Kusanthula kwanyimbo |

(kuchokera ku Chigriki. kusanthula - kuwonongeka, kudulidwa) - kafukufuku wa sayansi wa nyimbo. kupanga: kalembedwe kawo, mawonekedwe, nyimbo. chinenero, komanso udindo wa gawo lililonse ndi kuyanjana kwawo pakukwaniritsa zomwe zili. Kusanthula kumamveka ngati njira yofufuzira, DOS. pa kugawikana kwa lonse mu zigawo, constituent zinthu. Kusanthula kumatsutsana ndi kaphatikizidwe - njira yofufuzira, yomwe imaphatikizapo kulumikiza otd. zinthu kukhala chinthu chimodzi. Kusanthula ndi kaphatikizidwe zili mu umodzi wapafupi. F. Engels ananena kuti “kulingalira kumaphatikizapo kuwola kwa zinthu zachidziŵitso kukhala maelementi awo monga momwe zimakhalira ndi kugwirizana kwa maelementi ogwirizanitsidwa ndi umodzi wina ndi mzake kukhala umodzi wakutiwakuti. Palibe kaphatikizidwe popanda kusanthula” (Anti-Dühring, K. Marx ndi F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 20, M., 1961, p. 41). Kuphatikizika kokha kwa kusanthula ndi kaphatikizidwe kumabweretsa kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa zochitikazo. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito kwa A.m., yomwe, pamapeto pake, iyenera kutsogola nthawi zonse ku generalization, kaphatikizidwe. Njira ziwiri zotere zimapangitsa kumvetsetsa mozama za zinthu zomwe ziyenera kuphunziridwa. Mawu akuti "A. m." zomveka ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira yotakata komanso yopapatiza. Chifukwa chake, ndi A.m. amamvetsa analytics. kuganizira nyimbo iliyonse. machitidwe monga choncho (mwachitsanzo, munthu akhoza kusanthula dongosolo lalikulu ndi laling'ono, mfundo za ntchito ya harmonic ntchito, miyeso mita mu kalembedwe inayake, malamulo zikuchokera nyimbo lonse, etc.). M'lingaliro limeneli, mawu akuti "A. m." zimagwirizana ndi mawu akuti "theoretical musicology". A.m. imatanthauziridwanso ngati kusanthula. kuganizira mbali iliyonse ya nyimbo. chinenero m'nyimbo inayake. ntchito. Uku ndikumvetsetsa pang'ono kwa mawu akuti "A. m." ndiye mtsogoleri. Nyimbo ndi luso losakhalitsa, limasonyeza zochitika zenizeni muzochitika za chitukuko chawo, choncho, chofunika kwambiri pakuwunika kwa muses. prod. ndi zinthu zake payekha ali kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira chitukuko.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zowonetsera luso. chithunzi mu nyimbo ndi muses. mutu. Kuphunzira mitu ndi kufananitsa kwawo, mitu yonse. chitukuko ndi nthawi yofunika kwambiri pakuwunika ntchito. Kusanthula kwamutu kumaperekanso lingaliro lomveka bwino la chiyambi cha mituyo. Popeza kuti mtunduwo umalumikizidwa ndi mtundu wina wazinthu komanso njira zingapo zofotokozera, kufotokozera mtundu wa mutuwo kumathandiza kuwulula zomwe zili.

Kusanthula ndizotheka. nyimbo. mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwa iwo amawonetsa. kutanthauza: mita, rhythm (zonse mu tanthawuzo lawo lodziyimira pawokha komanso mogwirizana), mawonekedwe, timbre, mphamvu, etc. Harmonic (onani Harmony) ndi polyphonic (onani Polyphony) kusanthula ndikofunikira kwambiri, pomwe kapangidwe kake kamawonedwanso ngati chinthu njira ina yolankhulirana, komanso kusanthula kwa nyimbo monga gulu losavuta kwambiri lomwe lili ndi mgwirizano woyamba wa mawu. ndalama. Mitundu yotsatira ya A.m. ndiye kusanthula kwa nyimbo. mafomu opangira. (mwachitsanzo, dongosolo lenileni la mafananidwe ammutu ndi kakulidwe, onani Mawonekedwe a Nyimbo) - imakhala ndi kusankha mtundu ndi mtundu wa mawonekedwe, pofotokozera mfundo za mutuwo. chitukuko.

