Alexander Tikhonovich Grechaninov |

Alexander Gretchaninov

Grechaninov. "The Special Litany" kuchokera ku "Demesne Liturgy" (Fyodor Chaliapin, 1932)

Kwa zaka zambiri, ndidalimbikitsidwa kwambiri pakuzindikira ntchito yanga yeniyeni, ndipo muntchito iyi ndidawona ntchito yanga yamoyo ... A. Grechaninov

Panali chinachake chosawonongeka Chirasha mu chikhalidwe chake, aliyense amene anakumana ndi A. Grechaninov adanena. Iye anali mtundu wa waluntha weniweni wa ku Russia - wolemekezeka, wonyezimira, wovala magalasi, ndi ndevu "Chekhov"; koma koposa zonse - kuti chiyero chapadera cha moyo, kukhwima kwa zikhulupiriro zamakhalidwe zomwe zinatsimikiza moyo wake ndi malo olenga, kukhulupirika ku miyambo ya chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za ku Russia, kudzipereka kwathunthu kwa kutumikira. Cholowa chopanga cha Grechaninov ndi chachikulu - pafupifupi. Ntchito 1000, kuphatikiza ma opera 6, ballet ya ana, ma symphonies 5, nyimbo zazikuluzikulu 9, nyimbo za zisudzo 7, ma quartet a zingwe 4, zida zambiri zoimbira ndi mawu. Koma gawo lamtengo wapatali la cholowa ichi ndi nyimbo zakwaya, zachikondi, kwaya ndi ntchito za piyano kwa ana. Nyimbo za Grechaninov zinali zotchuka, F. Chaliapin, L. Sobinov adazichita mofunitsitsa. A. Nezhdanova, N. Golovanov, L. Stokovsky. Komabe, kulenga yonena za wolemba zinali zovuta.

“Sindinali m’gulu la anthu amwayi amene moyo wawo uli wodzaza ndi maluwa. Gawo lililonse la ntchito yanga yojambula zandiwonongera khama lalikulu. Banja la wamalonda wa ku Moscow Grechaninov analosera kuti mnyamatayo adzachita malonda. "Ndili ndi zaka 14 pamene ndinawona piyano kwa nthawi yoyamba ... Kuyambira pamenepo, piyano yakhala bwenzi langa lokhazikika." Pophunzira mwakhama, Grechaninov mu 1881, mobisa kuchokera kwa makolo ake, adalowa mu Moscow Conservatory, kumene anaphunzira ndi V. Safonov, A. Arensky, S. Taneyev. Iye ankawona kuti Historical Concerts ya A. Rubinstein ndi kuyankhulana ndi nyimbo za P. Tchaikovsky kukhala zochitika zazikulu kwambiri za moyo wake wa Conservatory. "Ndili mwana, ndidakwanitsa kukhala pachiwonetsero choyamba cha Eugene Onegin ndi The Queen of Spades. Kwa moyo wanga wonse, ndinakumbukirabe kuti zisudzo zimenezi zinkandisangalatsa kwambiri. Mu 1890, chifukwa cha kusagwirizana ndi Arensky, yemwe anakana luso lolemba la Grechaninov, adachoka ku Moscow Conservatory ndikupita ku St. Apa woimbayo wamng'ono anakumana ndi kumvetsetsa kwathunthu ndi chithandizo chachifundo cha N. Rimsky-Korsakov, kuphatikizapo chithandizo chakuthupi, chomwe chinali chofunikira kwa mnyamata wosowa. Grechaninov anamaliza maphunziro a Conservatory mu 1893, kupereka cantata "Samson" monga diploma ntchito, ndipo patatha chaka anali kupereka mphoto pa mpikisano Belyaevsky kwa First String Quartet. (The Second and Third Quartets pambuyo pake anapatsidwa mphoto zomwezo.)

Mu 1896, Grechaninov anabwerera ku Moscow monga wodziwika bwino kupeka, mlembi wa Symphony Choyamba, zachikondi ambiri ndi kwaya. Nthawi yogwira ntchito kwambiri kulenga, pedagogical, chikhalidwe chikhalidwe anayamba. Atakhala pafupi ndi K. Stanislavsky, Grechaninov amalenga nyimbo zamasewero a Moscow Art Theatre. Nyimbo zotsagana ndi sewero la A. Ostrovsky "The Snow Maiden" zidakhala zopambana kwambiri. Stanislavsky adatcha nyimboyi kukhala yabwino kwambiri.

