Arnold Schoenberg |

Arnold Schoenberg

Mdima wonse ndi zolakwa za dziko nyimbo zatsopano zinadzitengera zokha. Chisangalalo chake chonse chagona pakudziwa tsoka; kukongola kwake konse kwagona pakusiya maonekedwe a kukongola. T. Adorno

A. Schoenberg adalowa m'mbiri ya nyimbo zazaka za zana la XNUMX. monga mlengi wa dodecaphone dongosolo zikuchokera. Koma kufunikira ndi kukula kwa ntchito ya mbuye wa ku Austria sikungokhala pa mfundo iyi. Schoenberg anali munthu waluso lambiri. Iye anali mphunzitsi wanzeru amene anabweretsa mlalang'amba wonse wa oimba amakono, kuphatikizapo ambuye odziwika bwino monga A. Webern ndi A. Berg (pamodzi ndi mphunzitsi wawo, iwo anapanga otchedwa Novovensk School). Anali wojambula wokondweretsa, bwenzi la O. Kokoschka; zojambula zake zinkawonekera mobwerezabwereza paziwonetsero ndipo zinasindikizidwa muzojambula m'magazini ya Munich "The Blue Rider" pafupi ndi ntchito za P. Cezanne, A. Matisse, V. Van Gogh, B. Kandinsky, P. Picasso. Schoenberg anali wolemba, wolemba ndakatulo ndi wolemba mbiri, wolemba zolemba za ntchito zake zambiri. Koma koposa zonse, iye anali wopeka amene anasiya cholowa kwambiri, wopeka amene anadutsa njira yovuta kwambiri, koma moona mtima ndi wosanyengerera.

Ntchito ya Schoenberg imagwirizana kwambiri ndi mawu oimba. Zimadziwika ndi kupsinjika kwamalingaliro komanso kukhwima kwa zomwe dziko lotizungulira, lomwe limadziwika ndi akatswiri ambiri amasiku ano omwe amagwira ntchito m'malo ankhawa, kuyembekezera komanso kukwaniritsa zovuta zowopsa zamagulu (Schoenberg adalumikizana nawo ndi moyo wamba. tsoka - kuyendayenda, chisokonezo, chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo kutali ndi kwawo). Mwinamwake kufanana kwapafupi kwambiri ndi umunthu wa Schoenberg ndi mnzako komanso wamasiku a wolemba, wolemba mabuku wa ku Austria F. Kafka. Monganso m'mabuku a Kafka ndi nkhani zazifupi, munyimbo za Schoenberg, malingaliro okulirapo a moyo nthawi zina amagwirizana ndi kutengeka kwamphamvu, nyimbo zotsogola zokhala m'malire owopsa, zomwe zimasanduka zowopsa m'maganizo.

Popanga luso lake lovuta komanso lovutitsidwa kwambiri, Schoenberg anali wolimba m'zikhulupiriro zake mpaka kufika potengeka mtima. Moyo wake wonse adatsata njira yotsutsa kwambiri, akulimbana ndi kunyozedwa, kuzunzidwa, kusamvetsetsana kwa ogontha, kupirira mwachipongwe, kusowa kowawa. "Ku Vienna mu 1908 - mzinda wa operettas, classics ndi pompous romanticism - Schoenberg adasambira motsutsana ndi zamakono," analemba G. Eisler. Sizinali mkangano wamba pakati pa wojambula watsopano ndi chilengedwe cha philistine. Sikokwanira kunena kuti Schoenberg anali woyambitsa nzeru yemwe adapanga lamulo kunena muzojambula zomwe sizinanenedwe iye asanakhalepo. Malingana ndi ofufuza ena a ntchito yake, chatsopanocho chinawonekera pano mumtundu wodziwika kwambiri, wofupikitsidwa, mu mawonekedwe a mtundu wa chinthu. Kujambula kochulukira, komwe kumafuna khalidwe lokwanira kuchokera kwa omvera, limafotokoza zovuta zenizeni za nyimbo za Schoenberg kuti zizindikire: ngakhale kumbuyo kwa anthu a m'nthawi yake, Schoenberg ndi wolemba "wovuta" kwambiri. Koma izi sizimanyalanyaza kufunika kwa luso lake, moona mtima komanso mozama, kupandukira kukoma koyipa komanso kopepuka.