M'mitundu yonseyi, A. m. zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi digiri yayikulu kapena yocheperako kwakanthawi, kochita kupanga, koma kofunikira, kulekanitsidwa kwa chinthu choperekedwa ndi ena. Mwachitsanzo, pakuwunika kwa harmonic nthawi zina ndikofunikira kuganizira kuchuluka kwa nyimbo zamunthu, mosasamala kanthu za gawo la mita, nyimbo, nyimbo.

Kusanthula kwapadera - "zovuta" kapena "zonse" - ndikuwunika kwa nyimbo. nkhani zopangidwa pamaziko a kusanthula nyimbo. mafomu, koma ophatikizidwa ndi kafukufuku wa zigawo zonse zonse pakuyanjana kwawo ndi chitukuko.

Kufotokozera mbiri yakale ndi kalembedwe. ndi zofunikira zamtundu ndizofunikira mumitundu yonse ya atomu, koma ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuwunika kovutirapo (konse), cholinga chapamwamba chomwe ndi kuphunzira nyimbo. prod. monga zochitika zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu onse istorich. kugwirizana. Kusanthula kwamtunduwu kuli pafupi ndi malingaliro oyenera. ndi mbiri musicology. Akadzidzi. akatswiri oimba nyimbo amafotokoza zambiri za A. m. pamaziko a njira ya Marxist-Leninist aesthetics.

A.m. ikhoza kukhala ngati decomp. zolinga. Kusanthula kwa zigawo za nyimbo. ntchito (zigawo za chinenero nyimbo) ntchito mu maphunziro ndi pedagogical. maphunziro, mabuku, zothandizira pophunzitsa ndi mu tooretich. kafukufuku. M'maphunziro asayansi molingana ndi mtundu wawo komanso kuyang'ana kwake kumayesedwa kokwanira otd. adzafotokoza. zinthu, mapangidwe a nyimbo. mitundu ya nyimbo ntchito. Nthawi zambiri mu ulaliki wa ambiri theoretical. mavuto monga umboni wa malo omwe akufunsidwa amawunikidwa motsatana. zitsanzo - zolemba za nyimbo. ntchito kapena ntchito zonse. Iyi ndiye njira yochotsera. Muzochitika zina zamtunduwu, zitsanzo zowunikira zimaperekedwa kuti zitsogolere owerenga kumalingaliro amtundu wokhazikika. Iyi ndi njira ya inductive. Njira zonsezi ndizovomerezeka ndipo zimatha kuphatikizidwa.

Comprehensive (holistic) analysis otd. ntchito - gawo lofunika kwambiri la mbiri yakale ndi kalembedwe. kafukufuku, kuwulula za stylistic mosalekeza. mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe amtundu wina. chikhalidwe, komanso imodzi mwa njira zokhazikitsira mitundu yofunikira komanso yofunika kwambiri ya nyimbo. mlandu. Mwachidule kwambiri, imakhala gawo la monographic. kafukufuku woperekedwa kwa wolemba mmodzi. Pali mtundu wapadera wa kusanthula kovutirapo (konse), komwe kumapereka kukongola kwapang'onopang'ono. kuunika kwa kupanga popanda kuzama pakuwunika kudzawonetsa. kutanthauza, mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe, ndi zina zotero. kusanthula ntchito. Ndi kulingalira kotere kwa nyimbo. prod. kusanthula koyenera ndi kutsutsidwa kumagwirizana kwambiri ndipo nthawi zina kumadutsana.

Udindo waukulu pakukula kwa sayansi. njira A.m. mu 1st floor. Zaka za m'ma 19 adasewera. katswiri wa nyimbo AB Marx (1795-1866). Buku lake Ludwig Beethoven. Moyo ndi Ntchito" ("Ludwig van Beethovens Leben und Schaffen", 1859-1875) ndi chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zoyamba za monographs, kuphatikizapo kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane kwa muses. prod.

