Anton Bruckner |

Anton Bruckner

Wamatsenga wamatsenga, wopatsidwa mphamvu zamalankhulidwe a Tauler, malingaliro a Eckhart, komanso masomphenya amphamvu a Grunewald, m'zaka za zana la XNUMX ndi chozizwitsa! O. Langa

Kukangana pa tanthauzo lenileni la A. Bruckner sikusiya. Ena amamuwona ngati "monki wa Gothic" yemwe adaukitsa mozizwitsa m'nthawi yachikondi, ena amamuwona ngati woyenda wotopetsa yemwe adapanga ma symphonies wina ndi mnzake, wofanana wina ndi mnzake ngati madontho awiri amadzi, aatali komanso owoneka bwino. Chowonadi, monga mwa nthawi zonse, sichikhala monyanyira. Ukulu wa Bruckner suli kwambiri mu chikhulupiriro chodzipereka chomwe chimalowa mu ntchito yake, koma mu kunyada, zachilendo kwa Chikatolika lingaliro la munthu monga pakati pa dziko. Ntchito zake zimatengera lingaliro kukhala, kupambana kwa apotheosis, kufunafuna kuwala, mgwirizano ndi cosmos yogwirizana. M’lingaliro limeneli, sali yekha m’zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi. - ndizokwanira kukumbukira K. Brentano, F. Schlegel, F. Schelling, kenako ku Russia - Vl. Solovyov, A. Scriabin.

Kumbali inayi, monga kusanthula mosamalitsa kumawonetsa, kusiyana pakati pa ma symphonies a Bruckner kumawonekera kwambiri. Choyamba, mphamvu yaikulu ya woimbayo ndi yochititsa chidwi: pokhala wotanganidwa kuphunzitsa kwa maola 40 pa sabata, iye analemba ndi kukonzanso ntchito zake, nthawi zina osazindikirika, komanso, ali ndi zaka 40 mpaka 70. Pazonse, sitingalankhule za 9 kapena 11, koma pafupifupi 18 ma symphonies omwe adapangidwa zaka 30! Chowonadi ndi chakuti, monga momwe zinakhalira chifukwa cha ntchito ya akatswiri oimba nyimbo a ku Austria R. Haas ndi L. Novak pa kufalitsa ntchito zonse za wolembayo, zolemba za 11 za ma symphonies ake ndizosiyana kwambiri moti aliyense ziyenera kuzindikiridwa ngati zamtengo wapatali mwa izo zokha. V. Karatygin ananena bwino ponena za kumvetsetsa chiyambi cha luso la Bruckner: “Zovuta, zazikulu, zokhala ndi malingaliro aluso a titanic ndipo nthawi zonse zimaperekedwa m’njira zazikulu, ntchito ya Bruckner imafuna kuchokera kwa womvetsera amene akufuna kuloŵa tanthauzo la mkati la zosonkhezera zake, kulimba kwakukulu. ntchito yodziwika bwino, mphamvu yogwira ntchito, yopita kumtunda wokwera kwambiri wa mphamvu zenizeni zaukadaulo wa Bruckner.

Bruckner anakulira m'banja la mphunzitsi wamba. Ali ndi zaka 10 anayamba kulemba nyimbo. Bambo ake atamwalira, mnyamatayo anatumizidwa ku kwaya ya nyumba ya amonke ya St. Florian (1837-40). Apa anapitiriza kuphunzira limba, piyano ndi violin. Ataphunzira pang'ono ku Linz, Bruckner anayamba kugwira ntchito monga wothandizira mphunzitsi pasukulu ya m'mudzi, komanso ankagwira ntchito zaganyu kumidzi, ankasewera pa maphwando ovina. Pa nthawi yomweyo anapitiriza kuphunzira kamangidwe ndi kuimba limba. Kuyambira m’chaka cha 1845 wakhala mphunzitsi ndi woimba pa nyumba ya amonke ya St. Florian (1851-55). Kuyambira 1856, Bruckner wakhala ku Linz, akutumikira monga woimba mu tchalitchi chachikulu. Panthawiyi, amamaliza maphunziro ake olemba ndi S. Zechter ndi O. Kitzler, akupita ku Vienna, Munich, akukumana ndi R. Wagner, F. Liszt, G. Berlioz. Mu 1863, ma symphonies oyambirira akuwonekera, akutsatiridwa ndi anthu ambiri - Bruckner anakhala wolemba nyimbo pa 40! Kudzichepetsa kwake kunali kwakukulu, kukhwima kwa iyemwini, kotero kuti mpaka nthawi imeneyo sanalole ngakhale kuganiza za mitundu yayikulu. Kutchuka kwa Bruckner monga katswiri wamagulu komanso mbuye wosayerekezeka wa kuwongolera ziwalo kukukula. Mu 1868 adalandira udindo wa organ organ, adakhala pulofesa ku Vienna Conservatory m'kalasi ya bass general, counterpoint ndi organ, ndipo adasamukira ku Vienna. Kuchokera ku 1875 adaphunzitsanso za mgwirizano ndi zotsutsana pa yunivesite ya Vienna (H. Mahler anali m'gulu la ophunzira ake).

