Giuseppe Verdi (Giuseppe Verdi) |

Giuseppe Verdi

Monga talente iliyonse yabwino. Verdi amawonetsa dziko lake komanso nthawi yake. Iye ndiye duwa la nthaka yake. Iye ndi liwu la Italy yamakono, osati mwaulesi kapena osangalala mosasamala kapena mosasamala za Italy mumasewero amatsenga a Rossini ndi Donizetti, osati achifundo komanso okongola, akulira Italy aku Bellini, koma Italy adadzutsidwa, Italy atasokonezeka ndi ndale. mkuntho, Italy , wolimba mtima komanso wokonda mkwiyo. A. Serov

Palibe amene angamve bwino kuposa Verdi. A. Boito

Verdi ndi mtundu wakale wa chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za ku Italy, m'modzi mwa olemba ofunikira kwambiri azaka za zana la 26. Nyimbo zake zimadziwika ndi chipwirikiti chazovuta zapachiweniweni zomwe sizizimiririka pakapita nthawi, kulondola kosakayikitsa potengera njira zovuta kwambiri zomwe zimachitika mukuya kwa moyo wamunthu, ulemu, kukongola ndi nyimbo zosatha. Wolemba ku Peru ali ndi ma opera XNUMX, ntchito zauzimu komanso zida, zachikondi. Gawo lofunika kwambiri la cholowa cha Verdi ndi zisudzo, zambiri zomwe (Rigoletto, La Traviata, Aida, Othello) zamveka kuchokera ku magawo a nyumba za opera padziko lonse lapansi kwa zaka zoposa zana. Ntchito zamitundu ina, kupatulapo Requiem youziridwa, sizikudziwika, zolemba pamanja za ambiri aiwo zatayika.

Verdi, mosiyana ndi oimba ambiri a m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, sanalengeze mfundo zake zopanga pamalankhulidwe apulogalamu mu atolankhani, sanaphatikizepo ntchito yake ndi kuvomereza kukongola kwaukadaulo wina. Komabe, njira yake yautali, yovuta, yosakhala yopupuluma nthawi zonse komanso yopambana kupambana idalunjikitsidwa ku cholinga chozunzika kwambiri komanso chodziwika bwino - kukwaniritsa zenizeni za nyimbo mu sewero la opera. Moyo m’makangano ake osiyanasiyana ndiwo mutu waukulu wa ntchito ya wolembayo. Kusiyanasiyana kwa mawonekedwe ake kunali kwakukulu modabwitsa - kuchokera ku mikangano yamagulu mpaka kukangana kwa malingaliro mu moyo wa munthu mmodzi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zojambula za Verdi zimakhala ndi kukongola kwapadera ndi mgwirizano. “Ndimakonda chilichonse chojambula chokongola,” anatero wopeka nyimboyo. Nyimbo zake zomwe zidakhalanso chitsanzo cha luso lokongola, lowona mtima komanso louziridwa.

Podziwa bwino ntchito zake zopanga, Verdi sanatope kufunafuna njira zabwino kwambiri zowonetsera malingaliro ake, odzifunira yekha, omasulira komanso ochita masewera. Nthawi zambiri iye yekha anasankha maziko zolembalemba za libretto, anakambirana mwatsatanetsatane ndi librettists ndondomeko yonse ya chilengedwe chake. Kugwirizana kopindulitsa kwambiri kunagwirizanitsa wolemba nyimbo ndi omasulira mawu monga T. Solera, F. Piave, A. Ghislanzoni, A. Boito. Verdi adafuna chowonadi chodabwitsa kwa oimbawo, sanalole kuwonetsa zabodza pa siteji, ukoma wopanda pake, osatengeka ndi malingaliro akuya, osalungamitsidwa ndi zochitika zazikulu. “…Tanthauzo lalikulu, mzimu ndi luso la siteji” - awa ndi mikhalidwe yomwe amayamikiridwa kwambiri mwa ochita sewero. Kusewera “kwatanthauzo, kolemekeza” kwa zisudzo kunawoneka kwa iye kukhala kofunikira; "... pamene ma opera sangathe kuchitidwa ndi umphumphu wawo wonse - momwe anafunira ndi wolemba - ndibwino kuti asawachite nkomwe."

Verdi anakhala moyo wautali. Iye anabadwira m’banja la munthu wamba wosamalira nyumba ya alendo. Aphunzitsi ake anali woimba tchalitchi cha m’mudzi P. Baistrocchi, kenako F. Provezi, yemwe ankatsogolera moyo wa nyimbo ku Busseto, ndi wotsogolera ku Milan La Scala V. Lavigna. Wolemba kale wokhwima, Verdi analemba kuti: “Ndinaphunzira zina mwa ntchito zabwino kwambiri za m’nthaŵi yathu, osati mwa kuziŵerenga, koma mwa kuzimva m’bwalo la zisudzo . . . kuphunzira kwanthawi yayitali komanso mozama ... dzanja langa ndi lolimba mokwanira kuti ndigwire cholemba momwe ndingafunire, komanso kudzidalira kuti ndipeze zotsatira zomwe ndimafuna nthawi zambiri; ndipo ngati ndilemba kalikonse kosagwirizana ndi malamulowo, ndichifukwa chakuti lamulo lenilenilo silindipatsa zomwe ndikufuna, komanso chifukwa sindiwona malamulo onse omwe atengedwa mpaka lero kukhala abwino mopanda malire.