X. Riemann (1849-1919), yozikidwa pa chiphunzitso chake cha kugwirizana, mita, mawonekedwe, anakulitsa chiphunzitsocho. njira zowunikira nyimbo. prod. Poyang'ana mbali yovomerezeka, komabe, sanalekanitse teknoloji ndi zokongola. kuyerekezera ndi zinthu zakale. Riemann ali ndi ntchito zowunikira zotere monga "Guide to Fugue Composition" ("Handbuch der Fugen-Kompositionen", Bd I-III, 1890-94, vols. I ndi II ndizoperekedwa ku "Well-Tempered Clavier", vol. III – “The Art of the Fugue” lolemba JS Bach), “Beethoven’s Bow Quartets” (“Beethovens Streichquartette”, 1903), “All solo piano sonatas by L. van Beethoven, aesthetic. ndi ukatswiri wokhazikika. kusanthula ndi ndemanga zakale” (“L. van Beethovens sämtliche Klavier-Solosonaten, ästhetische und formal-technische Analyze mit historischen Notizen”, 1918-1919), thematic. kusanthula 6 symphony ndi symphony "Manfred" ndi Tchaikovsky.

Zina mwa ntchito zomwe zidapanga zongopeka komanso zokongoletsa. njira yowunikira ntchito zanyimbo. ku Western Europe musicology, tikhoza kutchula ntchito ya G. Kretschmar (1848-1924) "Guide to concerts" ("Führer durch Konzertsaal", 1887-90); monograph yolembedwa ndi A. Schweitzer (1875-1965) “IS Bach “(” JS Bach “, 1908), where prod. Woipeka amaganiziridwa mu umodzi wa mbali zitatu za kusanthula - zongopeka, zokongoletsa. ndi kuchita; buku la monograph la ma voliyumu atatu lolembedwa ndi P. Becker (1882-1937) "Beethoven" ("Beethoven", 1911), momwe wolemba amasanthula ma symphonies ndi piyano. sonatas wa wolemba wamkulu wozikidwa pa "lingaliro landakatulo" lawo; buku la X. Leuchtentritt (1874-1951) "Kuphunzitsa za Fomu Yoyimba" ("Musikalische Formenlehre", 1911) ndi ntchito yake "Analysis of Chopin's Piano Works" ("Analyse der Chopin'schen Klavierwerke", 1921-22), mu -Roy high science-theretical. mlingo wa kusanthula akuphatikizidwa ndi chidwi ophiphiritsa makhalidwe ndi aesthetics. mavoti; muli zofufuza zambiri zobisika za ntchito za E. Kurt (1886-1946) “Romantic Harmony and Its Crisis in Wagner’s Tristan” (“Romantische Harmonik und ihre Krise in Wagners “Tristan”, 1920) ndi “Bruckner” (Bd 1- 2, 1925). Pakufufuza kwa A. Lorenz (1868-1939) "Chinsinsi cha Fomu mu Wagner" ("Das Geheimnis der Form bei Richard Wagner", 1924-33), kutengera kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwa ma opera a Wagner, magulu atsopano amitundu ndi zigawo zawo zimakhazikitsidwa (kuphatikiza siteji ndi nyimbo zokhazikika za "nthawi yandakatulo-nyimbo", "gawo lolowa m'malo").

Ntchito za R. Rolland (1866-1944) zimakhala ndi malo apadera pakupanga luso la atomiki. Zina mwa izo ndi ntchito "Beethoven. Nthawi zazikulu zopanga "("Beethoven. Les grandes epoques cryatrice", 1928-45). Kusanthula ma symphonies a Beethoven, sonatas ndi opera momwemo, R. Rolland amapanga mtundu wa kusanthula. njira yokhudzana ndi ndakatulo, mayanjano olemba mabuku, mafanizo ndi kupitirira ndondomeko yolimba ya nyimbo-nthano kupita ku kutanthauzira kwaulemu kwandakatulo kwa malingaliro ndi mapangidwe ophiphiritsa a kupanga. Njira imeneyi inathandiza kwambiri pakukula kwa A. m. Kumadzulo komanso makamaka ku USSR.