Kuzindikiridwa kwa Bruckner monga wolemba nyimbo kunabwera kumapeto kwa 1884, pamene A. Nikisch anayamba kuchita Seventh Symphony yake ku Leipzig ndi kupambana kwakukulu. Mu 1886, Bruckner adasewera chiwalo pamwambo wamaliro a Liszt. Kumapeto kwa moyo wake, Bruckner anali kudwala kwambiri kwa nthawi yaitali. Anatha zaka zake zomaliza akugwira ntchito pa Ninth Symphony; atapuma pantchito, adakhala m'nyumba yomwe Mfumu Franz Joseph adamupatsa ku Belvedere Palace. Phulusa la wolembayo limayikidwa mu tchalitchi cha amonke a St. Florian, pansi pa chiwalocho.

Peru Bruckner ali ndi ma symphonies 11 (kuphatikiza F ang'ono ndi D ang'onoang'ono, "Zero"), chingwe Quintet, misa 3, "Te Deum", kwaya, zidutswa za organ. Kwa nthawi yayitali otchuka kwambiri anali ma symphonies achinayi ndi achisanu ndi chiwiri, ogwirizana kwambiri, omveka bwino komanso osavuta kuzindikira mwachindunji. Pambuyo pake, chidwi cha ochita masewera (ndi omvera pamodzi nawo) chinasunthira ku nyimbo zachisanu ndi chinayi, zisanu ndi zitatu, ndi zachitatu - zotsutsana kwambiri, pafupi ndi "Beethovenocentrism" zomwe zimafala pakutanthauzira mbiri ya symphonism. Pamodzi ndi maonekedwe a Kutolere wathunthu wa ntchito za wolemba, kukula kwa chidziwitso cha nyimbo zake, zinakhala zotheka periodize ntchito yake. Ma symphonies 4 oyamba amapanga gawo loyambirira, pachimake chomwe chinali chomvetsa chisoni kwambiri Second Symphony, wolowa m'malo mwa zikhumbo za Schumann ndi zovuta za Beethoven. Ma Symphonies 3-6 amapanga gawo lapakati pomwe Bruckner amafika pakukula kwakukulu kwachiyembekezo chapantheistic, chomwe sichiri chachilendo ku kukhudzika kwamalingaliro kapena zilakolako zongofuna. Chachisanu ndi chiwiri chowala, Chachisanu ndi chitatu chochititsa chidwi ndi chachisanu ndi chinayi chowunikiridwa momvetsa chisoni ndi gawo lomaliza; amatenga zinthu zambiri zamagulu am'mbuyomu, ngakhale amasiyana ndi kutalika kwake komanso kuchedwa kwa titanic.

Naivete wokhudza mtima wa Bruckner mwamunayo ndi wodziwika bwino. Nkhani zongopeka za iye zasindikizidwa. Kulimbana kovuta kwa kuzindikira kunasiya chizindikiro china pa psyche yake (mantha a E. Hanslik mivi yovuta, etc.). Zomwe zili m'mabuku ake zinali zolemba za mapemphero omwe amawerengedwa. Poyankha funso lokhudza zolinga zoyambirira zolembera “Te Deum’a” (ntchito yofunika kwambiri yomvetsetsa nyimbo zake), wolemba nyimboyo anayankha kuti: “Ndikuthokoza Mulungu, popeza ondizunza sanandiwonongebe . . . tsiku lachiweruzo lidzakhala , kupatsa Ambuye chiŵerengero cha “Te Deuma” ndi kuti: “Taonani, ndinakuchitirani inu nokha ichi! Pambuyo pake, mwina ndidutse. Kugwira ntchito mosadziwa kwa Mkatolika pakuwerengera ndi Mulungu kudawonekeranso pogwira ntchito pa Symphony yachisanu ndi chinayi - kuyipereka kwa Mulungu pasadakhale (nkhani yapadera!), Bruckner adapemphera kuti: "Wokondedwa Mulungu, ndiroleni ndichire posachedwa! Onani, ndiyenera kukhala wathanzi kuti ndimalize Lachisanu ndi chinayi!

