtundu wa kugonjera kwa nthawi:
1) brevis ndi semibrevis - tripartite, mwachitsanzo tempus perfectum, prolatio yaikulu (imagwirizana ndi kukula kwamakono 9/4, 9/8) - chizindikiro
; 2) brevis - tripartite, semibrevis - bipartite, mwachitsanzo tempus perfectum, prolatio minor (ikugwirizana ndi kukula kwamakono 3/4, 3/8) - chizindikiro
;
3) brevis - magawo awiri, semibrevis - magawo atatu, mwachitsanzo tempus imperfectum, prolatio yaikulu (imagwirizana ndi kukula kwamakono 6/4, 6/8) - chizindikiro
; 4) brevis - bipartite, semibrevis - bipartite, mwachitsanzo tempus imperfectum, prolatio minor (imagwirizana ndi kukula kwamakono 2/4, 4/4).
Zizindikiro zapamwambazi ndi zolemba sizinapereke mbiri yamitundu yonse yotheka ya rhythmic. kulinganiza kwa mawu. Pachifukwa ichi, malamulo adapangidwa omwe amagwirizanitsa nthawi yeniyeni ya cholemba komanso pakati pa zolemba zomwe zidapezeka. Chifukwa chake, lamulo la imperfectio linanena kuti ngati m'gawo la magawo atatu cholemba chotalikirapo chimatsatiridwa ndi cholembera chautali wocheperako, ndiyeno kubweranso utali wofanana ndi woyamba, kapena ngati cholemba chikutsatiridwa ndi manotsi opitilira atatu. kwa nthawi yayitali yofupikitsa, ndiye kuti nthawi ya cholembera ichi imachepa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu:
Lamulo losintha (kusintha, kusintha) lidalamula kuwirikiza kawiri kwa nthawi yachiwiri mwa zolemba ziwiri zoyandikana za nthawi yofanana, brevis, kenako ndi semibrevis, ndi mawu atatu:
Dep. mawu ambiri. nyimbozo nthawi zambiri zinkalembedwa panthawiyo m'njira yakuti mayunitsi owerengera m'menemo adakhala osiyana. Chifukwa chake, pochepetsa mawu kukhala athunthu, kumveka bwino kumafunikira. kutembenuka kwa mavoti. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mawu olembedwa ndi nthawi yokulirapo anali pansi pa "diminutio" (diminutio). Chodziwika kwambiri chinali kuchepetsa nthawi yonse ya mawu operekedwa ndi theka (proportio dupla). Ankasonyezedwa ndi mzere woyima wodutsa chizindikiro cha sikelo - , kapena kutembenuka kwa chizindikiro ichi - , kapena kachigawo kakang'ono ka 2/1. Mitundu ina ya diminutio idagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Kuchotsa kwa diminutio komwe kukuwonetsedwa ndi gawoli kunachitika posuntha nambala ndi denominator (mwachitsanzo, 1/2 pambuyo pa 2/1). Diminutio 2/1, kutanthauza mawu onse, amayimira kufulumira kwa tempo.
Chifukwa kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya imperfectio ndi diminutio kumapangitsa nyimbo kukhala zovuta, kuyesa kupangitsa kuti ma notiwo aziwerengedwa poyambitsa nyimbo zatsopano. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa zikopa kupita ku pepala, anayamba kusintha zizindikiro za nyimbo "zakuda" ndi "zoyera". Izi zinali zovuta kwambiri ku Italy. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 16. Nayi kachitidwe kotsatira ka nyimbo:
Pang'onopang'ono, zizindikiro za nyimbo zakuda zinakhazikitsidwa kuti ziwonetsere ma semiminims ndi nthawi yaying'ono, komanso kupuma kofanana ndi fuze ndi semifuze, choyamba mwa zizindikiro ziwirizo. Dongosolo ili la zizindikiro linapanga maziko amakono. machitidwe olembera zolemba. Kale m'zaka za zana la 15. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba zolemba zozungulira, m'zaka za zana la 16. nayenso anasamukira ku ntchito yosindikiza nyimbo. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 16 kugonjera kwa nthawi mogwirizana ndi l: 2 kunagonjetsa kulikonse; zinasonyeza kukana kwa M. n. ndi kusintha kwa masiku ano notation system.
Zothandizira: Saketti LA, Nkhani ya mbiri yakale ya nyimbo, St. Petersburg, 1912; Gruber RI, Mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, vol. 1, gawo 2, M.-L., 1941; Bellermann H., Die Mensuralnoten ndi Takteeichen des XV. ndi XVI. Jahrhunderts, W., 1858, 1963; Jacobsthal G., Die Mensuralnotenschrift des 12. und 13. Jahrhunderts, B., 1871; Riemann, H. Studien zur Geschichte der Notenschrift, Lpz., 1878; Wolf J., Geschichte der Mensuralnotation von 1250-1460, Bd 1-3, Lpz., 1904, Hildesheim-Wiesbaden, 1965; chimodzimodzi, Handbuch der Notationskunde, Bd 1, Lpz., 1913; yake, Die Tonschriften, Breslau, 1924; Chybinski A., Teoria mensuralna…, Kr., 1910; Michalitschke AM, Studien zur Entstehung und Fhrhentwicklung der Mensuralnotation, “ZfMw”, 1930, Jahrg. 12, H. 5; Rarrish C., The notation of polyphonie music, NY, 1958; Fischer K. v., Zur Entwicklung der italienischen Trecento-Notation, “AfMw”, 1959, Jahrg. 16; Apel W., Die Notation der polyphonen Musik, 900-1600, Lpz., 1962; Genther R., Die Mensuralnotation des Ars nova, “AfMw”, 1962-63. (Jahrg. 20), H. 1.
VA Vakhromeev
