André Grétry |

Andre Gretry

Wolemba nyimbo wa ku France wazaka za m'ma 60. A. Gretry - wamasiku ano komanso mboni ya Revolution ya ku France - anali munthu wofunika kwambiri m'nyumba ya opera ya ku France panthawi ya Chidziwitso. Kuvuta kwa mlengalenga wa ndale, pamene kukonzekera kwamalingaliro kwa chipwirikiti kunali kukuchitika, pamene malingaliro ndi zokonda zimatsutsana pakulimbana kwakukulu, sizinalambalale opera: ngakhale apa nkhondo zinayambika, maphwando ogwirizana ndi woimba wina kapena wina, mtundu kapena njira zidawuka. Ma opera a Gretry (c. XNUMX) ndi osiyanasiyana kwambiri pamutu komanso mtundu, koma sewero lamasewera, mtundu wademokalase kwambiri wa zisudzo zanyimbo, ndizomwe zimakhala zofunika kwambiri pantchito yake. ngwazi zake sanali milungu yakale ndi ngwazi (monga m'nyimbo tsoka, akale ndi nthawi), koma anthu wamba ndipo nthawi zambiri oimira malo chachitatu).

Gretry anabadwira m'banja la oimba. Kuyambira zaka 9 mnyamata kuphunzira parochial sukulu, akuyamba kupeka nyimbo. Pofika zaka 17, anali kale wolemba ntchito zingapo zauzimu (misa, motets). Koma si mitundu iyi yomwe idzakhala yayikulu mu moyo wake wopitilira kulenga. Kubwerera ku Liege, paulendo wa gulu lachi Italiya, ali mwana wazaka khumi ndi zitatu, adawona koyamba zisudzo za opera buffa. Pambuyo pake, kuwongolera ku Roma kwa zaka 5, adatha kudziwa bwino ntchito zabwino zamtunduwu. Mouziridwa ndi nyimbo za G. Pergolesi, N. Piccinni, B. Galuppi, mu 1765 Gretry anapanga opera yake yoyamba, The Grape Picker. Kenako analandira ulemu waukulu kusankhidwa membala wa Bologna Philharmonic Academy. Chofunikira pakuchita bwino kwamtsogolo ku Paris chinali msonkhano ndi Voltaire ku Geneva (1766). Wolemba pa chiwembu cha Voltaire, opera Huron (1768) - wolemba nyimbo wa ku Parisian - anamubweretsera kutchuka ndi kuzindikira.

Monga wolemba mbiri ya nyimbo G. Abert ananenera, Gretry anali ndi "maganizo osinthasintha komanso osangalala, ndipo pakati pa oimba a ku Paris panthawiyo anali ndi khutu lomvera zofuna zambiri zatsopano zomwe Rousseau ndi Encyclopedist anaziika patsogolo pa siteji yoimba ... " Gretry anapanga zisudzo zachi French kukhala zosiyana kwambiri pa nkhani: opera Huron imalimbikitsa (mu mzimu wa Rousseau) moyo wa Amwenye aku America osakhudzidwa ndi chitukuko; ma opera ena, monga "Lucille", amawulula mutu wa kusalingana kwa anthu ndikuyandikira opera-seria. Gretry anali pafupi kwambiri ndi nthabwala "yogwetsa misozi", yopatsa anthu wamba malingaliro akuya, owona mtima. Iye ali (ngakhale pang'ono) mwangwiro nthabwala, kunyezimira ndi zosangalatsa, opera mu mzimu wa G. Rossini: "Awiri Miserly", "Talking Picture". Gretry ankakonda kwambiri nkhani zopeka, zopeka (“Zemira ndi Azor”). Zachilendo, zokongola komanso zokongola za nyimbo pamasewero oterowo zimatsegula njira ya zisudzo zachikondi.

Gretry adapanga zisudzo zake zabwino kwambiri m'ma 80s. (usiku womwewo wa kusinthaku) mogwirizana ndi wolemba librettist - wolemba sewero M. Seden. Awa ndi opera ya mbiri yakale "Richard the Lionheart" (nyimbo kuchokera pamenepo idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi P. Tchaikovsky mu "The Queen of Spades"), "Raul the Bluebeard". Gretry amapeza kutchuka kwa pan-European. Kuyambira 1787 anakhala woyang'anira zisudzo wa Comedie Italienne; makamaka kwa iye, positi ya mfumu yowerengera nyimbo idakhazikitsidwa. Zochitika za 1789 zinatsegula tsamba latsopano mu ntchito za Gretry, yemwe adakhala mmodzi wa omwe adayambitsa nyimbo zatsopano, zosintha. Nyimbo ndi nyimbo zake zinkamveka pa maphwando aunyinji a anthu ochitikira m’mabwalo a Paris. Chisinthikocho chinapanganso zofuna zatsopano pamasewero a zisudzo. Kudana ndi ulamuliro wogonjetsedwa wa monarchic kunachititsa kuti Komiti Yoyang'anira Chitetezo cha Anthu aletse masewera ake monga "Richard the Lionheart" ndi "Peter Wamkulu". Gretry amapanga ntchito zomwe zimakwaniritsa mzimu wanthawiyo, kuwonetsa chikhumbo chaufulu: "William Tell", "Tyrant Dionysius", "Republican Wosankhidwa, kapena Phwando la Ubwino". Mtundu watsopano umatuluka - wotchedwa "opera of zoopsya ndi chipulumutso" (pomwe zinthu zovuta kwambiri zinathetsedwa ndi denouement yopambana) - luso la mawu okhwima ndi zochitika zowoneka bwino, zofanana ndi zojambula zakale za David. Gretry anali m'modzi mwa oyamba kupanga zisudzo mu mtundu uwu (Lisabeth, Eliska, kapena Chikondi cha Amayi). Salvation Opera idakhudza kwambiri opera yokhayo ya Beethoven, Fidelio.

M'zaka za Ufumu wa Napoleon, ntchito ya Gretry yolemba nyimbo inakana, koma adatembenukira ku zolembalemba ndikufalitsa Memoirs, kapena Essays on Music, komwe adalongosola kumvetsetsa kwake kwa zovuta za luso ndikusiya zambiri zosangalatsa za nthawi yake komanso za iye mwini.

Mu 1795, Gretry anasankhidwa kukhala wophunzira (membala wa Institute of France) ndipo anasankhidwa kukhala mmodzi wa oyendera Paris Conservatory. Anakhala zaka zomalizira za moyo wake ku Montmorency (pafupi ndi Paris). Chofunikira kwambiri m'ntchito ya Gretry ndi nyimbo zoimbira (symphony, concerto ya chitoliro, quartets), komanso ma opera amtundu wamavuto akale (Andromache, Cephalus ndi Prokris). Mphamvu ya talente ya Gretry ili pakumva kwanthawi yayitali, zomwe zidasangalatsa komanso kukhudza anthu nthawi zina m'mbiri.

K. Zenkin