Womvera wapano amakopeka ndi chiyembekezo chapadera cha luso la Bruckner, lomwe limabwereranso ku chithunzi cha "cosmos" chomveka. Mafunde amphamvu omangidwa ndi luso losasinthika amakhala ngati njira yopezera chithunzichi, kuyesetsa ku apotheosis yomwe imamaliza symphony, moyenera (monga muchisanu ndi chitatu) kusonkhanitsa mitu yake yonse. Chiyembekezo ichi chimasiyanitsa Bruckner ndi anthu a m'nthawi yake ndipo amapatsa zolengedwa zake tanthauzo lophiphiritsa - mawonekedwe a chipilala cha mzimu wosagwedezeka waumunthu.

G. Pantielev

Austria idadziwika kale chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chake chotukuka kwambiri cha symphonic. Chifukwa cha zochitika zapadera za malo ndi ndale, likulu la mphamvu yaikulu ya ku Ulaya iyi linalemeretsa luso lake lazojambula pofufuza olemba a Czech, Italy ndi North Germany. Motsogozedwa ndi malingaliro a Chidziwitso, pamitundu yambiri yotere, sukulu yachikale ya Viennese idapangidwa, oyimira akulu kwambiri omwe theka lachiwiri lazaka za zana la XNUMX anali Haydn ndi Mozart. Anabweretsa mtsinje watsopano ku European symphonism German Beethoven. owuziridwa ndi malingaliro zosuta Revolution Komabe, iye anayamba kulenga symphonic ntchito pambuyo anakhazikika mu likulu la Austria (The Symphony First linalembedwa Vienna mu 1800). Schubert kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX adaphatikizana ndi ntchito yake - kale pamalingaliro achikondi - zopambana kwambiri pasukulu ya symphony ya Viennese.

Kenako panafika zaka zimene anthu anachita. Zojambula za ku Austria zinali zazing'ono - zinalephera kuyankha zofunikira za nthawi yathu. Waltz watsiku ndi tsiku, chifukwa cha luso lake lonse la nyimbo za Strauss, adalowa m'malo mwa symphony.

Kuwonjezeka kwatsopano kwachitukuko cha chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe kudawonekera mu 50s ndi 60s. Panthawiyi, Brahms anali atasamuka kumpoto kwa Germany kupita ku Vienna. Ndipo, monga momwe zinalili ndi Beethoven, Brahms nayenso anatembenukira ku symphonic zilandiridwenso pa nthaka Austrian (Yoyamba Symphony inalembedwa Vienna mu 1874-1876). Ataphunzira zambiri kuchokera ku miyambo ya nyimbo za Viennese, zomwe zinathandizira kukonzanso kwawo, komabe anakhalabe nthumwi. German luso chikhalidwe. Kwenikweni Austria Wolemba yemwe adapitilira gawo la symphony zomwe Schubert adachita koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX pazaluso zanyimbo zaku Russia anali Anton Bruckner, yemwe kukhwima kwake kopanga kudabwera zaka makumi angapo zapitazi.

Schubert ndi Bruckner - aliyense mwanjira yosiyana, malinga ndi luso lawo komanso nthawi yawo - adakhala ndi mawonekedwe odziwika kwambiri a symphonism yachikondi yaku Austria. Choyamba, iwo akuphatikizapo: amphamvu, kugwirizana nthaka ndi ozungulira (makamaka kumidzi) moyo, amene amaonekera mu ntchito yolemera ya nyimbo ndi kuvina tonations ndi rhythms; chizolowezi cha kusinkhasinkha kwanyimbo, ndi kuwala kowala kwa "zidziwitso" zauzimu - izi, nazonso, zimabweretsa chiwonetsero "chotambalala" kapena, pogwiritsa ntchito mawu odziwika bwino a Schumann, "kutalika kwaumulungu"; nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zapadera zofotokozera momasuka, zomwe, komabe, zimasokonezedwa ndi kuwululidwa kwamphamvu kwa malingaliro odabwitsa.