Schoenberg anaphatikiza mphamvu yakumva mwamphamvu ndi luntha lopanda chifundo. Iye ali ndi ngongole ya kuphatikiza uku kwa kusintha. Zochititsa chidwi kwambiri pa moyo wa wolemba zimasonyeza kufunitsitsa kosasintha kuchokera ku mawu achikondi achikhalidwe mu mzimu wa R. Wagner (nyimbo zoimbira "Enlightened Night", "Pelleas ndi Mélisande", cantata "Songs of Gurre") kupita ku luso latsopano, lotsimikiziridwa mosamalitsa. njira. Komabe, mbadwa zachikondi za Schoenberg zidakhudzidwanso pambuyo pake, zomwe zidapangitsa chidwi chochulukirapo, kufotokoza momveka bwino kwa ntchito zake kumapeto kwa 1900-10. Izi, mwachitsanzo, ndi monodrama Kudikira (1909, monologue ya mkazi yemwe anabwera ku nkhalango kukakumana ndi wokondedwa wake ndipo anamupeza atafa).

Chipembedzo cha pambuyo pachikondi cha chigoba, chokongoletsedwa mumayendedwe a "cabaret womvetsa chisoni" chimamveka mu melodrama "Moon Pierrot" (1912) ya mawu achikazi ndi gulu loyimba. Mu ntchito iyi, Schoenberg adaphatikiza koyamba ndi mfundo ya zomwe zimatchedwa kuyimba kwamawu (Sprechgesang): ngakhale gawo la solo limakhazikika pazolemba ndi zolemba, kapangidwe kake kamvekedwe kake ndi pafupifupi - monga pobwereza. Onse "Kudikira" ndi "Lunar Pierrot" amalembedwa m'njira ya atonal, yogwirizana ndi nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zatsopano, zodabwitsa. Koma kusiyana pakati pa ntchitozo ndikofunikanso: gulu la oimba ndi ochepa, koma mitundu yosiyana siyana kuyambira pano imakopa woimbayo kuposa nyimbo zonse za orchestra zamtundu wachikondi wachikondi.

Komabe, sitepe yotsatira komanso yotsimikizika yolemba mosamalitsa ndalama inali kupanga kachitidwe ka ma toni khumi ndi awiri (dodecaphone). Zolemba za Schoenberg za m'ma 20s ndi 40s, monga Piano Suite, Variations for Orchestra, Concertos, String Quartets, zimachokera pamawu 12 osabwerezabwereza, otengedwa m'matembenuzidwe anayi akuluakulu (njira yoyambira ku polyphonic yakale. kusintha).

Njira yopangira dodecaphonic yapeza anthu ambiri osilira. Umboni wa kumveka kwa kutulukira kwa Schoenberg m’dziko lachikhalidwe unali “kunena” kwa T. Mann m’buku la “Dokotala Faustus”; imakambanso za kuopsa kwa “kuzizira kwanzeru” kumene kumadikirira woimba nyimbo yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito luso lofananalo. Njirayi sinakhale yapadziko lonse lapansi komanso yodzidalira - ngakhale kwa Mlengi wake. Kunena zowona, zinali zongofanana ndi zomwe sizimasokoneza mawonetseredwe a chidziwitso chachilengedwe cha mbuye komanso luso lanyimbo ndi makutu, nthawi zina kuphatikiza - mosiyana ndi "malingaliro opewera" - mayanjano osiyanasiyana ndi nyimbo za tonal. Kulekanitsa kwa wolemba ndi chikhalidwe cha tonal sikunasinthe konse: mfundo yodziwika bwino ya "mochedwa" Schoenberg kuti zambiri zikhoza kunenedwa mu C yaikulu zimatsimikizira izi. Kukhazikika muzovuta za njira yopangira, Schoenberg nthawi yomweyo anali kutali ndi kudzipatula pampando.