Kupambana koyamba kwa wopeka wachinyamatayo kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi kupanga opera Oberto ku La Scala Theatre ku Milan mu 1839. Patadutsa zaka zitatu, opera Nebukadinezara (Nabucco) inakhazikitsidwa m'bwalo lamasewera lomwelo, lomwe linabweretsa wolemba kutchuka kwambiri ( 3). Nyimbo zoyamba za woimbayo zidawoneka panthawi yachisinthiko ku Italy, yomwe idatchedwa nthawi ya Risorgimento (Chitsitsimutso cha ku Italy). Kulimbana kwa mgwirizano ndi ufulu wa Italy kudakhudza anthu onse. Verdi sakanakhoza kuyimirira pambali. Anakumana ndi kupambana ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa gulu losintha zinthu, ngakhale kuti sankadziona ngati wandale. Masewera a Heroic-Patriotic a m'ma 1841. - "Nabucco" (40), "Lombards in the First Crusade" (1841), "Battle of Legnano" (1842) - anali mtundu woyankha ku zochitika zosintha. Ziwembu za m'Baibulo ndi mbiri yakale za masewerawa, kutali ndi zamakono, zinkaimba zachiwembu, ufulu ndi ufulu, choncho zinali pafupi ndi zikwi zambiri za ku Italy. "Maestro of the Italy Revolution" - ndi momwe anthu a m'nthawi yake amatchedwa Verdi, omwe ntchito yake inakhala yotchuka kwambiri.

Komabe, zokonda za wolemba wachinyamatayo sizinali zamutu wankhondo wankhondo. Pofunafuna ziwembu zatsopano, wolembayo akutembenukira ku zolemba zakale za mabuku a dziko: V. Hugo (Ernani, 1844), W. Shakespeare (Macbeth, 1847), F. Schiller (Louise Miller, 1849). Kukula kwa mitu ya zilandiridwenso kunkatsagana ndi kufunafuna njira zatsopano zanyimbo, kukula kwa luso la wolemba. Nthawi ya kukhwima kulenga anadziwika ndi atatu chochititsa chidwi operas: Rigoletto (1851), Il trovatore (1853), La Traviata (1853). Mu ntchito ya Verdi, kwa nthawi yoyamba, chionetsero chotsutsana ndi chisalungamo cha anthu chinamveka poyera. Ngwazi zamasewerawa, omwe ali ndi malingaliro odzipereka, abwino, amatsutsana ndi miyambo yovomerezeka yovomerezeka. Kutembenukira ku ziwembu zotere kunali sitepe lolimba mtima kwambiri (Verdi analemba za La Traviata kuti: "Chiwembucho ndi chamakono. Wina sakanachita chiwembu ichi, mwinamwake, chifukwa cha ulemu, chifukwa cha nthawi, ndi chifukwa cha tsankho lina lachikwi. … Ndizichita ndi chisangalalo chachikulu).

Pofika m'ma 50s. Dzina la Verdi limadziwika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Wolembayo amamaliza mapangano osati ndi zisudzo zaku Italy zokha. Mu 1854 adapanga sewero la "Sicilian Vespers" la Parisian Grand Opera, zaka zingapo pambuyo pake "Simon Boccanegra" (1857) ndi Un ballo ku maschera (1859, kwa zisudzo zaku Italy San Carlo ndi Appolo) zidalembedwa. Mu 1861, motsogozedwa ndi oyang'anira a St. Petersburg Mariinsky Theatre, Verdi adapanga opera yotchedwa The Force of Destiny. Pokhudzana ndi kupanga kwake, woimbayo amapita ku Russia kawiri. Opera sinali bwino kwambiri, ngakhale nyimbo za Verdi zinali zotchuka ku Russia.

Pakati pa ma opera a 60s. Chodziwika kwambiri chinali opera Don Carlos (1867) yochokera pa sewero la dzina lomwelo la Schiller. Nyimbo za "Don Carlos", zodzaza ndi psyche yakuya, zikuyembekeza nsonga za luso la Verdi - "Aida" ndi "Othello". Aida idalembedwa mu 1870 pakutsegulira kwa zisudzo zatsopano ku Cairo. Zopambana za ma opera onse am'mbuyomu zidaphatikizidwa momwemo: ungwiro wa nyimbo, mitundu yowala, komanso kuthwa kwa sewero.

Kutsatira "Aida" kunapangidwa "Requiem" (1874), pambuyo pake panali bata lalitali (kuposa zaka 10) chifukwa cha zovuta pamoyo wa anthu ndi nyimbo. Ku Italy, anthu ankakonda kwambiri nyimbo za R. Wagner, pamene chikhalidwe cha dziko chinali chitaiwalika. Mkhalidwe wamakono sunali chabe kulimbana kwa zokonda, maudindo osiyanasiyana okongoletsera, popanda zomwe luso lazojambula silingaganizidwe, ndi chitukuko cha luso lonse. Inali nthawi yoyambira miyambo yaukadaulo ya dziko, yomwe idadziwika kwambiri ndi okonda zaluso zaku Italy. Verdi ananena motere: “Luso ndi la anthu onse. Palibe amene amakhulupirira izi mwamphamvu kuposa ine. Koma zimakula payekhapayekha. Ndipo ngati Ajeremani ali ndi zojambulajambula zosiyana ndi zomwe timachita, luso lawo ndilosiyana kwambiri ndi lathu. Sitingathe kulemba ngati aku Germany ... "

Poganizira za tsogolo la nyimbo za ku Italy, akumva kuti ali ndi udindo waukulu pa sitepe iliyonse yotsatira, Verdi anayamba kukhazikitsa lingaliro la opera Othello (1886), lomwe linakhala luso lenileni. "Othello" ndi kutanthauzira kosayerekezeka kwa nkhani ya Shakespearean mu mtundu wa opaleshoni, chitsanzo chabwino cha sewero la nyimbo ndi zamaganizo, zomwe adazilemba moyo wake wonse.

