Mawu otsogolera |

German Stimmführung, English. gawo lolemba, kutsogolera mawu (ku USA), French conduite des voix

Kusuntha kwa liwu la munthu ndi mawu onse pamodzi mu nyimbo ya polyphonic panthawi ya kusintha kuchokera kumagulu amodzi kupita ku wina, mwa kuyankhula kwina, mfundo yaikulu ya chitukuko cha melodic. mizere (mawu), pomwe nyimbo zimapangidwira. nsalu (mawonekedwe) a ntchito.

Mawonekedwe a G. amadalira stylistic. mfundo za wolemba, masukulu onse olemba nyimbo ndi luso. malangizo, komanso mapangidwe a oimba amene nyimboyi inalembedwa. M'lingaliro lalikulu, G. ali pansi pa zonse melodic ndi harmonic. machitidwe. Poyang'aniridwa ndi mawu amakhudza malo ake mu muses. nsalu (pamwamba, pansi, pakati, etc.) ndi kuchita. luso la chida, chomwe chimagwira ntchito yake.

Malinga ndi chiŵerengero cha mawu, G. amasiyanitsidwa mwachindunji, molunjika ndi mosiyana. Kusuntha kwachindunji (kusiyana - kofanana) kumadziwika ndi kukwera kapena kutsika komwe kumayendera m'mawu onse, mosalunjika - kusiya mawu amodzi kapena angapo osasinthika. kutalika, mosiyana - zosiyana. chitsogozo cha mawu osuntha (mu mawonekedwe ake oyera ndizotheka kokha m'mawu awiri, ndi chiwerengero chokulirapo cha mawu akuyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi kayendedwe kachindunji kapena kosadziwika).

Liwu lililonse limatha kuyenda masitepe kapena kudumpha. Kusuntha kwa stepwise kumapereka kusalala kwakukulu komanso kulumikizana kwa consonances; kusinthasintha kwachiwiri kwa mawu onse kumatha kupanga mwachilengedwe ngakhale kutsatizana kwa ma consonances molumikizana bwino. Kusalala kwapadera kumatheka ndi kusuntha kosalunjika, pamene kamvekedwe kake kakusungidwa, pamene mawu ena amasuntha patali. Kutengera mtundu wa kulumikizana pakati pa mawu omveka nthawi imodzi, ma harmonic, heterophonic-subvocal, ndi mawu a polyphonic amasiyanitsidwa.

Harmonic g. ogwirizana ndi chordal, choral (onani Chorale) kapangidwe kake, komwe kamasiyanitsidwa ndi umodzi wa kayimbidwe ka mawu onse. Chiwerengero choyenera cha mawu ndi anayi, chomwe chimagwirizana ndi mawu a kwaya: soprano, alto, tenor ndi bass. Mavoti awa akhoza kuwirikiza kawiri. Kuphatikizika kwa ma chords omwe ali ndi kayendedwe kosalunjika kumatchedwa mgwirizano, molunjika ndi mosiyana - melodic. kulumikizana. Nthawi zambiri zogwirizana. G. ali pansi pa kutsagana ndi nyimbo zotsogola (nthawi zambiri pamawu apamwamba) ndipo zimakhala za zomwe zimatchedwa. homophonic harmonic. nyumba yosungiramo zinthu (onani Homophony).

Heterofonno-podgolosochnoe G. (onani heterophony) imadziwika ndi kayendedwe kachindunji (kawirikawiri kofanana). Mu decomp. mawu amamveka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyimbo zomwezo; mlingo wa kusiyana zimadalira kalembedwe ndi dziko. chiyambi cha ntchito. Mawu a Heterophonic-vocal amadziwika ndi zochitika zingapo zanyimbo ndi ma stylistic, mwachitsanzo. kwa Gregorian chant (Europe 11-14 zaka), angapo maanja. zikhalidwe za nyimbo (makamaka, nyimbo ya ku Russia yojambula); opezeka m’zolemba za olemba amene, kumlingo wina kapena wina, anagwiritsira ntchito miyambo ya mawu ya Nar. nyimbo (MI Glinka, MP Mussorgsky, AP Borodin, SV Rakhmaninov, DD Shostakovich, SS Prokofiev, IF Stravinsky ndi ena).