Mu Russian classical musicology ya m'zaka za zana la 19. mayendedwe apamwamba a magulu. malingaliro adakhudza bwino gawo la A.m. Khama la Rus. akatswiri oimba nyimbo ndi otsutsa adatumizidwa kuti avomereze chiphunzitsocho: aliyense mus. prod. opangidwa pofuna kufotokoza lingaliro linalake, kupereka malingaliro ndi malingaliro ena. AD Ulybyshev (1794-1858), woyamba Rus. wolemba nyimbo, wolemba ntchito "The New Biography of Mozart" ("Nouvelle biographie de Mozart ...", gawo 1-3, 1843) ndi "Beethoven, otsutsa ake ndi omasulira" ("Beethoven, ses critiques et ses glossateurs", 1857), yemwe adasiya chizindikiro chodziwika bwino m'mbiri yazovuta. maganizo. Mabuku onsewa ali ndi zowunikira zambiri, zotsutsa komanso zokometsera nyimbo. ntchito. Izi mwina ndi zitsanzo zoyamba za monographs ku Europe zomwe zimaphatikiza zamoyo ndi kusanthula. Mmodzi mwa ofufuza oyambirira a ku Russia omwe anatembenukira ku maiko a makolo. music art-woo, VF Odoevsky (1804-69), osati katswiri wanthanthi, anapereka mu ntchito zake zovuta ndi utolankhani zokongoletsa. pl. kupanga, ch. ayi. Masewera a Glinka. Ntchito za VF Lenz (1809-83) "Beethoven ndi masitaelo ake atatu" ("Beethoven et ses trois styles", 1852) ndi "Beethoven. Kusanthula zolemba zake "("Beethoven. Eine Kunst-Studie", 1855-60) sanataye tanthauzo lake mpaka lero.

AN Serov (1820-71) - woyambitsa njira yophunzirira. kusanthula mu Russian Musicology. M'nkhani ya The Role of One Motif mu Opera Yonse A Life for the Tsar (1859), pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zanyimbo, Serov akuwunika kupangidwa kwa mutu wa nyimbo yomaliza ya Ulemerero. Wolembayo amalumikiza kupangidwa kwa mutuwu-nyimbo ndi kukhwima kwa chachikulu. malingaliro okonda dziko la opera. Nkhani yakuti "Thematism of the Leonora Overture" (kafukufuku wokhudza Beethoven, 1861) ikuyang'ana kugwirizana pakati pa chiphunzitso cha Beethoven's overture ndi opera yake. M'nkhani yakuti "Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, Structure ndi Tanthauzo Lake" (1868), lingaliro la mapangidwe ang'onoang'ono a mutu womaliza wa chisangalalo akuchitika. Kusanthula kosasinthasintha kwa ntchito za Glinka ndi Dargomyzhsky kumaperekedwa m'nkhani yakuti "Moyo wa Tsar" ndi "Ruslan ndi Lyudmila" (1860), "Ruslan ndi Ruslanists" (1867), "Mermaid" ndi Dargomyzhsky (1856) . Umodzi wa chitukuko cha luso. malingaliro ndi njira zake zowonetsera - anthu. mfundo ya Serov's methodology, yomwe inakhala mwala wapangodya wa kadzidzi. Theoretical musicology.

M'nkhani zovuta za PI Tchaikovsky, malo otchuka amaperekedwa pakuwunika kwa muses. Zopanga, zomwe zidachitika m'maholo osiyanasiyana ochitira konsati ku Moscow chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 70. Zaka za zana la 19 Pakati pa lit. Cholowa cha NA Rimsky-Korsakov chimadziwika ndi mutu wake. kusanthula kwa opera The Snow Maiden (ed. 1911, yofalitsidwa mokwanira mu ed.: NA Rimsky-Korsakov, Collected Works, Literary Works and Correspondence, vol. IV, M., 1960). Kusanthula kwa zolemba zanu ndi kuwunika kwa kalembedwe. Olemba ena alinso mu Chronicle of My Musical Life ya Rimsky-Korsakov (yofalitsidwa mu 1909). Chiwerengero chachikulu cha ndemanga zongopeka zosangalatsa. ndipo khalidwe la analytic likupezeka mu makalata a SI Taneev ndi PI Tchaikovsky. High sayansi ndi zongopeka. Chofunika ndi kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwa Taneyev kwa tonal ndi thematic. chitukuko mu sonatas ena a Beethoven (m'makalata opita kwa wolemba NN Amani komanso m'ntchito yapadera "Kusanthula ma modulation mu sonatas a Beethoven").