Ntchito yomaliza ya Verdi - sewero lanthabwala la Falstaff (1892) - zodabwitsa ndi chisangalalo komanso luso lake labwino; zikuwoneka kuti zikutsegula tsamba latsopano mu ntchito ya wolembayo, zomwe, mwatsoka, sizinapitirire. Moyo wonse wa Verdi ukuwunikiridwa ndi kukhudzika kwakukulu mu kulondola kwa njira yosankhidwa: "Ponena za luso, ndili ndi malingaliro anga, zikhumbo zanga, zomveka bwino, zolondola kwambiri, zomwe sindingathe, ndipo sindiyenera, . kukana.” L. Escudier, mmodzi wa anthu a m’nthaŵi ya wolemba nyimboyo, anamlongosolera moyenerera kuti: “Verdi anali ndi zilakolako zitatu zokha. Koma iwo anafika ku mphamvu yaikulu: kukonda luso, kumverera kwa dziko ndi ubwenzi. Chidwi ndi ntchito yokonda komanso yowona ya Verdi sichifowoka. Kwa mibadwo yatsopano ya okonda nyimbo, nthawi zonse imakhalabe muyezo wapamwamba womwe umaphatikiza kumveka bwino kwa malingaliro, kudzoza kwakumverera ndi nyimbo zabwino.

A. Zolotikh

• Njira yolenga ya Giuseppe Verdi →
• Chikhalidwe cha nyimbo zaku Italiya mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la XNUMX →

Opera inali pakati pa zokonda zaluso za Verdi. Kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yake, ku Busseto, adalemba zida zambiri (zolemba pamanja zawo zatayika), koma sanabwerere ku mtundu uwu. Kupatulapo ndi chingwe cha quartet cha 1873, chomwe sichinalingaliridwa ndi wolemba kuti agwire ntchito pagulu. M'zaka zomwezo zaunyamata, ndi chikhalidwe cha ntchito yake monga woimba, Verdi analemba nyimbo zopatulika. Chakumapeto kwa ntchito yake - pambuyo pa Requiem - adapanga ntchito zina zingapo zamtunduwu (Stabat mater, Te Deum ndi ena). Maubwenzi ochepa amakhalanso a nthawi yoyambirira ya kulenga. Anapereka mphamvu zake zonse ku opera kwa zaka zoposa theka, kuyambira Oberto (1839) mpaka Falstaff (1893).

Verdi adalemba ma opera makumi awiri ndi asanu ndi limodzi, asanu ndi limodzi mwa iwo adapereka mu mtundu watsopano, wosinthidwa kwambiri. (Pofika zaka zambiri, ntchitozi zayikidwa motere: mochedwa 30s - 40s - 14 operas (+1 mu kope latsopano), 50s - 7 operas (+1 mu kope latsopano), 60s - 2 operas (+2 latsopano kope), 70s - 1 opera, 80s - 1 opera (+2 m'kope latsopano), 90s - 1 opera.) M'moyo wake wonse, adakhalabe wokhulupirika ku malingaliro ake okongola. "Sindingakhale wamphamvu mokwanira kuti ndikwaniritse zomwe ndikufuna, koma ndikudziwa zomwe ndikuyesetsa," Verdi analemba mu 1868. Mawu awa akhoza kufotokoza ntchito yake yonse yolenga. Koma kwa zaka zambiri, malingaliro aluso a woimbayo adakhala osiyana kwambiri, ndipo luso lake linakhala langwiro, lolemekezeka.

Verdi adafuna kuwonetsa seweroli "lolimba, losavuta, lofunikira." Mu 1853, polemba La Traviata, iye analemba kuti: “Ndimalota za ziwembu zatsopano zazikulu, zokongola, zosiyanasiyana, zolimba mtima, ndi zolimba mtima kwambiri pamenepo.” M'kalata ina (ya chaka chomwecho) timawerenga kuti: "Ndipatseni chiwembu chokongola, choyambirira, chosangalatsa, chokhala ndi zochitika zabwino, zokonda - koposa zonse zokhumba! .."

Zowona komanso zojambulidwa modabwitsa, otchulidwa momveka bwino - zomwe, malinga ndi Verdi, ndiye chinthu chachikulu pachiwembu cha opera. Ndipo ngati m'mabuku oyambirira, nthawi yachikondi, kukula kwa zochitika sikunali kothandiza nthawi zonse kuti anthu awonetsere nthawi zonse, ndiye kuti pofika zaka za m'ma 50, wolembayo anazindikira bwino kuti kuzama kwa kugwirizana kumeneku kumakhala ngati maziko opangira choonadi chenichenicho. sewero lanyimbo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake, atatenga njira yowona zenizeni, Verdi adadzudzula opera yamakono ya ku Italy chifukwa cha ziwembu zonyansa, zonyansa, mawonekedwe achizolowezi. Chifukwa cha kukula kosakwanira kwa kusonyeza zotsutsana za moyo, iye anatsutsanso ntchito zake zolembedwa poyamba: “Zili ndi zochitika zokondweretsa, koma palibe zosiyana. Zimakhudza mbali imodzi yokha - yapamwamba, ngati mukufuna - koma nthawi zonse mofanana.

