Benjamin Britten |

Benjamin Britten

Ntchito ya B. Britten idawonetsa chitsitsimutso cha opera ku England, chatsopano (patatha zaka mazana atatu akukhala chete) kulowa kwa nyimbo za Chingerezi padziko lonse lapansi. Kutengera chikhalidwe cha dziko komanso atadziwa njira zambiri zamakono zofotokozera, Britten adapanga ntchito zambiri zamitundu yonse.

Britten anayamba kupeka ali ndi zaka eyiti. Ali ndi zaka 12 adalemba "Simple Symphony" ya zingwe za oimba (2nd edition - 1934). Mu 1929, Britten analowa mu Royal College of Music (Conservatory), kumene atsogoleri ake anali J. Ireland (wopanga) ndi A. Benjamin (piyano). Mu 1933, Sinfonietta wazaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi adayimba, zomwe zidakopa chidwi cha anthu. Zinatsatiridwa ndi ntchito zingapo zapachipinda zomwe zidaphatikizidwa m'mapulogalamu a zikondwerero zanyimbo zapadziko lonse lapansi ndikuyika maziko a kutchuka kwa ku Europe kwa wolemba wawo. Nyimbo zoyamba za Britten zinkadziwika ndi phokoso la chipinda, kumveka bwino komanso kumveka kwa mawonekedwe, zomwe zinabweretsa woimba wa Chingerezi pafupi ndi oimira a neoclassical direction (I. Stravinsky, P. Hindemith). Mu 30s. Britten amalemba nyimbo zambiri zamakanema ndi makanema. Pamodzi ndi izi, chidwi chapadera chimaperekedwa ku mitundu ya mawu a chipinda, pomwe kalembedwe kamasewera am'tsogolo amakhwima pang'onopang'ono. Mitu, mitundu, ndi zosankha za zolemba ndizosiyana kwambiri: Our Ancestors Are Hunters (1936) ndi nthabwala yonyoza olemekezeka; kuzungulira "Kuwala" pa mavesi a A. Rimbaud (1939) ndi "Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo" (1940). Britten amaphunzira kwambiri nyimbo zamtundu, amakonza nyimbo za Chingerezi, Scottish, French.

Mu 1939, kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo, Britten ananyamuka kupita ku United States, kumene analowa bwalo la intelligentsia patsogolo kulenga. Poyankha zochitika zomvetsa chisoni zomwe zinachitika ku Ulaya, cantata Ballad of Heroes (1939) inawuka, yoperekedwa kwa omenyana ndi fascism ku Spain. Chakumapeto kwa 30s - koyambirira kwa 40s. nyimbo zoimbira zidapambana mu ntchito ya Britten: panthawiyi, ma concerto a piyano ndi violin, Symphony Requiem, "Canadian Carnival" ya orchestra, "Scottish Ballad" ya piano ziwiri ndi orchestra, ma quartets awiri, ndi zina zambiri. Monga I. Stravinsky, Britten amagwiritsa ntchito momasuka cholowa cham'mbuyomo: umu ndi momwe ma suites ochokera ku nyimbo za G. Rossini ("Musical Evenings" ndi "Musical Mornings") amayambira.