Palinso zina zofanana mu mbiri yamunthu. Onsewa ndi ochokera m’banja losauka. Abambo awo ndi aphunzitsi akumidzi omwe ankafuna kuti ana awo azigwira ntchito yomweyo. Onse Schubert ndi Bruckner anakula ndi kukhwima monga olemba, akukhala m'dera la anthu wamba, ndipo ambiri anadziulula mokwanira kulankhula nawo. Gwero lofunikira la kudzoza linalinso chilengedwe - malo amapiri amapiri okhala ndi nyanja zambiri zokongola. Potsirizira pake, onse aŵiriwo ankakhala kokha chifukwa cha nyimbo ndi nyimbo, kupanga mwachindunji, m’malo mongoyembekezera, osati pa chifukwa.

Koma, ndithudi, amasiyanitsidwa ndi kusiyana kwakukulu, makamaka chifukwa cha chitukuko cha mbiri yakale ya chikhalidwe cha Austria. "Patriarchal" Vienna, m'magulu a philistine omwe Schubert adagonjetsa, adasanduka mzinda waukulu wa capitalist - likulu la Austria-Hungary, wong'ambika ndi kutsutsana kwakukulu pazandale. Malingaliro ena kuposa mu nthawi ya Schubert adayikidwa patsogolo ndi zamakono pamaso pa Bruckner - monga wojambula wamkulu, sakanatha kuwayankha.

Malo oimba omwe Bruckner ankagwira ntchito analinso osiyana. M'malingaliro ake payekha, akukokera kwa Bach ndi Beethoven, iye ankakonda kwambiri sukulu yatsopano ya Chijeremani (yodutsa Schumann), Liszt, makamaka Wagner. Choncho, mwachibadwa, osati mawonekedwe ophiphiritsa okha, komanso chinenero cha nyimbo cha Bruckner chiyenera kukhala chosiyana poyerekeza ndi Schubert. Kusiyana kumeneku kunapangidwa moyenera ndi II Sollertinsky: "Bruckner ndi Schubert, atavala chipolopolo cha phokoso la mkuwa, chopangidwa ndi zinthu za Bach's polyphony, mawonekedwe omvetsa chisoni a magawo atatu oyambirira a Beethoven's Ninth Symphony ndi Wagner's "Tristan" mgwirizano.

"Schubert wa theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la XNUMX" ndi momwe Bruckner amatchedwa. Ngakhale kukopa kwake, kutanthauzira uku, mofanana ndi kufananitsa kwina kulikonse, sikungathe kupereka lingaliro lokwanira la chiyambi cha kulenga kwa Bruckner. Ndizotsutsana kwambiri kuposa za Schubert, chifukwa m'zaka zomwe zizolowezi za zenizeni zidalimbikitsidwa m'masukulu angapo a nyimbo zamtundu ku Ulaya (choyamba, ndithudi, timakumbukira sukulu ya ku Russia!), Bruckner anakhalabe wojambula wachikondi, mu omwe mawonekedwe ake opita patsogolo adalumikizana ndi zotsalira zakale. Komabe, udindo wake mu mbiri ya symphony ndi yaikulu kwambiri.

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Anton Bruckner anabadwa September 4, 1824 m'mudzi pafupi Linz, mzinda waukulu wa Upper (ndiko kumpoto) Austria. Ubwana unadutsa mukusowa: Wolemba tsogolo anali wamkulu mwa ana khumi ndi mmodzi wa mphunzitsi wodzichepetsa wa m'mudzi, omwe nthawi yake yopuma inali yokongoletsedwa ndi nyimbo. Kuyambira ali wamng’ono, Anton ankathandiza bambo ake kusukulu, ndipo anawaphunzitsa kuimba piyano ndi violin. Pa nthawi yomweyo, panali makalasi pa limba - ankakonda chida Anton.

Ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zitatu, bambo ake anamwalira, adayenera kukhala ndi moyo wodziimira payekha: Anton adakhala woimba kwaya ya amonke ya St. Florian, posakhalitsa adalowa maphunziro omwe ankaphunzitsa aphunzitsi amtundu. Ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri, ntchito yake m'munda uno imayamba. Pokhapokha poyambira pomwe amatha kupanga nyimbo; koma maholide odzipereka kwathunthu kwa iye: mphunzitsi wamng'ono amathera maola khumi pa limba pa tsiku, kuphunzira ntchito za Bach, ndi kuimba chiwalo kwa maola osachepera atatu. Iye amayesa dzanja lake pakupanga.