M'kumvetsetsa kwa Verdi, opera siyingaganizidwe popanda kuwongolera komaliza kwa mikangano. Zochitika zochititsa chidwi, wolembayo anati, ziyenera kuvumbulutsa zilakolako za anthu m'mawonekedwe awo. Chifukwa chake, Verdi adatsutsa mwamphamvu chizolowezi chilichonse mu libretto. Mu 1851, poyambitsa ntchito ya Il trovatore, Verdi analemba kuti: “Cammarano womasuka kwambiri (woimba nyimbo za zisudzozo.— Wolemba nyimbo wa opera.— MD) adzatanthauzira mawonekedwe, bwino kwa ine, ndidzakhala wokhutira kwambiri. Chaka chimodzi m’mbuyomo, atapanga sewero lozikidwa pa chiwembu cha Mfumu Lear ya Shakespeare, Verdi ananena kuti: “Lear sayenera kupangidwa kukhala seŵero la seŵero lovomerezedwa mofala. Kungakhale kofunikira kupeza mawonekedwe atsopano, aakulu, opanda tsankho.”

Chiwembu cha Verdi ndi njira yowulula bwino lingaliro la ntchito. Moyo wa wolemba nyimbo umadzaza ndi kufunafuna ziwembu zoterozo. Kuyambira ndi Ernani, amalimbikira kufunafuna zolemba pamawu ake ogwirira ntchito. Verdi anali wodziwa bwino mabuku a Chitaliyana (ndi Chilatini), ankadziwa bwino masewero achi German, French, ndi English. Olemba ake omwe amakonda kwambiri ndi Dante, Shakespeare, Byron, Schiller, Hugo. (Ponena za Shakespeare, Verdi analemba mu 1865 kuti: “Iye ndi mlembi wanga wokondedwa, amene ndimamudziŵa kuyambira ndili wamng’ono ndipo ndimaŵerenga mobwerezabwereza.” Iye analemba zisudzo zitatu za ziwembu za Shakespeare, analota za Hamlet ndi The Tempest, ndipo anabwerera kukagwira ntchito nthaŵi zinayi za King. Lear "(mu 1847, 1849, 1856 ndi 1869); nyimbo ziwiri zochokera ku Byron (ndondomeko yosamalizidwa ya Kaini), Schiller - anayi, Hugo - awiri (ndondomeko ya Ruy Blas")

Kupanga kwa Verdi sikunali kokha pakusankha chiwembu. Ankayang'anira ntchito ya womasulirayo mwachangu. Wolemba nyimboyo anati: “Sindinalembepo zisudzo ku ma libretto opangidwa mokonzeka ndi munthu wina kumbali yake, sindikumvetsa kuti munthu wojambula pakompyuta angabadwe bwanji yemwe angaganize ndendende zomwe ndingatchule mu opera.” Makalata ambiri a Verdi amadzazidwa ndi malangizo opanga ndi upangiri kwa omwe amalemba nawo zolemba. Malangizowa akukhudzana makamaka ndi dongosolo la zochitika za opera. Wolembayo adafuna kuti pakhale chitukuko chachikulu cha chiwembu cha gwero la zolemba, ndipo chifukwa cha izi - kuchepetsa mizere ya mbali ya chiwembu, kukakamiza kwa malemba a sewero.

Verdi adafotokozera antchito ake matembenuzidwe amawu omwe amafunikira, kamvekedwe ka mavesi ndi kuchuluka kwa mawu ofunikira panyimbo. Anapereka chidwi chapadera ku mawu akuti "kiyi" m'mawu a libretto, opangidwa kuti afotokoze momveka bwino zomwe zili pazochitika zinazake kapena khalidwe. "Ziribe kanthu kaya izi kapena mawuwo ndi, pakufunika mawu omwe angasangalatse, kukhala owoneka bwino," analemba motero mu 1870 kwa wolemba mabuku wa Aida. Kupititsa patsogolo libretto "Othello", iye anachotsa zosafunika, mu maganizo ake, mawu ndi mawu, anafuna rhythmic zosiyanasiyana m'malemba, anathyola "kusalala" vesi, amene anamanga chitukuko cha nyimbo, akwaniritsa kufotokoza kwambiri ndi mwachidule.

Malingaliro olimba mtima a Verdi sanalandire mawu oyenera kuchokera kwa olemba ake olemba. Choncho, poyamikira kwambiri libretto ya "Rigoletto", wolembayo adawona mavesi ofooka mmenemo. Zambiri sizinamukhutiritse mu sewero la Il trovatore, Sicilian Vespers, Don Carlos. Popeza sanakwaniritse zochitika zokhutiritsa ndi zolemba zolemba za lingaliro lake latsopano mu libretto ya King Lear, adakakamizika kusiya kutsiriza kwa opera.

Pogwira ntchito molimbika ndi a librettists, Verdi potsiriza anakhwima lingaliro la zolembazo. Nthawi zambiri adayamba nyimbo pokhapokha atalemba zolemba zonse za opera yonse.

Verdi adanena kuti chinthu chovuta kwambiri kwa iye chinali "kulemba mofulumira kuti afotokoze lingaliro la nyimbo mu umphumphu umene unabadwa nawo m'maganizo." Iye anati: “Pamene ndinali wamng’ono, nthawi zambiri ndinkagwira ntchito mosalekeza kuyambira XNUMX koloko m’maŵa mpaka XNUMX koloko madzulo.” Ngakhale pamene anali wokalamba, popanga ziŵerengero za Falstaff, nthaŵi yomweyo anaimbira ndime zazikulu zomalizidwa, popeza “anachita mantha kuiŵala nyimbo zina zoimbaimba ndi zoimbaimba.”