Mu 1942, wolemba nyimboyo anabwerera kwawo ndipo anakakhala m’tauni ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja ya Aldborough, kugombe la kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa England. Adakali ku America, adalandira dongosolo la opera Peter Grimes, yomwe adamaliza mu 1945. Kuwonetseratu kwa opera yoyamba ya Britten kunali kofunikira kwambiri: kunali chizindikiro cha chitsitsimutso cha zisudzo za dziko lonse, zomwe sizinapangitse masewero apamwamba kuyambira nthawi imeneyo. nthawi ya Purcell. Nkhani yomvetsa chisoni ya msodzi Peter Grimes, wotsatiridwa ndi tsoka (chiwembu cha J. Crabbe), adauzira wolembayo kuti apange sewero lanyimbo ndi mawu amakono, omveka bwino. Miyambo yambiri yotsatiridwa ndi Britten imapangitsa kuti nyimbo za opera yake zikhale zosiyana komanso zomveka malinga ndi kalembedwe. Kupanga zithunzi za kusungulumwa kopanda chiyembekezo, kutaya mtima, wolembayo amadalira kalembedwe ka G. Mahler, A. Berg, D. Shostakovich. Kudziwa kusiyanitsa kochititsa chidwi, kuyambitsa zenizeni zamitundu yambiri kumapangitsa munthu kukumbukira G. Verdi. Chifaniziro choyengedwa bwino, kukongola kwa oimba m'masewera am'nyanja kumabwereranso ku chidwi cha C. Debussy. Komabe, zonsezi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mawu a wolemba woyambirira, lingaliro la mtundu weniweni wa British Isles.

Peter Grimes adatsatiridwa ndi zisudzo za m'chipinda: The Desecration of Lucretia (1946), satire Albert Herring (1947) pa chiwembu cha H. Maupassant. Opera akupitiriza kukopa Britten mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake. Mu 50-60s. Billy Budd (1951), Gloriana (1953), The Turn of the Screw (1954), Noah's Ark (1958), A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960, yochokera pa sewero lanthabwala la W. Shakespeare), opera ya m'chipinda imawonekera Mtsinje wa Carlew ( 1964), opera The Prodigal Son (1968), yoperekedwa kwa Shostakovich, ndi Imfa ku Venice (1970, pambuyo pa T. Mann).

Britten amadziwika kwambiri ngati woimba wopatsa chidwi. Monga S. Prokofiev ndi K. Orff, amapanga nyimbo zambiri za ana ndi achinyamata. Mu sewero lake lanyimbo Tiyeni Tipange Opera (1948), omvera akutenga nawo mbali pakuchitapo kanthu. "Kusiyanasiyana ndi Fugue pa Mutu wa Purcell" yalembedwa ngati "chitsogozo kwa oimba a achinyamata", kudziwitsa omvera ku ziwiya za zida zosiyanasiyana. Ku ntchito ya Purcell, komanso nyimbo zakale za Chingerezi, Britten adatembenuka mobwerezabwereza. Anakonza opera yake "Dido ndi Aeneas" ndi ntchito zina, komanso buku latsopano la "The Beggar's Opera" lolemba J. Gay ndi J. Pepusch.

Imodzi mwamitu yayikulu ya ntchito ya Britten - kutsutsa ziwawa, nkhondo, kunena za kufunika kwa dziko losalimba komanso losatetezedwa la anthu - idalandira mawu ake apamwamba kwambiri mu "War Requiem" (1961), pomwe, pamodzi ndi zolemba zachikhalidwe za anthu. utumiki wa Katolika, ndakatulo za W. Auden zotsutsana ndi nkhondo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kuphatikiza pa kupeka, Britten adagwiranso ntchito ngati woyimba piyano komanso wotsogolera, akuyenda m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Iye mobwerezabwereza anapita USSR (1963, 1964, 1971). Chotsatira cha umodzi wa maulendo ake ku Russia chinali mkombero wa nyimbo ku mawu a A. Pushkin (1965) ndi Third Cello Suite (1971), amene amagwiritsa Russian folk nyimbo. Ndi kutsitsimutsidwa kwa zisudzo zachingerezi, Britten adakhala m'modzi mwa akatswiri opanga nyimboyi m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. "Maloto anga okondedwa ndikupanga sewero la opera lomwe lingafanane ndi masewero a Chekhov ... Ndikuwona opera ya m'chipinda chosinthika kuti iwonetse zakukhosi. Zimapereka mwayi woganizira za psychology yaumunthu. Koma izi n’zimene zakhala mutu waukulu wa luso lamakono lamakono.”

K. Zenkin