Mu 1845, atapambana mayesero oyenerera, Bruckner adalandira udindo wophunzitsa ku St. Florian - mu nyumba ya amonke, yomwe ili pafupi ndi Linz, kumene iye mwiniyo adaphunzirapo kale. Anachitanso ntchito za woimba nyimbo ndipo, pogwiritsa ntchito laibulale yaikulu ya kumeneko, anawonjezera chidziŵitso chake cha nyimbo. Komabe, moyo wake sunali wosangalatsa. Bruckner analemba kuti: “Ndilibe munthu mmodzi amene ndingamuuze zakukhosi kwanga. “Nyumba yathu ya amonke ilibe chidwi ndi nyimbo, motero, ndi oyimba. Sindingakhale wokondwa pano ndipo palibe amene ayenera kudziwa za mapulani anga. Kwa zaka khumi (1845-1855) Bruckner ankakhala ku St. Florian. Pa nthawiyi analemba mabuku oposa makumi anayi. (M'zaka khumi zapitazi (1835-1845) - pafupifupi khumi.) - kwaya, limba, piyano ndi ena. Zambiri mwa izo zinkachitikira mu holo yaikulu, yokongoletsedwa bwino ya tchalitchi cha amonke. Zosintha za woimba wachinyamata pa limba zinali zodziwika kwambiri.

Mu 1856 Bruckner anaitanidwa ku Linz monga organism cathedral. Apa anakhala zaka khumi ndi ziwiri (1856-1868). Maphunziro a kusukulu atha - kuyambira pano mutha kudzipereka kwathunthu ku nyimbo. Mwachilimbikitso chosowa, Bruckner amadzipatulira kuphunzira chiphunzitso cha kupanga (kugwirizana ndi kutsutsa), kusankha monga mphunzitsi wake wotchuka Viennese theorist Simon Zechter. Pa malangizo a womalizayo, amalemba mapiri a mapepala oimba. Nthaŵi ina, atalandira gawo lina la zolimbitsa thupi zomalizidwa, Zechter anamuyankha kuti: “Ndinayang’ana m’mabuku anu khumi ndi asanu ndi aŵiri pazigawo ziwiri ndipo ndinadabwitsidwa ndi khama lanu ndi zipambano zanu. Koma kuti muteteze thanzi lanu, ndikupemphani kuti mupumule ... Ndikukakamizika kunena izi, chifukwa mpaka pano sindinakhalepo ndi wophunzira wofanana ndi inu mwakhama. (Mwa njira, wophunzira uyu anali pafupi zaka makumi atatu ndi zisanu panthawiyo!)

Mu 1861, Bruckner adapambana mayeso pamasewera a organ ndi maphunziro aukadaulo ku Vienna Conservatory, zomwe zidapangitsa chidwi cha oyesa ndi luso lake lochita komanso luso lake. Kuyambira chaka chomwecho, kuzolowera kwake zatsopano mu luso la nyimbo kumayamba.

Ngati Sechter adalera Bruckner ngati theorist, ndiye kuti Otto Kitzler, wotsogolera zisudzo wa Linz ndi wopeka nyimbo, wokonda Schumann, Liszt, Wagner, adatha kuwongolera chidziwitso chofunikira ichi pakufufuza kwamakono kwaukadaulo. (Zisanachitike, Bruckner amadziwa nyimbo zachikondi zinali zochepa kwa Schubert, Weber ndi Mendelssohn.) Kitzler ankakhulupirira kuti zingatenge zaka ziwiri kuti adziwitse wophunzira wake, yemwe anali pafupi zaka makumi anayi, kwa iwo. Koma miyezi khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi inadutsa, ndipo khama linali losayerekezeka: Bruckner anaphunzira bwino zonse zomwe mphunzitsi wake anali nazo. Zaka zotalikirapo za maphunziro zidatha - Bruckner anali kale molimba mtima kufunafuna njira zake zaluso.