Mu 1903, woimbayo adayamba ku Bolshoi Theatre ndi opera ya Dobrynya Nikitich, ndi F. Chaliapin ndi A. Nezhdanova. Opera yalandira chivomerezo cha anthu ndi otsutsa. "Ndimaona kuti ndizothandiza kwambiri ku nyimbo za opera za ku Russia," Rimsky-Korsakov adalembera wolembayo. Pazaka izi, Grechaninov adagwira ntchito kwambiri mumitundu ya nyimbo zopatulika, akudziyika yekha cholinga chobweretsa pafupi ndi "mzimu wa anthu". Ndipo kuphunzitsa pasukulu ya alongo a Gnessin (kuyambira 1903) kunali ngati chilimbikitso cholemba masewero a ana. "Ndimakonda ana ... Ndi ana, nthawi zonse ndimakhala wofanana nawo," adatero Grechaninov, pofotokoza mosavuta momwe amapangira nyimbo za ana. Kwa ana, adalemba nyimbo zambiri zamakwaya, kuphatikiza "Ai, doo-doo!", "Tambala", "Brook", "Ladushki", ndi zina zotero; Nyimbo za piyano "Album ya Ana", "Mikanda", "Nthano", "Spikers", "Pa Green Meadow". Masewero a Elochkin's Dream (1911), Teremok, The Cat, The Rooster and the Fox (1921) adapangidwa mwapadera kuti azisewera ana. Nyimbo zonsezi ndi zomveka, zosangalatsa m'chinenero cha nyimbo.

Mu 1903, Grechaninov anatenga gawo mu bungwe la Musical Gawo la Ethnographic Society pa yunivesite ya Moscow, mu 1904 nawo kulengedwa kwa People's Conservatory. Izi zinalimbikitsa ntchito yophunzira ndi kukonza nyimbo za anthu - Russian, Bashkir, Belarusian.

Grechaninov adayambitsa ntchito yayikulu pakusintha kwa 1905. Pamodzi ndi wotsutsa nyimbo Y. Engel, iye anali woyambitsa "Declaration of Moscow Musicians", anasonkhanitsa ndalama za mabanja a ogwira ntchito akufa. Kumaliro a E. Bauman, omwe adayambitsa chiwonetsero chodziwika bwino, adalemba "Maliro a Marichi". Makalata azaka izi ali odzaza ndi kutsutsa koopsa kwa boma la tsarist. “Dziko latsoka! Ndi maziko olimba omwe adadzipangira okha kuchokera mumdima komanso umbuli wa anthu…. ”Zomwe anthu adachita pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kwa ziwonetserozo zidawonekeranso m'ntchito ya Grechaninov: m'mayimba oimba "Maluwa a Zoyipa" (1909) ), “Dead Leaves” (1910), mu sewero lakuti “Mlongo Beatrice” pambuyo pa M. Maeterlinck (1910), anthu amamva kukhala opanda chiyembekezo.

M'zaka zoyambirira za ulamuliro wa Soviet, Grechaninov adagwira nawo ntchito yoimba nyimbo: adakonza zoimbaimba ndi zokambirana za ogwira ntchito, adatsogolera gulu lakwaya la ana, adapereka maphunziro a nyimbo pasukulu ya nyimbo, amaimba nyimbo, anakonza nyimbo za anthu, ndipo adalemba nyimbo za nyimbo. zambiri. Komabe, mu 1925 wopeka nyimbo anapita kunja ndipo sanabwerere kwawo. Mpaka 1939, iye ankakhala ku Paris, kumene ankaimba zoimbaimba, analenga ntchito zambiri (Chachinayi, Chachisanu symphonies, 2 misa, 3 sonatas kwa zida zosiyanasiyana, ballet ana "Forest Idyll", ndi zina zotero. okhulupirika ku miyambo yakale ya ku Russia, yotsutsana ndi ntchito yake ku Western musical avant-garde. Mu 1929, Grechaninov, pamodzi ndi woimba N. Koshyts, anapita ku New York ndi kupambana kopambana ndipo mu 1939 anasamukira ku United States. Kwa zaka zonse za kukhala kunja Grechaninov anakumana ndi chikhumbo chachikulu cha dziko lakwawo, nthawi zonse kuyesetsa kulankhula ndi dziko Soviet, makamaka pa Nkhondo Yaikulu Kukonda Dziko Lathu. Anapereka ndakatulo ya symphonic "Kupambana" (1943), zolemba zomwe adatumiza ku Soviet Union, ndi "ndakatulo ya Elegiac mu Memory of Heroes" (1944) ku zochitika za nkhondo.

Pa October 24, 1944, kubadwa kwa Grechaninov kwa zaka 80 kunachitika mu Holo Yaikulu ya Moscow Conservatory, ndipo nyimbo zake zinkaimbidwa. Izi zinalimbikitsa kwambiri wolembayo, zomwe zinayambitsa kuwonjezereka kwatsopano kwa mphamvu zolenga.

Mpaka masiku otsiriza Grechaninov analota kubwerera kwawo, koma izo sizinachitike. Pafupifupi wogontha ndi wakhungu, mu umphaŵi wadzaoneni ndi kusungulumwa, anafera m’dziko lachilendo ali ndi zaka 92.

O. Averyanova