Luso la akatswiri ambiri oimba nyimbo aku Russia ndi otsutsa, omwe adayamba ntchito zawo m'nthawi yachisinthiko, adawonekera pambuyo pa Great October Revolution. socialist. kusintha. BL Yavorsky (1877-1942), mlengi wa chiphunzitso cha modal rhythm, adayambitsa zinthu zambiri zatsopano mu kusanthula kovuta (konse). Ali ndi kusanthula kwa ntchito za AN Scriabin ndi JS Bach ndi ntchito zina. Pamsonkhano wa Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, wasayansiyo adafufuza kugwirizana pakati pa zoyambira ndi ma fugues a chosonkhanitsa ichi ndi cantatas ndipo, kutengera kusanthula kwa zolemba zomaliza, adafika paziganizo zoyambirira za zomwe zili m'mawu oyamba ndi ma fugues.

Kukula kwa njira zasayansi A. m. adathandizira mu 20s. ntchito zamaphunziro ndi zasayansi za GL Catoire (1861-1926) ndi GE Konyus (1862-1933). Ngakhale malo asayansi a mbali imodzi (mwachitsanzo, chiphunzitso cha metrotectonism Konus, kukokomeza kwa gawo la mita mu maphunziro a Catoire), malingaliro awo. ntchitozo zinali ndi zowonera zamtengo wapatali ndipo zidathandizira kukulitsa kuganiza mosanthula.

A.m. ali ndi gawo lofunikira mu ntchito za BV Asafiev (1884-1949). Zina mwa kafukufuku wake wodziwika bwino kwambiri - "Symphonic Etudes" (1922), yomwe ili ndi kusanthula kwa anthu angapo aku Russia. zisudzo ndi ballets (kuphatikizapo opera The Queen of Spades), buku Eugene Onegin ndi Tchaikovsky (1944), phunziro Glinka (1947), mmene zigawo anadzipereka. kusanthula opera "Ruslan ndi Lyudmila" ndi "Kamarinskaya". Chatsopano chinali lingaliro la Asafiev la inntonation. chikhalidwe cha nyimbo. Mu ntchito zake n'zovuta kusiyanitsa pakati pa mphindi za ongolankhula. ndi mbiri yakale. Kuphatikizika kwa mbiri ndi zongopeka chiyambi ndiye chachikulu kwambiri sayansi luso la Asafiev. Ntchito zabwino za Asafiev zidakhudza kwambiri pakukula kwa nyimbo. Bukhu lake lotchedwa Musical Form as a Process (gawo 1-2, 1930 ndi 1947) linagwira ntchito yapadera, kutsiriza malingaliro obala zipatso pa mbali ziŵiri za nyimbo. mawonekedwe - monga ndondomeko ndi zotsatira zake zonyezimira; za mtundu wa mafomu molingana ndi mfundo zoyambirira - kusiyanitsa ndi kudziwika; za ntchito zitatu zachitukuko - kukakamiza, kuyenda ndi kutsiriza, za kusintha kwawo kosalekeza.

Kukula kwa A.m. mu USSR anaonekera onse wapadera. kafukufuku, ndi ntchito monga mabuku ndi zothandizira pophunzitsa. M'buku la LA Mazel "Fantasy f-moll Chopin. Experience of Analysis” (1937) potengera kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane kwa nyimboyi. ntchito anaika angapo stylistic wamba. malamulo a ntchito ya Chopin, mavuto ofunika a njira ya A. m. zimayikidwa patsogolo. Mu ntchito ya wolemba yemweyo "Pa Melody" (1952), wapadera unapangidwa. njira ya melodic. kusanthula.