Izi zinathandizidwa ndi kudziwana ndi masewero a Wagnerian. Dziko latsopano linam’tsegukira Bruckner m’mabuku ambiri a The Flying Dutchman, Tannhäuser, Lohengrin, ndipo mu 1865 anapita ku msonkhano woyamba wa Tristan ku Munich, kumene anadziŵana ndi Wagner, amene anam’lambira. Misonkhano yotereyi inapitilira pambuyo pake - Bruckner adawakumbukiranso ndi chisangalalo chaulemu. (Wagner anamuchitira patronizing ndipo mu 1882 anati: "Ndikudziwa mmodzi yekha amene amayandikira Beethoven (zinali za symphonic ntchito. - MD), uyu ndi Bruckner ...".). Titha kuganiza modabwitsa, zomwe zidasintha machitidwe anthawi zonse a nyimbo, adayamba kudziwana ndi kuthamangitsidwa kwa Tannhäuser, komwe nyimbo zakwaya zomwe Bruckner ankadziwika nazo monga woimba wa tchalitchi zidapeza phokoso latsopano, ndipo mphamvu zawo zidatsutsana. Chithumwa cha nyimbo zosonyeza Venus Grotto! ..

Ku Linz, Bruckner analemba ntchito zoposa makumi anayi, koma zolinga zawo ndi zazikulu kuposa momwe zinalili mu ntchito zomwe zinapangidwa ku St. Florian. Mu 1863 ndi 1864 adamaliza ma symphonies awiri (mu f wamng'ono ndi d wamng'ono), ngakhale kuti pambuyo pake sanaumirire kuwaimba. Nambala yoyamba ya seriyo Bruckner adatchula symphony yotsatirayi mu c-moll (1865-1866). Panjira, mu 1864-1867, magulu atatu akuluakulu adalembedwa - d-moll, e-moll ndi f-moll (yotsirizira ndi yamtengo wapatali kwambiri).

Konsati yoyamba ya Bruckner inachitika ku Linz mu 1864 ndipo inali yopambana kwambiri. Zinkawoneka kuti tsopano pafika kusintha kwa tsogolo lake. Koma zimenezo sizinachitike. Ndipo patapita zaka zitatu, woimbayo amagwera mu kuvutika maganizo, komwe kumayendera limodzi ndi matenda aakulu a mitsempha. Only mu 1868 anakwanitsa kutuluka m'chigawo chigawo - Bruckner anasamukira ku Vienna, kumene anakhala mpaka mapeto a masiku ake kwa zaka zoposa kotala. Umu ndi momwe zimatsegukira Chachitatu Nthawi mu mbiri yake yolenga.

Mlandu umene sunachitikepo m'mbiri ya nyimbo - pokhapo pakati pa zaka za m'ma 40 za moyo wake wojambula adzipeza yekha! Kupatula apo, zaka khumi zomwe zidakhala ku St. Florian zitha kuonedwa ngati chiwonetsero choyamba chamanyazi cha talente yomwe sinakulirebe. Zaka khumi ndi ziwiri ku Linz - zaka zophunzira, luso lazamalonda, kukonza luso. Pofika zaka makumi anayi, Bruckner anali asanapangepo chilichonse chofunikira. Chofunikira kwambiri ndikusintha kwamagulu komwe sikunalembedwe. Tsopano, mmisiri wodzichepetsa mwadzidzidzi adasandulika kukhala mbuye, wopatsidwa umunthu woyambirira, malingaliro oyambira opanga.

Komabe, Bruckner anaitanidwa ku Vienna osati wopeka, koma monga limba kwambiri ndi theorist, amene akanakhoza mokwanira m'malo Sechter wakufayo. Amakakamizika kuthera nthawi yochuluka ku maphunziro a nyimbo - maola okwana makumi atatu pa sabata. (Pa Vienna Conservatory, Bruckner anaphunzitsa makalasi mogwirizana (bass wamba), counterpoint ndi limba; pa Aphunzitsi 'Institute anaphunzitsa piyano, limba ndi mgwirizano; pa yunivesite - mogwirizana ndi counterpoint; mu 1880 analandira udindo wa pulofesa. Pakati pa ophunzira a Bruckner - omwe pambuyo pake adakhala okonda A Nikish, F. Mottl, abale I. ndi F. Schalk, F. Loewe, oimba piyano F. Eckstein ndi A. Stradal, akatswiri oimba nyimbo G. Adler ndi E. Decey, G. Wolf ndi G G. Mahler anali pafupi ndi Bruckner kwa nthawi ndithu.) Nthawi yotsalayo amathera polemba nyimbo. Patchuthi, amayendera madera akumidzi a Upper Austria, omwe amamukonda kwambiri. Nthawi zina amapita kunja kwa dziko lakwawo: Mwachitsanzo, mu 70s iye anayenda monga organ ndi bwino kwambiri mu France (kumene yekha Cesar Franck akhoza kupikisana naye luso improvisation!), London ndi Berlin. Koma sakopeka ndi moyo wotanganidwa wa mzinda waukulu, sapitako ngakhale kumalo owonetsera zisudzo, amakhala wotseka komanso wosungulumwa.