AP Borodin. Cholasi cha anthu akumudzi kuchokera ku opera "Prince Igor".

polyphonic g. (onani Polyphony) imalumikizidwa ndi nthawi yomweyo. kugwira angapo mochulukirapo kapena mocheperapo. nyimbo.

R. Wagner. Kupita ku opera "The Mastersingers of Nuremberg".

Chikhalidwe cha polyphonic G. ndi kudziyimira pawokha mungoli mu liwu lililonse ndi kayendedwe kake kosalunjika.

Izi zimatsimikizira kuzindikira kwabwino kwa nyimbo iliyonse ndi khutu ndikukulolani kuti muzitsatira kuphatikiza kwawo.

Oyimba ochita masewera komanso akatswiri amatsenga ayamba kumvetsera gitala kuyambira koyambirira kwa Middle Ages. Chifukwa chake, Guido d'Arezzo adalankhula motsutsana ndi Zofanana. Hukbald's organum ndi chiphunzitso chake chinachitika anapanga malamulo ophatikiza mawu mu cadences. Kukula kotsatira kwa chiphunzitso cha G. kumawonetsa mwachindunji kusinthika kwa ma muses. luso, masitayelo ake akuluakulu. Mpaka zaka za m'ma 16 G. malamulo a decomp. mawuwo anali osiyana - mu countertenor akujowina tenor ndi treble (kwa instr. performance), kudumpha, kuwoloka ndi mawu ena kunaloledwa. M'zaka za zana la 16 chifukwa cha kuyimba kwa nyimbo. nsalu ndi ntchito zotsanzira zimachitika njira. kufanana kwa mavoti. Mn. malamulo a counterpoint anali kwenikweni malamulo a G. - kusuntha kosiyana kwa mawu monga maziko, kuletsa kufanana. mayendedwe ndi kuwoloka, zokonda yafupika intervals pa ochulukirachulukira (popeza pambuyo kulumpha, melodic kuyenda mbali ina kunkawoneka zachilengedwe), etc. (malamulo amenewa, pamlingo wina, anapitiriza kufunika kwawo mu homophonic kwaya kapangidwe). Kuyambira zaka za zana la 17 zomwe zimatchedwa kusiyana zidakhazikitsidwa. masitayelo okhwima komanso aulere. Mawonekedwe okhwima anali odziwika, mwa zina, ndi osakhala aism. chiwerengero cha mawu mu ntchito, mu kalembedwe kaufulu, izo zinasintha mosalekeza (pamodzi ndi otchedwa mawu enieni, mawu owonjezera ndi phokoso anaonekera), ambiri "ufulu" analoledwa ndi G. M'nthawi ya bass general; G. pang'onopang'ono anamasulidwa ku malamulo okhwima a counterpoint; nthawi yomweyo, mawu apamwamba amakhala otukuka kwambiri, pomwe ena onse amakhala pansi. Chiŵerengero chofananacho chimasungidwa kwambiri ngakhale ma bass atasiya kugwiritsidwa ntchito, makamaka piyano. ndi nyimbo za orchestra (makamaka "kudzaza" udindo wa mawu apakati), ngakhale kuyambira pachiyambi. Zaka za m'ma 20 mtengo wa polyphonic G. unawonjezekanso.

Zothandizira: Skrebkov S., Kusanthula kwa Polyphonic, M., 1940; yake, Textbook of polyphony, M., 1965; yake, Harmony mu nyimbo zamakono, M., 1965; Mazel L., O melody, M., 1952; Berkov V., Harmony, buku lophunzirira, gawo 1, M., 1962, 2 pansi pa mutu wakuti: Textbook of harmony, M., 1970; Protopopov Vl., Mbiri ya polyphony muzochitika zake zofunika kwambiri. Nyimbo za ku Russia zachikale ndi za Soviet, M., 1962; wake, Mbiri ya polyphony mu zochitika zake zofunika kwambiri. Zakale zaku Western Europe zazaka za XVIII-XIX, M., 1965; Sposobin I., Mtundu wanyimbo, M., 1964; Tyulin Yu. ndi Privano N., Theoretical Foundations of Harmony, M., 1965; Stepanov A., Harmony, M., 1971; Stepanov A., Chugaev A., Polyphony, M., 1972.

FG Arzamanov