VA Zukkerman m'buku lake "Kamarinskaya" lolemba Glinka ndi miyambo yake mu nyimbo za ku Russia (1957) amaika patsogolo zofunikira zatsopano zokhudzana ndi nyimbo. zizindikiro za Russian nar. nyimbo ndi mfundo za chitukuko zosiyanasiyana. Theoretical yofunika. generalizations ili ndi buku la Vl. V. Protopopov "Ivan Susanin" Glinka "(1961). Anali oyamba kupanga lingaliro la "mawonekedwe ophatikizika" (onani mawonekedwe a Nyimbo). Lofalitsidwa pa Sat. "Frederic Chopin" (1960) zolemba "Notes on Chopin's Musical Language" by VA Zukkerman, "Some Features of Chopin's Free Form Composition" lolemba LA Mazel ndi "The Variation Method of Thematic Development in Chopin's Music" lolemba Vl. V. Protopopov amachitira umboni za mlingo wapamwamba wa A. m., wopezedwa ndi akatswiri a nyimbo za Soviet.

A.m. amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse mu maphunziro ndi pedagogical. kuchita. Kuphunzira kwa phunziro lililonse la nyimbo-zambiri. kuzungulira (chiphunzitso choyambirira cha nyimbo, solfeggio, mgwirizano, polyphony, instrumentation) chili ndi zigawo zitatu: chiphunzitso cha phunziro, zothandiza. ntchito ndi kusanthula nyimbo. prod. kapena zolemba. M'kati mwa chiphunzitso choyambirira cha analytics ya nyimbo. gawo ndi kusanthula zinthu zosavuta za nyimbo. ntchito - tonality, kukula, magulu mkati mwa mipiringidzo, zamphamvu. ndi agogic. mithunzi, etc.; mu solfeggio Inde - kusanthula makutu a intervals, kukula, chords, zopatuka ndi modulations mkati mwa tizidutswa tating'ono ta nyimbo. kupanga; mu maphunziro a mgwirizano, polyphony, instrumentation - kusanthula zaluso zogwirizana ndi zigawo zina za maphunziro. zitsanzo (kusanthula zida - onani Instrumentation). Mabuku ambiri ndi zolemba pamitu imeneyi ali ndi zigawo za mbiri yowunikira; pali mabuku osiyana a harmonica. ndi polyphonic. kusanthula.

Munthawi yachisinthiko komanso zaka zoyambirira pambuyo pa chisinthiko panali mutu wakuti "Analysis of muses. mafomu", omwe adatsitsidwa ku tanthauzo la nyimbo. mitundu ya nyimbo zimagwira ntchito pozibweretsa pansi pa chiwerengero chochepa cha ziwembu zomwe zili m'bukuli. Nthawi yomweyo, chidwi chochepa chidaperekedwa ku njira zowonetsera, njira za chitukuko cha mutu. Ku Russia, mabuku oyambilira omwe adapeza ntchito pophunzira mitundu yanyimbo anali ntchito za "Theory of Music" lolemba G. Hess de Calve (1818), "Textbook on Composition" lolemba I. Fuchs (1830) ndi "Complete Guide to Kupanga Nyimbo" ndi IK Gunke (1859-63). Mu 1883-84, matembenuzidwe achi Russia a Buku la Mafomu a Nyimbo Zoyimbira (Musikalische Formenlehre, 1878) ndi katswiri wa nyimbo za ku Germany L. Busler anawonekera, mu 1901 - mabuku olembedwa ndi wofufuza wachingelezi E. Prout, ofalitsidwa m'mabuku awiri pansi pa mitu Musical. Fomu (Musical form", 1891, Russian translation 1900) ndi "Applied forms" ("Applied forms", 1895, Russian translation bg).

Kuchokera ku ntchito za Russian. ziwerengero zanyimbo zimaonekera kwambiri: Buku la AS Arensky lotchedwa “A Guide to the Study of the Forms of Instrumental and Vocal Music” (1893-94), lomwe linali ndi mafotokozedwe osavuta a mitundu yayikulu ya nyimbo; phunziro la GL Catoire "Musical Form" (gawo 1-2, 1934-36), lomwe mu 30s. Linagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati buku la akatswiri oimba nyimbo.

