Alexey Nikolaevich Verstovsky |

Alexey Verstovsky

Woimba waluso waku Russia, wopeka komanso wojambula zisudzo A. Verstovsky anali wazaka zofanana ndi Pushkin komanso wazaka zakale wa Glinka. Mu 1862, wolemba nyimboyo atamwalira, wotsutsa nyimbo wotchuka kwambiri A. Serov analemba kuti “potengera kutchuka, Verstovsky akugonjetsa Glinka,” ponena za kupambana kosalekeza kosalekeza kwa opera yake yabwino koposa, Askold’s Grave.

Atalowa m'munda wa nyimbo kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1810, Verstovsky anali pakatikati pa moyo wa nyimbo ndi zisudzo wa Russia kwa zaka zoposa 40, akugwira nawo ntchito monga wolemba nyimbo komanso woyang'anira zisudzo. Wolemba nyimboyo ankadziwa bwino anthu ambiri otchuka a chikhalidwe cha ku Russia. Iye anali "pa inu" ndi Pushkin, Griboyedov, Odoevsky. Ubwenzi wapamtima ndi ntchito limodzi zinamugwirizanitsa ndi olemba ambiri ndi olemba masewera - makamaka A. Pisarev, M. Zagoskin, S. Aksakov.

Zolemba ndi zisudzo chilengedwe anali noticeable chikoka pa mapangidwe zokometsera wopeka zokongoletsa. Kuyandikira kwa ziwerengero za chikondi cha ku Russia ndi Slavophiles kunawonetsedwa mu kudzipereka kwa Verstovsky ku zinthu zakale zaku Russia, komanso kukopa kwake ku zongopeka za "mdierekezi", nthano zopeka, kuphatikiza modabwitsa ndi kutulutsa kwachikondi kwa zizindikiro za moyo wadziko, anthu enieni komanso mbiri yakale. zochitika.

Verstovsky anabadwira ku Seliverstovo m'chigawo cha Tambov. Bambo wa woimbayo anali mwana wapathengo wa General A. Seliverstov ndi mkazi wogwidwa ku Turkey, choncho dzina lake lomaliza - Verstovsky - linapangidwa kuchokera ku mbali ya dzina la banja, ndipo iye mwiniyo anatumizidwa kwa olemekezeka monga mbadwa ya "Polish". ulemu.” Kukula kwa nyimbo za mnyamatayo kunachitika m'malo abwino. Banja linkaimba nyimbo zambiri, bambo anga anali ndi oimba awo a serf ndi laibulale yaikulu ya nyimbo ya nthawi imeneyo. Kuyambira ali ndi zaka 8, woyimba mtsogolo anayamba kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ngati woyimba piyano, ndipo posakhalitsa chidwi chake cholemba nyimbo chinawonekeranso.

Mu 1816, mwa kufuna kwa makolo ake, mnyamatayo anatumizidwa ku Institute of the Corps of Railway Engineers ku St. Komabe, ataphunzira kumeneko kwa chaka chimodzi chokha, anachoka pasukulupo n’kuyamba ntchito ya boma. Mnyamata wamphatsoyo anagwidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za likulu, ndipo akupitiriza maphunziro ake oimba motsogoleredwa ndi aphunzitsi otchuka kwambiri a Petersburg. Verstovsky anatenga maphunziro a piyano kuchokera kwa D. Steibelt ndi J. Field, ankaimba violin, anaphunzira chiphunzitso cha nyimbo ndi zofunikira za nyimbo. Kuno, ku St. Petersburg, chilakolako cha zisudzo chimabadwa ndipo chimakula kwambiri, ndipo adzakhalabe wochirikiza mwachidwi moyo wake wonse. Ndi chikhalidwe chake chaukali ndi kupsa mtima, Verstovsky amatenga nawo mbali mu zisudzo amateur monga wosewera, kumasulira French vaudevilles mu Russian, ndipo amalemba nyimbo zisudzo zisudzo. Mabwenzi ochititsa chidwi amapangidwa ndi oimira otchuka a dziko la zisudzo, ndakatulo, oimba, ojambula. Ena mwa iwo ndi wolemba wachichepere N. Khmelnitsky, wolemba masewero wolemekezeka A. Shakhovskoy, wotsutsa P. Arapov, ndi wolemba nyimbo A. Alyabyev. Pakati pa anzake analinso N. Vsevolozhsky, woyambitsa mabuku ndi ndale gulu "Green Lamp", zomwe zinaphatikizapo Decembrists ambiri tsogolo ndi Pushkin. Verstovsky nayenso anapezeka pamisonkhano imeneyi. Mwina pa nthawi imeneyi ubwenzi wake woyamba ndi ndakatulo wamkulu unachitika.

