Artur Schnabel |

Arthur Schnabel

Zaka za zana lathu zidawonetsa gawo lalikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya zisudzo: kupangidwa kwa zojambulira zomveka kunasintha kwambiri lingaliro la ochita masewerawa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka "kutsimikizira" ndikusindikiza kutanthauzira kulikonse, ndikupangitsa kukhala kwa anthu amasiku ano okha, komanso mibadwo yamtsogolo. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo, kujambula phokoso kunapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kumva ndi mphamvu zatsopano komanso momveka bwino momwe machitidwe, kutanthauzira, monga mtundu wa luso lazojambula, zimayendera nthawi: zomwe poyamba zinkawoneka ngati vumbulutso, pamene zaka zikupita ndi kukula kosalekeza. wakale; zomwe zidabweretsa chisangalalo, nthawi zina zimangodabwitsa. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri, koma pali zosiyana - ojambula omwe luso lawo ndi lamphamvu komanso langwiro kotero kuti silingagwirizane ndi "kudzimbirira". Artur Schnabel anali wojambula wotere. Kusewera kwake, kosungidwa m'zojambula zamakaseti, kumapangitsa masiku ano kukhala amphamvu komanso ozama monga momwe amachitira zaka zija pamene ankaimba pa siteji ya konsati.

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Kwa zaka zambiri, Arthur Schnabel anakhalabe ngati muyezo - muyezo wa olemekezeka ndi tingachipeze powerenga chiyero cha kalembedwe, okhutira ndi mkulu wauzimu ntchito, makamaka pankhani kumasulira nyimbo Beethoven ndi Schubert; komabe, m’kumasulira kwa Mozart kapena Brahms, oŵerengeka angayerekezedwe ndi iye.

Kwa iwo omwe amamudziwa kokha kuchokera ku zolemba - ndipo awa, ndithudi, ambiri lerolino - Schnabel ankawoneka ngati wamkulu, wochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Panthawiyi, m'moyo weniweni anali munthu wamfupi ndi ndudu yomweyi mkamwa mwake, ndipo mutu ndi manja ake okha anali aakulu mopanda malire. Nthawi zambiri, sanagwirizane ndi lingaliro lokhazikika la "pop" uXNUMX: palibe chilichonse chakunja pakusewerera, kusuntha kosafunikira, manja, mawonekedwe. Ndipo komabe, atakhala pansi pa chidacho ndikutenga nyimbo zoyambira, bata lobisika linakhazikitsidwa muholoyo. Chithunzi chake ndi masewera ake adawonetsa chithumwa chapaderacho, chapadera chomwe chidamupanga kukhala umunthu wodziwika bwino m'moyo wake. Nthano imeneyi imachirikizidwabe ndi "umboni wakuthupi" mu mawonekedwe a zolemba zambiri, izo zimagwidwa moona mu zolemba zake "Moyo Wanga ndi Nyimbo"; halo yake ikupitirizabe kuthandizidwa ndi ophunzira ambiri omwe adakali ndi maudindo apamwamba pa piano yapadziko lonse. Inde, m'njira zambiri Schnabel akhoza kuonedwa kuti ndi mlengi wa piyano yatsopano, yamakono - osati chifukwa chakuti adalenga sukulu yabwino ya piyano, komanso chifukwa luso lake, monga luso la Rachmaninoff, linali patsogolo pa nthawi yake ...

