Alexander Sergeevich Dargomyzhsky |

Alexander Dargomyzhsky

Dargomyzhsky "Old Corporal" (Spanish: Fedor Chaliapin)

Sindikufuna kuchepetsa…nyimbo kukhala zosangalatsa. Ndikufuna kuti mawuwo afotokoze mawuwo mwachindunji. Ndikufuna chowonadi. A. Dargomyzhsky

Kumayambiriro kwa 1835, mnyamata wina anaonekera m’nyumba ya M. Glinka, yemwe anakhala wokonda kwambiri nyimbo. Wamfupi, wakunja wosadabwitsa, adasinthiratu pa piyano, kusangalatsa omwe amamuzungulira ndi kusewera kwaulere komanso kuwerenga bwino zolemba papepala. Anali A. Dargomyzhsky, posachedwapa woimira wamkulu wa nyimbo zachikale za ku Russia. Mbiri ya olemba onsewa ndi yofanana kwambiri. Dargomyzhsky ubwana anathera pa malo a bambo ake pafupi ndi Novospassky, ndipo anazunguliridwa ndi chikhalidwe chomwecho ndi moyo waumphawi monga Glinka. Koma iye anafika ku St. Petersburg ali wamng'ono (banja anasamukira ku likulu ali ndi zaka 4), ndipo izi zinasiya chizindikiro pa zokonda luso ndipo anatsimikiza chidwi chake mu nyimbo za moyo wa m'tawuni.

Dargomyzhsky adalandira maphunziro apanyumba, koma otakata komanso osunthika, momwe ndakatulo, zisudzo, ndi nyimbo zidatenga malo oyamba. Ali ndi zaka 7, adaphunzitsidwa kuyimba piyano, violin (kenako adaphunziranso kuyimba). Chilakolako chofuna kulemba nyimbo chinapezedwa mwamsanga, koma sichinalimbikitsidwe ndi mphunzitsi wake A. Danilevsky. Dargomyzhsky anamaliza maphunziro ake a piyano ndi F. Schoberlechner, wophunzira wa I. Hummel wotchuka, akuphunzira naye mu 1828-31. M'zaka izi, nthawi zambiri ankaimba piyano, ankachita nawo madzulo a quartet ndikuwonetsa chidwi chowonjezereka. Komabe, m'derali Dargomyzhsky akadali ankachita masewera. Panalibe chidziŵitso chanthanthi chokwanira, kuwonjezera apo, wachichepereyo analoŵerera moloŵerera m’nyengo yamkuntho ya moyo wakudziko, “anali mu kutentha kwa unyamata ndi m’zikhadabo za chisangalalo.” Zowona, ngakhale pamenepo panalibe zosangalatsa zokha. Dargomyzhsky amapita madzulo a nyimbo ndi zolemba m'ma salons a V. Odoevsky, S. Karamzina, zimachitika mu bwalo la ndakatulo, ojambula, ojambula, oimba. Komabe, kudziwana ndi Glinka kunasintha kwambiri moyo wake. "Maphunziro omwewo, kukondanso zaluso komweko kunatifikitsa pafupi ... Posakhalitsa tinagwirizana ndipo tinakhala mabwenzi moona mtima. ... Kwa zaka 22 zotsatizana, tinkakhala naye pafupi kwambiri, maubwenzi ochezeka kwambiri, "Dargomyzhsky analemba m'mabuku a autobiographical.

Apa m'pamene Dargomyzhsky kwa nthawi yoyamba kwenikweni anakumana ndi funso tanthauzo la zilandiridwenso wopeka. Analipo pa kubadwa kwa sewero loyamba lachi Russia "Ivan Susanin", adatenga nawo mbali pamasewero ake ndipo adawona ndi maso ake kuti nyimbo sizimangokhalira kukondweretsa ndi kusangalatsa. Kupanga nyimbo mu salons kunasiyidwa, ndipo Dargomyzhsky anayamba kudzaza mipata mu chidziwitso chake cha nyimbo ndi chiphunzitso. Pazifukwa izi, Glinka adapatsa Dargomyzhsky zolemba 5 zokhala ndi zolemba za katswiri waku Germany Z. Dehn.