Mu 1819, wolemba wazaka makumi awiri adadziwika chifukwa cha ntchito yake ya vaudeville "Grandmother's Parrots" (yochokera palemba la Khmelnitsky). Atalimbikitsidwa ndi kupambana, Verstovsky aganiza zodzipereka yekha kutumikira luso lake lokondedwa. Vaudeville yoyamba inatsatiridwa ndi "Quarantine", "The kuwonekera koyamba kugulu la Ammayi Troepolskaya", "Crazy House, kapena Ukwati Wachilendo", etc. Vaudeville, anasamutsidwa ku siteji French ndi remated ku miyambo Russian, amakhala mmodzi wa ankakonda. mitundu ya anthu Russian nthawi imeneyo. Wanzeru komanso wansangala, wodzaza ndi chiyembekezo chotsimikizira moyo, pang'onopang'ono amatenga miyambo ya zisudzo zaku Russia ndikuyamba sewero losangalatsa la nyimbo kukhala opera ya vaudeville, momwe nyimbo zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri.

Anthu a m'nthawi yake ankalemekeza kwambiri Verstovsky, wolemba vaudeville. Griboedov, pogwira ntchito limodzi pa vaudeville "Ndani m'bale, yemwe ndi mlongo, kapena Chinyengo pambuyo pa chinyengo" (1823), adalembera wolemba nyimboyo kuti: "Sindikukayikira za kukongola kwa nyimbo zanu ndikudziyamikira pasadakhale. pa izo.” Wolimbikira kwambiri waluso kwambiri V. Belinsky analemba kuti: Uku si nyimbo wamba macheza, opanda tanthauzo, koma chinachake chamoyo ndi moyo wa talente amphamvu. Verstovsky ali ndi nyimbo zoposa 30 vaudevilles. Ndipo ngakhale ena a iwo analembedwa mogwirizana ndi oimba ena, ndi amene anazindikira kuti woyambitsa wanyimbo mu Russia, Mlengi, monga Serov analemba, "mtundu wa malamulo vaudeville nyimbo."

Chiyambi chaluso cha ntchito yolemba ya Verstovsky chinalimbikitsidwa ndi ntchito yake yautumiki. Mu 1823, ponena za kusankhidwa kwa ofesi ya bwanamkubwa wa asilikali a Moscow D. Golitsyn, wolemba nyimbo wachinyamatayo anasamukira ku Moscow. Ndi mphamvu yake yachibadwa ndi changu, iye amalowa mu Moscow zisudzo moyo, kupanga mabwenzi atsopano, ochezeka ndi kulenga. Kwa zaka 35, Verstovsky anatumikira mu ofesi ya Moscow Theatre, kuyang'anira zonse repertory ndi mbali zonse za bungwe ndi zachuma, kwenikweni, mutu ndiye ogwirizana opera ndi masewero gulu la Bolshoi ndi Maly zisudzo. Ndipo n’zosadabwitsa kuti anthu a m’nthawi yake anatcha nthawi yaitali ya utumiki wake ku zisudzo "nthawi ya Verstovsky." Malinga ndi zikumbukiro za anthu osiyanasiyana omwe ankamudziwa, Verstovsky anali umunthu wapadera kwambiri, kuphatikizapo luso lapamwamba lachilengedwe la woimba ndi malingaliro amphamvu a okonzekera - machitidwe a bizinesi ya zisudzo. Ngakhale kuti anali ndi maudindo ambiri, Verstovsky anapitiriza kulemba zambiri. Iye anali mlembi osati wa zisudzo nyimbo, komanso nyimbo zosiyanasiyana ndi zachikondi, amene bwinobwino anachita pa siteji ndipo anakhazikika mu moyo wa m'tauni. Amadziwika ndi kukhazikitsidwa mochenjera kwa zoimbira za anthu aku Russia komanso nyimbo zachikondi za tsiku ndi tsiku, kudalira nyimbo zodziwika bwino ndi mitundu yovina, kulemera, komanso kutsimikizika kwachifanizo chanyimbo. Chochititsa chidwi ndi mawonekedwe a kulenga a Verstovsky ndi chizolowezi chake chokhala ndi malingaliro amphamvu, amphamvu, okangalika. Kutentha kowala komanso mphamvu zapadera zimasiyanitsa ntchito zake ndi ntchito za anthu ambiri a m'nthawi yake, zomwe zimajambula makamaka mu mamvekedwe a elegiac.

Luso lathunthu komanso loyambirira la Verstovsky lidawonekera mu nyimbo zake za ballad, zomwe adazitcha "cantatas". Izi ndi Shawl Wakuda wopangidwa mu 1823 (pa Pushkin Station), Nyimbo Zitatu ndi Woyimba Wosauka (pa V. Zhukovsky Station), zomwe zikuwonetsa malingaliro a woimbayo kumayendedwe a zisudzo, ochita masewero achikondi. “Ma cantata” amenewa ankachitidwanso m’masiteji - ndi malo okongola, zovala komanso motsagana ndi oimba. Verstovsky adapanganso ma cantatas akulu a oimba, kwaya ndi oimba, komanso nyimbo zingapo zoyimba "nthawi zina", komanso zoimbaimba zopatulika. Nyumba ya zisudzo idakhalabe gawo lokondedwa kwambiri.