Kupambana pakukula kwa nyimbo zapakhomo pambuyo pa Kusintha Kwakukulu kwa Okutobala kunathandizira kufalikira mwachangu kwa chiphunzitso cha nyimbo. mawonekedwe. Zimenezi zinachititsa kusinthidwa kotheratu kwa njira yamwambo ya A. m. Maphunziro atsopanowa adapangidwa mu 30s. aphunzitsi a Moscow Conservatory VA Zukkerman, LA Mazel, I. Ya. Ryzhkin; ku Leningrad Conservatory, ntchito yofananayo inachitidwa ndi VV Shcherbachev, Yu. N. Tyulin, ndi BA Arapov. Maphunzirowa adatengera zomwe zidachitika ndi maphunziro aukadaulo anyimbo m'malo onse ndipo, choyamba, pophunzira mawonekedwe anyimbo.

Chotsatira chake, kukula kwa maphunziro apitawo kunakulitsidwa kwambiri, ndipo iye mwiniyo adakwezedwa kumlingo wapamwamba wa sayansi. siteji - cholinga chake chachikulu chinali kusanthula kokwanira (kokwanira).

Ntchito zatsopano zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa mkati mwa A.m. zinafunikira mabuku atsopano ndi zothandizira pophunzitsa, zasayansi zowonjezereka. chitukuko cha njira zowunikira. Kadzidzi woyamba kadzidzi. buku, lopangidwira maphunziro ambiri a A. m., - buku la IV Sposobina "Musical Form" (1947), mwadongosolo. dongosolo amaonedwa momveka. zikutanthauza ndi kukwanira kwakukulu zonse zoyambira zimaphimbidwa. mawonekedwe. Buku la SS Skrebkov "Analysis wa ntchito zoimba" (1958) lili zongopeka. maudindo omwe amapatsa ntchitoyi mawonekedwe a kafukufuku (mwachitsanzo, kusanthula kwa chitukuko cha intra-thematic ndi gawo latsopano pakumvetsetsa "sonata" ngati mfundo yayikulu). Mu akaunti. Buku la LA Mazel "The Structure of Musical Works" (1960) linapanga chiphunzitso chatsopano cha nthawiyi, kufotokoza mwachidule zomwe zinachitikira kumvetsetsa kwa mawonekedwe awa (masitepe oyambirira mu njira iyi adatengedwa mu ntchito za E. Prout ndi GL Catoire. ), chiphunzitso cha mitundu yosakanikirana, yopangidwa ndi E. Prout. Mu 1965, pansi pa mkonzi wamkulu wa Yu. N. Tyulin adafalitsa buku la Leningrad. olemba "Musical Form". Malinga ndi terminology ndi zina zasayansi. mfundo, zimasiyana kwambiri ndi mabuku Moscow. olemba (pazosiyana izi, onani nkhani Yoyimba mawonekedwe).

Buku lolemba la LA Mazel ndi VA Zuckerman "Analysis of Musical Works" la madipatimenti oimba a conservatories (Gulu la 1, 1967) linafotokozera mwachidule za zochitika zothandiza. ndi ntchito yasayansi yosonkhanitsa olemba ake.

Ntchito za akatswiri oimba nyimbo zimathandizira kukonza njira zonse zowunikira nyimbo zokha komanso kusanthula kwa nyimbo.