Popanga nyimbo, Verdi amaganizira za kuthekera kwa mawonekedwe ake. Kulumikizidwa mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 50 ndi zisudzo zosiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri amathetsa nkhani zina zamasewero anyimbo, kutengera mphamvu zomwe gululo linali nalo. Komanso, Verdi anali ndi chidwi osati ndi makhalidwe mawu a oimba. Mu 1857, pamaso pa kuyamba kwa "Simon Boccanegra", iye anati: "Udindo wa Paolo ndi wofunika kwambiri, m'pofunika kwambiri kupeza baritone amene angakhale wosewera wabwino." Kalelo mu 1848, pokhudzana ndi kupanga kwa Macbeth ku Naples, Verdi anakana woimba Tadolini yemwe adaperekedwa kwa iye, chifukwa luso lake la mawu ndi siteji silinagwirizane ndi ntchito yomwe ankafuna: "Tadolini ali ndi mawu odabwitsa, omveka bwino, omveka bwino, amphamvu. ndipo II ndikufuna liwu la dona, wogontha, wankhanza, wachisoni. Tadolini ali ndi china chake chaungelo m'mawu ake, ndipo ndikufuna chinachake chauwanda mu mawu a mayiyo.

Pophunzira zisudzo zake, mpaka ku Falstaff, Verdi adatenga nawo mbali, akulowererapo pa ntchito ya wotsogolera, kumvetsera kwambiri oimba, akudutsa nawo mbalizo mosamala. Choncho, woimba Barbieri-Nini, amene anachita udindo wa Lady Macbeth pa kuwonekera koyamba kugulu 1847, anachitira umboni kuti woimbayo anayeserera duet ndi iye mpaka maulendo 150, kukwaniritsa njira kufotokoza mawu zofunika. Anagwira ntchito movutikira ali ndi zaka 74 ndi tenor wotchuka Francesco Tamagno, yemwe adasewera Othello.

Verdi adachita chidwi kwambiri ndi kutanthauzira kwa siteji ya opera. M'makalata ake muli mawu ambiri ofunikira pankhaniyi. Verdi analemba kuti: "Mphamvu zonse za sitejiyi zimapereka chithunzithunzi chochititsa chidwi, osati nyimbo zokhazokha za cavatinas, duet, finals, ndi zina zotero." Pokhudzana ndi kupanga kwa The Force of Destiny mu 1869, adadandaula za wotsutsayo, yemwe adalemba za mbali ya mawu a woimbayo: amati ... ". Poona nyimbo za oimbawo, woimbayo anagogomezera kuti: “Opera—mundimvetsa bwino—ndiko kuti, siteji nyimbo sewero, idaperekedwa mocheperapo. Ndi zotsutsana ndi izi kutulutsa nyimbo pa siteji ndi Verdi adatsutsa: kutenga nawo mbali pakuphunzira ndi kupanga ntchito zake, adafuna choonadi cha malingaliro ndi zochita poyimba komanso poyendetsa siteji. Verdi adanena kuti pokhapokha ngati pali mgwirizano wodabwitsa wa njira zonse zowonetsera masewero a nyimbo ndi momwe opera imatha.

Chifukwa chake, kuyambira pakusankha chiwembu chogwira ntchito molimbika ndi woyimba nyimbo, popanga nyimbo, pamayendedwe ake - pamagawo onse a ntchito ya opera, kuyambira pakubadwa mpaka siteji, chiwopsezo cha mbuye chikuwonekera, chomwe chidatsogolera Chitaliyana molimba mtima. luso lobadwa kwa iye pamwamba. zenizeni.

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Zolinga zogwirira ntchito za Verdi zidapangidwa chifukwa cha zaka zambiri za ntchito yolenga, ntchito yayikulu yothandiza, komanso kufunafuna kosalekeza. Iye ankadziwa bwino chikhalidwe cha zisudzo zamakono mu Europe. Atatha nthawi yochuluka kunja, Verdi adadziwana ndi magulu abwino kwambiri ku Ulaya - kuchokera ku St. Petersburg kupita ku Paris, Vienna, London, Madrid. Iye ankadziwa bwino za zisudzo za olemba nyimbo otchuka kwambiri a m’nthawi imeneyo. (Mwina Verdi anamva zisudzo za Glinka ku St.. Verdi adawayesa ndimlingo womwewo wakutsutsa komwe adayandikira ntchito yake. Ndipo nthawi zambiri sanatengere zambiri zaluso zamitundu ina, koma adazikonza mwanjira yake, kugonjetsa mphamvu zawo.

Umu ndi momwe adachitira miyambo yoimba ndi siteji ya zisudzo za ku France: adadziwika bwino kwa iye, chifukwa chakuti ntchito zake zitatu ( "Sicilian Vespers", "Don Carlos", kope lachiwiri la "Macbeth") linalembedwa. kwa siteji ya Parisian. Momwemonso ndi momwe amaonera Wagner, omwe masewera ake, makamaka a nthawi yapakati, ankawadziwa, ndipo ena mwa iwo ankayamikiridwa kwambiri (Lohengrin, Valkyrie), koma Verdi adatsutsana ndi Meyerbeer ndi Wagner. Iye sanapeputse kufunika kwawo kwa chitukuko cha French kapena German nyimbo chikhalidwe, koma anakana mwayi wa akapolo kutsanzira iwo. Verdi analemba kuti: “Ngati Ajeremani, ochokera ku Bach, afika kwa Wagner, ndiye kuti amachita ngati Ajeremani enieni. Koma ife, mbadwa za Palestrina, kutsanzira Wagner, tikuchita upandu wanyimbo, kupanga zojambula zosafunikira komanso zovulaza. "Timamva mosiyana," anawonjezera.