Mu zoyesayesa zake zoyamba za kulenga, Dargomyzhsky adawonetsa kale luso lodziimira payekha. Anakopeka ndi zithunzi za "kunyazitsidwa ndi kukhumudwa", amayesa kubwezeretsanso nyimbo za anthu osiyanasiyana, kuwatenthetsa ndi chifundo ndi chifundo chake. Zonsezi zinakhudza kusankha kwa chiwembu choyamba cha opera. Mu 1839 Dargomyzhsky anamaliza opera Esmeralda ku libretto ya ku France ya V. Hugo yochokera m'buku lake la Notre Dame Cathedral. Kuyamba kwake kunachitika mu 1848, ndipo "izi zaka zisanu ndi zitatu kudikira kwachabechabe,” analemba motero Dargomyzhsky, “kunandiika mtolo wolemera pa ntchito yanga yonse yaluso.”

Kulephera kunatsagananso ndi ntchito yaikulu yotsatira - cantata "The Triumph of Bacchus" (pa St. A. Pushkin, 1843), inakonzedwanso mu 1848 kukhala opera-ballet ndipo inangochitika mu 1867. "Esmeralda", yomwe inali kuyesera koyamba kuwonetsa sewero lamalingaliro "anthu aang'ono", ndi "The Triumph of Bacchus", komwe kunachitika kwa nthawi yoyamba ngati gawo la ntchito yayikulu yamphepo ndi ndakatulo zanzeru za Pushkin, ndi zophophonya zonse. sitepe yaikulu kwa "Mermaid". Zibwenzi zambiri zinayambitsanso njira. Zinali mu mtundu uwu kuti Dargomyzhsky mwanjira ina mosavuta ndipo mwachibadwa anafika pamwamba. Ankakonda kupanga nyimbo za mawu, mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake ankachita maphunziro a pedagogy. "... Ndikulankhula nthawi zonse pamodzi ndi oimba ndi oimba, ndinatha kuphunzira momwe mawu a anthu amakhalira, komanso luso loimba mochititsa chidwi," analemba motero Dargomyzhsky. Muunyamata wake, wolembayo nthawi zambiri ankalemekeza nyimbo za salon, koma ngakhale m'mabuku ake oyambirira amakumana ndi mitu yayikulu ya ntchito yake. Kotero nyimbo yosangalatsa ya vaudeville "Ndikuvomereza, amalume" (Art. A. Timofeev) ikuyembekezera nyimbo zamatsenga-zojambula za nthawi ina; mutu wapamutu wa ufulu wa kumverera kwaumunthu ukuphatikizidwa mu ballad "Ukwati" (Art. A. Timofeev), okondedwa pambuyo pake ndi VI Lenin. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 40. Dargomyzhsky anatembenukira ku ndakatulo Pushkin, kupanga mwaluso monga zachikondi "Ndinakukondani", "Mnyamata ndi namwali", "Night marshmallow", "Vertograd". Ndakatulo za Pushkin zinathandiza kuthana ndi chikoka cha kalembedwe ka salon, zomwe zinalimbikitsa kufunafuna kumveka bwino kwa nyimbo. Ubale pakati pa mawu ndi nyimbo unayamba kuyandikira kwambiri, zomwe zimafuna kukonzanso njira zonse, ndipo choyamba, nyimbo. Nyimbo zoyimba, kukonza zokhotakhota zakulankhula kwa anthu, zidathandizira kupanga chithunzi chenicheni, chamoyo, ndipo izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu yatsopano yachikondi m'mawu a chipinda cha Dargomyzhsky - ma monologues anyimbo-zamaganizo ("Ndili wachisoni", " Onse otopa ndi achisoni" pa St. M. Lermontov), ​​zisudzo mtundu wanyimbo-zokonda za tsiku ndi tsiku ("Melnik" pa Pushkin Station).

Ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya kulenga Dargomyzhsky ankaimba ulendo kunja kumapeto kwa 1844 (Berlin, Brussels, Vienna, Paris). Chotsatira chake chachikulu ndi chosowa chosaneneka cha "kulemba mu Chirasha", ndipo kwa zaka zambiri chikhumbo ichi chakhala chodziwika bwino ndi anthu, kufotokozera malingaliro ndi kufufuza kwaluso kwa nthawiyo. Chisinthiko ku Ulaya, kuwonjezereka kwa ndale ku Russia, kuwonjezereka kwa chipwirikiti cha anthu wamba, zizoloŵezi zotsutsana ndi serfdom pakati pa anthu apamwamba a dziko la Russia, kukula kwa chidwi cha moyo wa anthu m'mawonetseredwe ake onse - zonsezi zinathandizira kusintha kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Chikhalidwe cha Russia, makamaka m'mabuku, pomwe pofika m'ma 40s. otchedwa "sukulu zachilengedwe" anapangidwa. Mbali yake yaikulu, malinga ndi kunena kwa V. Belinsky, inali “yogwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo, ndi zenizeni, moyandikira kwambiri kukhwima ndi umuna.” Mitu ndi ziwembu za "sukulu yachirengedwe" - moyo wa kalasi yosavuta m'moyo wake watsiku ndi tsiku, maganizo a munthu wamng'ono - anali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi Dargomyzhsky, ndipo izi zinali zoonekeratu mu opera "Mermaid", wotsutsa. chikondi chakumapeto kwa 50s. ("Worm", "Titular Advisor", "Old Corporal").