Zothandizira: Serov A., Thematism of the overture to the opera "Leonora", "Neue Zeitschrift für Musik", 1861; Russian pa. - Zolemba zovuta, vol. 3, SPB, 1895; P. Tchaikovsky, Zolemba za nyimbo ndi zolemba (1868-1876), M., 1898; perezd., M., 1953; Asafiyev B. V., Overture Ruslan ndi Lyudmila Glinka, "Music. mbiri", Sat. II, P., 1923; wake, Glinka's Waltz-Fantasy, "Music. mbiri", Sat. III, L., 1926; ake, Mazurka a Chopin, "SM", 1947, No 7; Belyaev V., "Analysis of modulations mu Beethoven's sonatas" S. NDI. Taneeva, mu: buku la Chirasha lonena za Beethoven, M., 1927; Mazel L., Chopin's Fantasy in f-moll (analysis experience), M., 1937, mu bukhu: Research on Chopin, M., 1971; ake, Aesthetics ndi Analysis, "SM", 1966, No12; Makalata ochokera kwa S. NDI. Taneeva kuti N. N. Amani, “SM”, 1940, No 7; Zuckerman V., Mitundu ya kusanthula kwathunthu, "SM", 1967, No4; Kholopov Yu., Nyimbo zamakono pofufuza ntchito za nyimbo, mu: Methodological notes pa maphunziro a nyimbo, M., 1966; Arzamanov F., Pophunzitsa maphunziro a kusanthula ntchito zanyimbo, mu Sat: Mafunso a njira zophunzitsira zamaphunziro oimba ndi zongopeka, M., 1967; Pags Yu., Pa kuwunika kwa nthawi, ibid.; Ulybyschew A. D., New Biography ya Mozart, Moscow, 1843; рус. pa., M., 1890-92; Richter E. Fr. E., Zofunikira zamitundu yanyimbo ndi kusanthula kwawo, Lpz., 1852; Lenz W., Beethoven et ses trois styles, v. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1852, Brussels, 1854, P., 1855; Marx A. В., Moyo ndi ntchito ya Ludwig van Beethoven, vol. 1 2, В., 1911; Riemann H., Lingaliro ladongosolo la kusinthika monga maziko a chiphunzitso cha nyimbo, Hamb., 1887, рyc. пер., СПБ, 1896; Kretzschmar H., Kuwongolera muholo ya konsati, vols. 1-3, Lpz., 1887-90; Nagel W., Beethoven ndi piano sonatas, vols. 1-2, Langensalza, 1903-05, 1933; Schweitzer A., ​​Johann Sebastian Bach, Lpz., 1908 ndi переизд., рус. pa., M., 1965; Bekker P., Beethoven, V., 1911 ndi kusindikizidwanso, Russian. pa., M., 1913-15; Riemann H., L. van Beethoven wathunthu piyano solo sonatas. Kusanthula kokongola komanso kovomerezeka ndi zolemba zakale, ma vols. 1-3, В., 1920; Кurth E., Kugwirizana kwachikondi ndi zovuta zake mu "Tristan" ya Wagner, Bern - Lpz., 1920, В., 1923; Leiсhtentritt H., Kusanthula kwa ntchito za piano za Chopin, vols. 1-2, В., 1921-22; Rolland R., Beethoven. Les grandes epoques cryatrices, P., 1928-45 ndi kusindikizidwanso, Russian. pa. 1938 ndi 1957-58; Schenker H., Nthanthi zatsopano zanyimbo ndi zongopeka, III, W., 1935, 1956; Tovey D Fr., Essays pakusanthula nyimbo, 1-6, L., 1935-39; Grabner H., buku lowerengera nyimbo, Lpz., (o. J.); Federhofer H., Zopereka pakuwunika kwa gestalt yanyimbo, Graz, 1950; Gьldenstein G., Synthetic Analysis, «Schweizerische Musikzeitung», XCVI, 1956; Fucks W., Masamu Kusanthula kwa Mapangidwe Okhazikika a Nyimbo, Cologne - Kwezani, 1958; Koni E. T., Analysis lero, «MQ», XLVI, 1960; Goldschmidt H., Pa njira yowunikira nyimbo, в кн.: Zopereka ku musicology, Vol III, No 4, В., 1961; Коlneder W., Kusanthula kowoneka ndi kumva, в кн.: Kusintha kwa nyimbo zomvetsera, В., 1962; Njira zatsopano zowunikira nyimbo. Zopereka zisanu ndi zitatu za L. U. Abraham etc., В., 1967; Kuyesera kusanthula nyimbo. Zopereka zisanu ndi ziwiri za P. Benari, S. Boris, D. de la Motte, H. Mkazi wamasiye, H.-P. Reis ndi R. Stephan, В., 1967; Motte D. de la, kusanthula nyimbo, zolemba ndi nyimbo zamasamba, vols. 1-2, Kassel-N. Y., 1968.

VP Bobrovsky