Pali ma opera 6 mu cholowa cha Verstovsky. Woyamba wa iwo - "Pan Tvardovsky" (1828) - linalembedwa kwaulere. Zagoskin kutengera "nkhani yake yowopsa" ya dzina lomwelo, kutengera mtundu wa West Slavic (Polish) wa nthano ya Faust. Opera yachiwiri, Vadim, kapena Kudzutsidwa kwa Atsikana Khumi ndi Awiri Ogona (1832), yochokera pa Zhukovsky's ballad Thunderbolt, kapena Atsikana Khumi ndi Awiri Ogona, amachokera ku chiwembu cha moyo wa Kievan Rus. Kale ku Kyiv, zochitikazo zimachitika ndipo chachitatu - opera yotchuka kwambiri ndi Verstovsky - "Manda a Askold" (1835), kutengera mbiri yakale komanso yachikondi ya dzina lomwelo ndi Zagoskin.

Omvera adalandira mwachidwi kuwonekera kwa zisudzo zitatu zoyambirira za Verstovsky, yemwe adayesetsa kupanga sewero la dziko la Russia potengera zochitika zakale komanso nthano zakalekale komanso zokhala ndi mbali zamakhalidwe abwino komanso zowoneka bwino zamtundu wa anthu. Kujambula kosangalatsa kwa zochitika zakale zomwe zinkachitika kumbuyo kwa zithunzi zatsatanetsatane za moyo wa anthu, ndi miyambo yake, nyimbo, ndi magule, zogwirizana ndi zokonda zaluso za nthawi ya Chikondi. Zachikondi komanso zosiyanitsa moyo weniweni wa ngwazi zochokera kwa anthu ndi nthano zopeka za ziwanda. Verstovsky adapanga mtundu wa opera ya nyimbo yaku Russia, momwe maziko a mawonekedwe ake ndi nyimbo ya Chirasha-Asilavo-kuvina, chikondi chapamwamba, kuvina kochititsa chidwi. Vocalism, nyimbo lyricism, iye ankaona njira yaikulu kulenga wamoyo, otchulidwa ofotokoza ndi kusonyeza maganizo a anthu. M'malo mwake, zochititsa chidwi, zamatsenga ndi ziwanda zamasewera ake zimaphatikizidwa ndi zida za orchestra, komanso mothandizidwa ndi melodrama, yomwe ili yodziwika kwambiri panthawiyo (ie, kubwereza mawu kumbuyo kwa nyimbo za orchestra). Izi ndizochitika "zowopsya" zamatsenga, ufiti, maonekedwe a mizimu yoipa ya "gehena". Kugwiritsa ntchito melodrama kunali kwachilengedwe m'masewera a Verstovsky, popeza akadali mtundu wanyimbo zosakanikirana komanso zochititsa chidwi, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zokambirana za prose. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mu "Vadim" udindo waukulu anafuna kuti wotchuka watsoka P. Mochalov anali mwangwiro kwambiri.

Maonekedwe a "Ivan Susanin" ndi Glinka, adachita chaka chimodzi pambuyo pa "Manda a Askold". (1836), chinali chiyambi cha gawo latsopano m'mbiri ya nyimbo za ku Russia, zomwe zinaphimba zonse zomwe zinali zisanachitike ndikukankhira nyimbo za Verstovsky zachidziwitso zakale. Wolemba nyimboyo anali ndi nkhawa kwambiri chifukwa cha kutayika kwa kutchuka kwake. “Pazolemba zonse zimene ndinazindikira kuti ndi zanu, ndinadziona kuti ndilibe kanthu, ngati kuti kulibe…” analembera Odoevsky. - "Ndine woyamba kusilira talente yokongola kwambiri ya Glinka, koma sindikufuna ndipo sindingathe kusiya ufulu wa ukulu."

Posafuna kuti agwirizane ndi kutaya ulamuliro wake, Verstovsky anapitiriza kulemba zisudzo. Anawonekera pa nthawi yomaliza ya moyo wake, opera zochokera chiwembu cha moyo wamakono Russian Kulakalaka Kwawo (1839), nthano-nthano-matsenga opera A Dream in Reality, kapena Churova Valley (1844) ndi lalikulu lodziwika bwino- opera wosangalatsa The Stormbreaker (1857) - amachitira umboni zakusaka kopanga pokhudzana ndi mtundu wamasewera komanso gawo lakalembedwe. Komabe, ngakhale zopeza bwino, makamaka mu opera yomaliza "Gromoboy", yodziwika ndi kukoma kwa Verstovsky ku Russia-Slavic, wolembayo adalepherabe kubwerera kuulemerero wake wakale.

Mu 1860, iye anasiya utumiki mu ofesi ya Moscow Theatre, ndipo September 17, 1862, atapulumuka Glinka kwa zaka 5, Verstovsky anamwalira. Zolemba zake zomaliza zinali cantata "Pht Peter Wamkulu" pa mavesi a ndakatulo yake yomwe amakonda kwambiri - AS Pushkin.

T. Korzhenyants