Mermaid, imene Dargomyzhsky ntchito intermittently kuyambira 1845 mpaka 1855, anatsegula njira yatsopano mu luso Russian opera. Uwu ndi sewero latsiku ndi tsiku lanyimbo-zamalingaliro, masamba ake ochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi zithunzi zophatikizika, pomwe anthu ovuta kwambiri amalumikizana ndi mikangano ndipo amawululidwa mwamphamvu kwambiri. Sewero loyamba la The Mermaid pa May 4, 1856 ku St. Petersburg linadzutsa chidwi cha anthu, koma anthu apamwamba sanalemekeze seweroli ndi chidwi chawo, ndipo akuluakulu a zisudzo za mfumu anazichitira mopanda chifundo. Zinthu zinasintha chapakati pa 60s. Atayambiranso motsogozedwa ndi E. Napravnik, "Mermaid" inalidi yachipambano yachipambano, yomwe otsutsa amati ndi chizindikiro chakuti "malingaliro a anthu ... asintha kwambiri." Kusintha kumeneku kunayambitsidwa ndi kukonzanso kwa chikhalidwe chonse cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, demokalase ya mitundu yonse ya moyo wa anthu. Maganizo kwa Dargomyzhsky anakhala osiyana. Pazaka khumi zapitazi, ulamuliro wake mu dziko la nyimbo wakula kwambiri, mozungulira iye anagwirizanitsa gulu la oimba achinyamata omwe amatsogoleredwa ndi M. Balakirev ndi V. Stasov. Woimbayo anayambanso kuimba nyimbo ndiponso kucheza nawo kwambiri. Kumapeto kwa 50s. anatenga gawo mu ntchito ya satirical magazini "Iskra", kuyambira 1859 anakhala membala wa komiti ya RMO, nawo pa chitukuko cha kulemba tchata wa St. Petersburg Conservatory. Choncho pamene mu 1864 Dargomyzhsky anatenga ulendo watsopano kunja, anthu akunja mwa iye analandira nthumwi yaikulu ya chikhalidwe Russian nyimbo.

Mu 60s. adakulitsa zokonda zosiyanasiyana za wolemba. Sewero la symphonic Baba Yaga (1862), Cossack Boy (1864), Chukhonskaya Fantasy (1867) adawonekera, ndipo lingaliro lakusintha mtundu wanyimbo lidakula kwambiri. Kukhazikitsidwa kwake kunali opera "The Stone Guest", yomwe Dargomyzhsky wakhala akugwira ntchito kwa zaka zingapo zapitazi, chithunzithunzi chokhazikika komanso chokhazikika cha luso lopangidwa ndi wolemba: "Ndikufuna kuti mawuwo amveke mwachindunji." Dargomyzhsky amasiya apa mawonekedwe a opera omwe adakhazikitsidwa kale, akulemba nyimbo ku zolemba zoyambirira za tsoka la Pushkin. Kulankhula kwa mawu ndi gawo lotsogolera mu opera iyi, kukhala njira yayikulu yodziwira otchulidwa komanso maziko a chitukuko cha nyimbo. Dargomyzhsky analibe nthawi yomaliza opera yake yomaliza, ndipo, malinga ndi chikhumbo chake, inamalizidwa ndi C. Cui ndi N. Rimsky-Korsakov. "Kuchkists" adayamikira kwambiri ntchitoyi. Stasov analemba za iye ngati "ntchito yodabwitsa yomwe imadutsa malamulo onse ndi zitsanzo zonse," ndipo ku Dargomyzhsky adawona wolemba "zachilendo ndi mphamvu zodabwitsa, zomwe adalenga mu nyimbo zake ... ndi Pushkinian.” M. Mussorgsky adatcha Dargomyzhsky "mphunzitsi wamkulu wa choonadi cha nyimbo".

O. Averyanova