Woimba wodzikonda uyu adakumana ndi zovuta zambiri ku Vienna: njira yodziwikiratu ngati wolemba nyimbo inali yaminga kwambiri. Ananyozedwa ndi Eduard Hanslik, wolamulira wosatsutsika wanyimbo ku Vienna; yotsirizirayi inanenedwanso ndi otsutsa a tabloid. Izi makamaka chifukwa chakuti kutsutsa kwa Wagner kunali kolimba kuno, pamene kupembedza kwa Brahms kunkaonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha kukoma kwabwino. Komabe, Bruckner wamanyazi ndi wodzichepetsa ndi wosasinthika mu chinthu chimodzi - mu chiyanjano chake ndi Wagner. Ndipo adakhala mkangano woopsa pakati pa "Brahmins" ndi a Wagnerian. Chifuniro cholimbikira chokha, chomwe chinaleredwa ndi khama, chinathandiza Bruckner kupulumuka pakulimbana kwa moyo.

Zinthu zinavutanso chifukwa chakuti Bruckner ankagwira ntchito m'munda womwewo womwe Brahms adatchuka. Ndi kulimbikira osowa, iye analemba symphony mmodzi pambuyo mzake: kuchokera Wachiwiri mpaka chisanu ndi chinayi, ndiye kuti, iye analenga ntchito zake zabwino kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi awiri mu Vienna. (Pazonse, Bruckner adalemba ntchito zopitilira makumi atatu ku Vienna (zambiri zazikulu).. Mpikisano woterewu ndi Brahms unayambitsa kuukira kwakukulu kwa iye kuchokera kumagulu otchuka a nyimbo za Viennese. (Brahms ndi Bruckner ankapewa misonkhano yaumwini, ankadana ndi ntchito zawo. Brahms modabwitsa anatcha nyimbo za Bruckner kuti "njoka zazikulu" chifukwa cha kutalika kwake, ndipo adanena kuti waltz iliyonse yolembedwa ndi Johann Strauss inali yokondedwa kwambiri kwa iye kuposa nyimbo za Brahms (ngakhale kuti analankhula). mwachifundo za concerto yake yoyamba ya piano).

N'zosadabwitsa kuti okonda otchuka a nthawiyo anakana kuyika nyimbo za Bruckner m'mapulogalamu awo a konsati, makamaka pambuyo pa kulephera kochititsa chidwi kwa Third Symphony yake mu 1877. Chotsatira chake chinali chakuti kwa zaka zambiri wopeka nyimboyo anali kutali kwambiri ndi wachinyamatayo anayenera kudikira mpaka atayima. amakhoza kumva nyimbo zake m'mawu a orchestra. Chifukwa chake, Symphony Yoyamba idachitika ku Vienna zaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu zokha pambuyo pomaliza ndi wolemba, Wachiwiri adadikirira zaka makumi awiri ndi ziwiri kuti achite, Chachitatu (pambuyo pa kulephera) - khumi ndi zitatu, Chachinayi - khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi, Chachisanu - makumi awiri ndi zitatu, Chachisanu ndi chimodzi - zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu. Kusintha kwa tsogolo la Bruckner kunabwera mu 1884 pokhudzana ndi ntchito ya Seventh Symphony motsogozedwa ndi Arthur Nikisch - ulemerero potsiriza umabwera kwa wolemba wazaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi.

Zaka khumi zapitazi za moyo wa Bruckner zidadziwika ndi chidwi chochulukirapo pantchito yake. (Komabe, nthawi yoti Bruckner adziwike kwathunthu siinafike. Ndizofunikira, mwachitsanzo, kuti m'moyo wake wonse wautali adamva maulendo makumi awiri ndi asanu okha pochita ntchito zake zazikulu.). Koma ukalamba ukuyandikira, liwiro la ntchito limachepa. Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 90, thanzi lakhala likuipiraipira - dropsy ikukula. Bruckner anamwalira October 11, 1896.

M. Druskin

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