Funso lachikoka cha Wagner lakhala lovuta kwambiri ku Italy kuyambira 60s; achichepere ambiri opeka nyimbo anagonjera kwa iye (Okonda kwambiri Wagner ku Italy anali wophunzira wa Liszt, wolemba nyimbo. J. Sgambatti, kondakitala G. Martucci, A. Boito (kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yake yolenga, asanakumane ndi Verdi) ndi ena.). Verdi adati momvetsa chisoni: "Tonsefe - olemba, otsutsa, anthu - tachita zonse zomwe tingathe kuti tisiye mtundu wathu wanyimbo. Pano tili pa doko labata… sitepe linanso, ndipo tidzakhala achijeremani mu izi, monganso china chilichonse. Zinali zovuta komanso zowawa kuti amve kuchokera pamilomo ya achinyamata ndi otsutsa ena mawu akuti ma opera ake akale anali achikale, sanakwaniritse zofunikira zamakono, ndipo zamakono, kuyambira ndi Aida, amatsatira mapazi a Wagner. "Ndi mwayi waukulu, pambuyo pa ntchito yopanga zaka makumi anayi, kukhala ngati wofuna!" Verdi anafuula mokwiya.

Koma sanakane kufunika kwa kugonjetsa kwaluso kwa Wagner. Wolemba waku Germany adamupangitsa kuganiza za zinthu zambiri, komanso koposa zonse za udindo wa oimba mu opera, zomwe zidanyalanyazidwa ndi olemba ku Italy azaka zoyambirira za zana la XNUMX (kuphatikiza Verdi mwiniyo koyambirira kwa ntchito yake), pafupifupi. kuonjezera kufunikira kwa mgwirizano (ndi njira zofunika izi zowonetsera nyimbo zomwe zimanyalanyazidwa ndi olemba a opera ya ku Italy) ndipo, potsiriza, za chitukuko cha mfundo za chitukuko chakumapeto kuti chigonjetse kudulidwa kwa mitundu ya chiwerengero cha chiwerengero.

Komabe, pa mafunso onsewa, chofunikira kwambiri pa sewero lanyimbo la opera ya theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana lino, Verdi adapeza. awo mayankho ena kupatula a Wagner. Komanso, iye anafotokoza ngakhale asanadziwe bwino ntchito za wopeka wanzeru German. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa "timbre dramaturgy" pakuwonekera kwa mizimu ku "Macbeth" kapena kuwonetsa mvula yamkuntho yowopsa mu "Rigoletto", kugwiritsa ntchito zingwe zogawanitsa mu kaundula wapamwamba pakuyambitsa komaliza. mchitidwe wa "La Traviata" kapena trombones mu Miserere wa "Il Trovatore" - awa ndi olimba mtima, njira zothandizira zida zimapezeka mosasamala kanthu za Wagner. Ndipo ngati ife kulankhula za chikoka aliyense pa oimba Verdi, tiyenera m'malo kuganizira Berlioz, amene anayamikira kwambiri ndi amene anali naye pa ubwenzi kuyambira chiyambi cha 60s.

Verdi anali wodziyimira pawokha pakufufuza kwake kusakanikirana kwa mfundo za nyimbo-ariose (bel canto) ndi declamatory (parlante). Anapanga "njira yosakanizika" yakeyake yapadera (stilo misto), yomwe idakhala maziko ake kuti apange mitundu yaulere ya mawu amodzi kapena zithunzi za zokambirana. Nyimbo za Rigoletto "Courtesans, fiend of vice" kapena nkhondo yauzimu pakati pa Germont ndi Violetta zinalembedwanso asanadziwe masewera a Wagner. Kumene, kuzolowerana nawo anathandiza Verdi molimba mtima kukhala mfundo zatsopano dramaturgy, amene makamaka anakhudza chinenero chake harmonic, amene anakhala zovuta ndi kusintha. Koma pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mfundo za kulenga za Wagner ndi Verdi. Iwo akuwonekera momveka bwino m'malingaliro awo ku gawo la mawu mu opera.

Ndi chidwi chonse chomwe Verdi adapereka kwa oimba mu nyimbo zake zomaliza, adazindikira kuti mawu ndi nyimbo ndizotsogolera. Chotero, ponena za zisudzo zoyambirira za Puccini, Verdi analemba mu 1892 kuti: “Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti mfundo ya symphonic ndiyo yaikulu pano. Izi siziri zoipa, koma munthu ayenera kusamala: opera - opera, ndi symphony - symphony.

"Mawu ndi nyimbo," adatero Verdi, "kwa ine zidzakhala zofunika kwambiri nthawi zonse." Anateteza mwamphamvu izi, akukhulupirira kuti nyimbo zamtundu waku Italy zimawonekera. Mu pulojekiti yake yokonzanso maphunziro a anthu, yomwe inaperekedwa ku boma mu 1861, Verdi adalimbikitsa bungwe la masukulu oimba amadzulo aulere, kuti athe kulimbikitsa nyimbo zapakhomo kunyumba. Zaka khumi pambuyo pake, adapempha olemba achichepere kuti aphunzire zolemba zakale zachitaliyana, kuphatikiza zolemba za Palestrina. Mu kutengera za peculiarities kuimba chikhalidwe cha anthu, Verdi anaona kiyi kuti bwino chitukuko cha miyambo dziko luso loimba. Komabe, zomwe adayikapo pamalingaliro a "nyimbo" ndi "kunyinyirika" zidasintha.