Zochitika za Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse - kuzunzika ndi imfa ya mamiliyoni a anthu, kudana kwa anthu chifukwa cha fascism - adagwirizana ndi malingaliro ofunika kwambiri a wolemba. Choncho, "Ode to Napoleon" (1942, pa vesi la J. Byron) ndi kabuku kokwiya kotsutsa mphamvu zankhanza, ntchitoyo ili ndi mawu achipongwe akupha. Zolemba za cantata Survivor kuchokera ku Warsaw (1947), mwina ntchito yotchuka kwambiri ya Schoenberg, imatulutsanso nkhani yowona ya m'modzi mwa anthu ochepa omwe adapulumuka tsoka la ghetto la Warsaw. Ntchitoyi ikupereka mantha ndi kukhumudwa kwa masiku otsiriza a akaidi a ghetto, kutha ndi pemphero lakale. Ntchito zonsezi ndizodziwika bwino ndipo zimawonedwa ngati zolemba zanthawiyo. Koma kuthwa kwa utolankhani wa mawuwo sikunaphimbe malingaliro achilengedwe a wolembayo ku filosofi, ku zovuta za phokoso la transtemporal, lomwe adapanga mothandizidwa ndi nthano zamatsenga. Chidwi mu ndakatulo ndi zizindikiro za nthano za m'Baibulo zinaonekera kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 30, mogwirizana ndi polojekiti ya oratorio "Makwerero a Yakobo".

Ndiye Schoenberg anayamba kugwira ntchito yaikulu kwambiri, imene anapereka zaka zonse zotsiriza za moyo wake (komabe, popanda kumaliza). Tikunena za opera "Mose ndi Aroni". Maziko a nthano anagwira ntchito kwa wolemba nyimbo chabe monga chifukwa choganizira nkhani za nthawi yathu ino. Cholinga chachikulu cha "sewero la malingaliro" ili ndi munthu payekha komanso anthu, lingaliro ndi malingaliro ake ndi anthu ambiri. Kulimbana kosalekeza kwa Mose ndi Aroni komwe kukuwonetsedwa mu opera ndi mkangano wamuyaya pakati pa "woganiza" ndi "wochita", pakati pa wofunafuna chowonadi akuyesera kutulutsa anthu ake muukapolo, ndi wolankhula-demagogue yemwe, kuyesa kwake kuti lingalirolo liwonekere mophiphiritsira ndi lofikirika kwenikweni likupereka (kugwa kwa lingaliroli kumayendera limodzi ndi chipwirikiti cha mphamvu zoyambira, zophatikizidwa ndi kuwala kodabwitsa kwa wolemba mu "Dance of the Golden Calf"). Kusagwirizana kwa maudindo a ngwazi kumagogomezeredwa panyimbo: gawo lokongola la Aroni limasiyana ndi gawo lodziletsa komanso lodziletsa la Mose, lomwe ndi lachilendo ku kuyimba kwachikhalidwe. Oratorio imayimiridwa kwambiri pantchitoyi. Nyimbo za kwaya za opera, zomwe zili ndi zithunzi zazikuluzikulu za polyphonic, zimabwereranso ku Bach's Passions. Pano, kugwirizana kwakukulu kwa Schoenberg ndi mwambo wa nyimbo za Austro-German zikuwululidwa. Kulumikizana uku, komanso cholowa cha Schoenberg cha zochitika zauzimu za chikhalidwe cha ku Ulaya chonse, zimawonekera momveka bwino pakapita nthawi. Pano pali gwero la kuwunika kwa cholinga cha ntchito ya Schoenberg ndi chiyembekezo chakuti luso "lovuta" la wolembayo lidzapeza mwayi wopeza omvera ambiri.

T. Kumanzere

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