Atonal nyimbo |

ATONAL MUSIC (kuchokera ku Greek a - negative particle ndi tonos - tone) - nyimbo. ntchito zolembedwa kunja kwa malingaliro a modal ndi ma harmonies. Kulumikizana komwe kumapanga chilankhulo cha nyimbo za tonal (onani Mode, Tonality). Mfundo yaikulu ya A. m. ndiye kufanana kwathunthu kwa ma toni onse, kusakhalapo kwa malo aliwonse omwe amawagwirizanitsa ndi mphamvu yokoka pakati pa ma toni. A.m. sichizindikira kusiyana kwa consonance ndi dissonance ndi kufunikira kothetsa ma dissonance. Zimatanthawuza kukana mgwirizano wogwira ntchito, osaphatikizapo kuthekera kwa kusinthasintha.

Dep. ma atonal episodes amapezeka kale kumapeto kwa Romantic. ndi nyimbo zochititsa chidwi. Komabe, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 mu ntchito ya A. Schoenberg ndi ophunzira ake, kukana maziko a nyimbo kumakhala kofunika kwambiri ndipo kumabweretsa lingaliro la atononalism kapena "atonalism". Ena mwa oimira odziwika kwambiri a A. m., kuphatikizapo A. Schoenberg, A. Berg, A. Webrn, anatsutsa mawu akuti "atonalism", akukhulupirira kuti akufotokoza molakwika chiyambi cha njira iyi yopangira. Ndi JM Hauer yekha, yemwe adadzipanga yekha njira yolembera ma toni 12, mopanda Schoenberg, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzambiri zake. amagwira ntchito ndi mawu akuti "A. m.

Kuwonekera kwa A.m. zinakonzedwa ndi dziko la Ulaya. nyimbo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20. Kukula kwakukulu kwa ma chromatics, mawonekedwe a chords cha gawo lachinayi, ndi zina zambiri, zidapangitsa kufowoka kwa machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito modal. Kuyesetsa kulowa mu gawo la "tonal weightlessness" kumalumikizidwanso ndi zoyesayesa za olemba ena kuti afikire kufotokozera kwaufulu kwa zomverera zoyengedwa, zosamveka bwino zamkati. zikhumbo.

Olemba a A. m. anayang'anizana ndi ntchito yovuta yopeza mfundo zokhoza kulowetsa m'malo mwa ndondomeko yokonzekera nyimbo za tonal. Nthawi yoyamba ya chitukuko cha "atonalism yaulere" imadziwika ndi kukopa pafupipafupi kwa olemba ku wok. mitundu, pomwe malembawo amakhala ngati chinthu chachikulu chopangira. Zina mwa zolembedwa zoyambirira za dongosolo losasinthika ndi nyimbo 15 kupita ku mavesi kuchokera ku The Book of Hanging Gardens lolemba S. Gheorghe (1907-09) ndi Three fp. amasewera op. 11 (1909) A. Schoenberg. Kenako panabwera monodrama yake "Kudikira", opera "Hand Hand", "Zidutswa Zisanu za Orchestra" op. 16, melodrama Lunar Pierrot, komanso ntchito za A. Berg ndi A. Webern, momwe mfundo ya atononalism inakhazikitsidwa. Kukulitsa chiphunzitso cha nyimbo zanyimbo, Schoenberg anaika patsogolo kufunika kwa kuchotsedwa kwa ma consonant chords ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa dissonance monga chinthu chofunika kwambiri cha nyimbo. Chilankhulo ("mancipation of dissonance"). Panthaŵi imodzimodzi ndi oimira sukulu yatsopano ya Viennese ndipo popanda iwo, olemba ena a ku Ulaya ndi America (B. Bartok, CE Ives, ndi ena) anagwiritsa ntchito njira zolembera atonal ku digiri imodzi kapena imzake.

Kukongoletsa mfundo za A. M., makamaka pa gawo loyamba, anali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi zonena za expressionism, amene amasiyanitsidwa ndi lakuthwa kwake. njira ndi kulola zosamveka. kusokoneza luso. kuganiza. A.m., kunyalanyaza ma harmonic ogwira ntchito. kugwirizana ndi mfundo za kuthetsa dissonance mu consonance, anakwaniritsa zofunikira za expressionist art.

Kupititsa patsogolo kwa A.m. Zimagwirizana ndi zoyesayesa za otsatira ake kuti athetse kusamvana kokhazikika pakupanga, komwe kumakhala "atonalism yaulere". Pachiyambi. Zaka za m'ma 20 pamodzi ndi Schoenberg, olemba JM Hauer (Vienna), N. Obukhov (Paris), E. Golyshev (Berlin), ndi ena anapanga machitidwe opangira nyimbo, omwe, malinga ndi olemba awo, anayenera kulowetsedwa mu a. mfundo zina zolimbikitsa ndikuthetsa chisokonezo cha sonic cha atonolism. Komabe, mwa zoyesayesa izi, "njira yopangira ndi matani a 12 yogwirizana ndi wina ndi mzake", lofalitsidwa mu 1922 ndi Schoenberg, pansi pa dzina lakuti dodecaphony, lafala m'mayiko ambiri. mayiko. Mfundo za A.m. khazikitsani mawu osiyanasiyana. njira za zomwe zimatchedwa. nyimbo avant-garde. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, mfundo zimenezi zimakanidwa kotheratu ndi ambiri mwa olemba odziŵika bwino a m’zaka za zana la 20 amene amatsatira nyimbo za tonal. kuganiza (A. Honegger, P. Hindemith, SS Prokofiev ndi ena). Kuzindikira kapena kusazindikira kuvomerezeka kwa atonalism ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri. kusagwirizana pakupanga nyimbo zamakono.

Zothandizira: Druskin M., Njira Zachitukuko cha nyimbo zamakono zakunja, m'magulu: Mafunso a nyimbo zamakono, L., 1963, p. 174-78; Shneerson G., Za nyimbo zamoyo ndi zakufa, M., 1960, M., 1964, ch. "Schoenberg ndi sukulu yake"; Mazel L., Pa njira za chitukuko cha chinenero chamakono nyimbo, III. Dodecaphony, "SM", 1965, No 8; Berg A., Kodi atonalitye ndi chiyani Nkhani ya wailesi yoperekedwa ndi A. Berg pa Vienna Rundfunk, 23 April 1930, ku Slonimsky N., Nyimbo kuyambira 1900, NY, 1938 (onani zowonjezera); Schoenberg, A., Style and idea, NY, 1950; Reti R., Tonality, atonality, pantonality, L., 1958, 1960 (Russian translation - Tonality mu nyimbo zamakono, L., 1968); Perle G., seri composition and atonality, Berk.-Los Ang., 1962, 1963; Austin W., Nyimbo za m'zaka za zana la 20…, NY, 1966.

GM Schneerson