M’zaka za kukhwima kwa kulenga, iye anatsutsa mwamphamvu awo amene amatanthauzira mfundo zimenezi kumbali imodzi. Mu 1871, Verdi analemba kuti: “Munthu sangakhale woimba nyimbo basi! Pali china choposa nyimbo, kuposa mgwirizano - makamaka - nyimbo yokha! .. ". Kapena m’kalata yochokera mu 1882: “Nyimbo, kugwirizana, kubwerezabwereza, kuyimba mwachisangalalo, zoimbira za okhestra ndi mitundu yake siziri kanthu koma njira. Pangani nyimbo zabwino ndi zida izi! . . ” Mkanganowo uli mkati, Verdi adapereka zigamulo zomwe zimamveka zododometsa mkamwa mwake: "Nyimbo zanyimbo sizimapangidwa kuchokera ku mamba, ma trill kapena groupetto ... kwaya (kuchokera ku Bellini's Norma. MD), pemphero la Mose (lochokera m’nyimbo ya opera ya dzina lomweli yolembedwa ndi Rossini. MD), etc., koma iwo sali mu cavatinas a Barber wa Seville, The Thieving Magpie, Semiramis, etc. - Ndi chiyani? "Chilichonse chomwe mukufuna, osati nyimbo" (kuchokera mu kalata ya 1875.)

Ndi chiyani chomwe chinayambitsa kuukira koopsa kotere kwa nyimbo za Rossini ndi wochirikiza wosasinthasintha komanso wofalitsa mwamphamvu miyambo yamtundu wa dziko la Italy, yemwe anali Verdi? Ntchito zina zomwe zidaperekedwa ndi zatsopano zamasewera ake. Poyimba, adafuna kumva "kuphatikiza zakale ndi kubwereza kwatsopano", komanso mu opera - chizindikiritso chakuya komanso chosiyanasiyana cha mawonekedwe amunthu wazithunzi zenizeni ndi zochitika zochititsa chidwi. Izi ndi zomwe anali kuyesetsa, kukonzanso kamangidwe ka nyimbo za ku Italy.

Koma m'kupita kwa Wagner ndi Verdi ku mavuto a opaleshoni dramaturgy, kuwonjezera national kusiyana, zina kalembedwe mayendedwe aluso. Kuyambira ngati wachikondi, Verdi adawonekera ngati mbuye wamkulu wa zisudzo zenizeni, pomwe Wagner anali ndipo adakhalabe wachikondi, ngakhale m'ntchito zake zanthawi zosiyanasiyana zopanga mawonekedwe amawonekera kwambiri kapena pang'ono. Izi pamapeto pake zimatsimikizira kusiyana kwa malingaliro omwe adawasangalatsa, mitu, zithunzi, zomwe zidakakamiza Verdi kutsutsa "Wagner"sewero lanyimbo»kumvetsetsa kwanu»sewero la nyimbo".

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Sikuti anthu onse a m'nthawi yake anamvetsa kukula kwa ntchito za kulenga za Verdi. Komabe, kungakhale kulakwa kukhulupirira kuti oimba ambiri a ku Italy m’theka lachiŵiri la zaka za m’ma 1834 anali pansi pa chisonkhezero cha Wagner. Verdi anali ndi omuthandizira ndi ogwirizana nawo polimbana ndi zolinga za dziko. Saverio Mercadante, yemwe adakhalapo kale kwambiri, adapitilizabe kugwira ntchito, monga wotsatira Verdi, Amilcare Ponchielli (1886-1874, opera yabwino kwambiri ya Gioconda - 1851; anali mphunzitsi wa Puccini) adachita bwino kwambiri. Mlalang'amba wopambana wa oimba adachita bwino pochita ntchito za Verdi: Francesco Tamagno (1905-1856), Mattia Battistini (1928-1873), Enrico Caruso (1921-1867) ndi ena. Wochititsa chidwi Arturo Toscanini (1957-90) analeredwa pa ntchito izi. Pomalizira pake, m’zaka za m’ma 1863, achichepere angapo a ku Italy opeka nyimbo anatulukira, akumagwiritsira ntchito miyambo ya Verdi m’njira yawoyawo. Awa ndi Pietro Mascagni (1945-1890, opera Rural Honor - 1858), Ruggero Leoncavallo (1919-1892, opera Pagliacci - 1858) ndipo waluso kwambiri mwa iwo - Giacomo Puccini (1924-1893; kupambana koyamba kwakukulu ndikopambana kofunikira. opera "Manon", 1896; ntchito zabwino kwambiri: "La Boheme" - 1900, "Tosca" - 1904, "Cio-Cio-San" - XNUMX). (Aphatikizidwa ndi Umberto Giordano, Alfredo Catalani, Francesco Cilea ndi ena.)

Ntchito ya olemba awa imadziwika ndi kukopa kwa mutu wamakono, womwe umawasiyanitsa ndi Verdi, yemwe pambuyo pa La Traviata sanapereke chithunzithunzi chachindunji cha maphunziro amakono.

Maziko ofufuza zaluso oimba achichepere anali gulu lolemba la 80s, lotsogozedwa ndi wolemba Giovanni Varga ndipo amatchedwa "verismo" (verismo amatanthauza "choonadi", "chowonadi", "kudalirika" mu Chitaliyana). M'zolemba zawo, ma verists makamaka amawonetsa moyo wa anthu wamba omwe adawonongeka (makamaka kumwera kwa Italy) ndi osauka a m'tauni, ndiko kuti, osowa magulu apansi, ophwanyidwa ndi kupita patsogolo kwa chitukuko cha capitalism. Podzudzula mopanda chifundo za zoyipa za gulu la bourgeois, kufunikira kwapang'onopang'ono kwa ntchito ya verists kunawululidwa. Koma chizoloŵezi cha ziwembu za "magazi", kutengerapo nthawi zokhuza thupi, kuwonekera kwa thupi, mikhalidwe yachinyama ya munthu idatsogolera ku chilengedwe, kukuwonetsa kutha kwa zenizeni.

Pamlingo wina, kutsutsana kumeneku kulinso khalidwe la olemba verist. Verdi sakanatha kumvera chisoni mawonetseredwe achilengedwe m'masewera awo. Kalelo mu 1876, iye analemba kuti: “Sizoipa kutengera zinthu zenizeni, koma ndi bwino kwambiri kupanga zenizeni . . . Koma Verdi sakanatha kuthandiza koma kulandira chikhumbo cha olemba achinyamata kuti akhalebe okhulupirika ku malamulo a sukulu ya opera ya ku Italy. Zatsopano zomwe adatembenukirako zidafuna njira zina zofotokozera ndi mfundo za sewero - zamphamvu kwambiri, zochititsa chidwi kwambiri, zachisangalalo zamantha, zopupuluma.

Komabe, muzochita zabwino kwambiri za verists, kupitiliza ndi nyimbo za Verdi kumamveka bwino. Izi zikuwonekera makamaka mu ntchito ya Puccini.

Chifukwa chake, pamlingo watsopano, pamikhalidwe yamutu wosiyana ndi ziwembu zina, malingaliro aumunthu, ademokalase a katswiri wamkulu wa ku Italy adawunikira njira zopititsira patsogolo luso la opera la ku Russia.

M. Druskin

Zolemba:

machitidwe - Oberto, Count of San Bonifacio (1833-37, staged in 1839, La Scala Theatre, Milan), King for an Hour (Un giorno di regno, kenako amatchedwa Imaginary Stanislaus, 1840, there those), Nebuchadnezzar (Nabucco, 1841, inachitikira mu 1842, ibid), Lombards in the First Crusade (1842, yomwe inachitikira mu 1843, ibid; kope lachiwiri, pansi pa mutu wakuti Jerusalem, 2, Grand Opera Theatre, Paris), Ernani (1847, theatre La Fenice, Venice), Two Foscari (1844, theatre Argentina, Rome), Jeanne d'Arc (1844, theatre La Scala, Milan), Alzira (1845, theatre San Carlo, Naples) , Attila (1845, La Fenice Theatre, Venice), Macbeth (1846, Pergola Theatre, Florence; 1847nd edition, 2, Lyric Theatre, Paris), Robbers (1865, Haymarket Theatre, London), The Corsair (1847, Teatro Grande, Trieste), Battle of Legnano (1848, Teatro Argentina, Rome; ndi zosinthidwa libretto, yotchedwa The Siege of Harlem, 1849), Louise Miller (1861, Teatro San Carlo, Naples), Stiffelio (1849, Grande Theatre, Trieste; Kusindikiza kwachiwiri, pansi pa mutu Garol d, 1850, Tea tro Nuovo, Rimini), Rigoletto (2, Teatro La Fenice, Venice), Troubadour (1857, Teatro Apollo, Rome), Traviata (1851, Teatro La Fenice, Venice), Sicilian Vespers (French libretto ndi E. Scribe ndi Ch. Duveyrier, 1853, anachitidwa mu 1853, Grand Opera, Paris; 1854nd edition titled “Giovanna Guzman”, Italian libretto by E. Caimi, 1855, Milan), Simone Boccanegra (libretto by FM Piave, 2, Teatro La Fenice, Venice; 1856nd edition, libretto revised by A Boito, 1857, La Scala Theatre , Milan), Un ballo in maschera (2, Apollo Theatre, Rome), The Force of Destiny (libretto by Piave, 1881, Mariinsky Theatre, Petersburg, Italy troupe; 1859nd edition, libretto revised by A. Ghislanzoni, 1862, Teatro alla Scala, Milan), Don Carlos (French libretto by J. Mery and C. du Locle, 2, Grand Opera, Paris; 1869nd edition, Italian libretto, revised A. Ghislanzoni, 1867, La Scala Theatre, Milan), Aida (2 , yomwe idachitika mu 1884, Opera Theatre, Cairo), Otello (1870, yomwe idachitika mu 1871, La Scala Theatre, Milan), Falstaff (1886, yomwe idachitika mu 1887, ibid.), kwa kwaya ndi piyano - Phokoso, lipenga (mawu a G. Mameli, 1848), Anthem of the Nations (cantata, mawu a A. Boito, opangidwa mu 1862, Covent Garden Theatre, London), ntchito zauzimu - Zofunikira (kwa oimba 4, kwaya ndi okhestra, zomwe zidachitika mu 1874, Milan), Pater Noster (zolemba za Dante, za kwaya yamawu 5, zomwe zidachitika mu 1880, Milan), Ave Maria (zolemba za Dante, za soprano ndi zingwe , yomwe inachitidwa mu 1880, Milan), Zigawo Zinayi Zopatulika (Ave Maria, kwaya ya mawu 4; Stabat Mater, ya kwaya ya mawu 4 ndi okhestra; Le laudi alla Vergine Maria, kwaya ya amayi anayi; Te Deum, ya kwaya ndi okhestra ; 4-1889, yoimbidwa mu 97, Paris); kwa mawu ndi piyano - 6 zachikondi (1838), Exile (ballad for bass, 1839), Seduction (ballad for bass, 1839), Album - zisanu ndi imodzi (1845), Stornell (1869), ndi ena; zida zoimbira - quartet ya zingwe (e-moll, yomwe idachitika mu 1873, Naples), etc.