Schnabel, titero, adatengeka, adapanga komanso kupanga muzojambula zake zabwino kwambiri za piyano za m'zaka za zana la XNUMX - mbiri ya ngwazi, kukula kwake - zomwe zimamufikitsa kufupi ndi oyimira bwino kwambiri miyambo yaku Russia. Sitiyenera kuiwala kuti asanalowe m'kalasi ya T. Leshetitsky ku Vienna, adaphunzira kwa nthawi yaitali motsogoleredwa ndi mkazi wake, woimba piyano wotchuka wa ku Russia A. Esipova. M'nyumba yawo, adawona oimba ambiri otchuka, kuphatikizapo Anton Rubinstein, Brahms. Pofika zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, mnyamatayo anali kale wojambula wathunthu, yemwe chidwi chake cha masewera chinakopeka makamaka kukuya kwanzeru, zachilendo kwambiri kwa mwana wamng'ono. Ndikokwanira kunena kuti nyimbo zake zimaphatikizansopo ma sonata a Schubert ndi nyimbo za Brahms, zomwe ngakhale akatswiri odziwa zaluso samayesa kusewera. Mawu akuti Leshetitsky anauza Schnabel wamng'ono adalowanso nthano: "Simudzakhala woyimba piyano. Ndiwe woyimba!" Inde, Schnabel sanakhale "virtuoso", koma luso lake monga woimba linawululidwa kumlingo wonse wa mayina, koma m'munda wa pianoforte.

Schnabel adapanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu lake mu 1893, adamaliza maphunziro awo ku Conservatory mu 1897, pomwe dzina lake linali lodziwika kale. Mapangidwe ake adathandizidwa kwambiri chifukwa chokonda nyimbo zachipinda. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 1919, iye anayambitsa Schnabel Trio, yomwe inaphatikizapo woimba violini A. Wittenberg ndi wojambula nyimbo A. Hecking; pambuyo pake adasewera kwambiri ndi woyimba zeze K. Flesch; mwa anzake anali woimba Teresa Behr, amene anakhala mkazi wa woimbayo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Schnabel adapeza ulamuliro monga mphunzitsi; mu 1925 anapatsidwa udindo wa pulofesa wolemekezeka ku Berlin Conservatory, ndipo kuyambira 20 adaphunzitsa kalasi ya piano ku Berlin Higher School of Music. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo, kwa zaka zingapo, Schnabel analibe bwino kwambiri monga soloist. Kalelo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1927, nthaŵi zina ankayenera kukaimba m’maholo opanda kanthu ku Ulaya, ndipo makamaka ku America; mwachiwonekere, nthawi ya kuwunika koyenera kwa wojambulayo sinafike pamenepo. Koma pang’onopang’ono kutchuka kwake kumayamba kukula. Mu 100, adakondwerera chaka cha 32 cha imfa ya fano lake, Beethoven, kwa nthawi yoyamba kuchita ma sonatas ake onse a 1928 mumzere umodzi, ndipo patatha zaka zingapo anali woyamba m'mbiri kulemba zonse m'marekodi - pa nthawi imeneyo, ntchito imene sinachitikepo n’kale lonse imene inatenga zaka zinayi! Mu 100, pa chikumbutso cha 1924 cha imfa ya Schubert, adasewera masewera omwe adaphatikizapo nyimbo zake zonse za piyano. Pambuyo pake, potsiriza, kuzindikirika kwa chilengedwe chonse kunabwera kwa iye. Wojambula uyu adayamikiridwa kwambiri m'dziko lathu (komwe kuyambira 1935 mpaka XNUMX adachita zoimbaimba mochita bwino kwambiri), chifukwa okonda nyimbo za Soviet nthawi zonse amaika pamalo oyamba ndikuyamikira kwambiri zaluso zonse. Komanso ankakonda kuchita mu USSR, kuona "yaikulu nyimbo chikhalidwe ndi chikondi cha anthu ambiri nyimbo" m'dziko lathu.

Anazi atayamba kulamulira, Schnabel pomalizira pake anachoka ku Germany, n’kukhala ku Italy kwa kanthawi, kenako ku London, ndipo posakhalitsa anasamukira ku United States ataitanidwa ndi S. Koussevitzky, kumene mwamsanga anapeza chikondi chapadziko lonse. Kumeneko anakhala mpaka mapeto a masiku ake. Woimbayo adamwalira mwadzidzidzi, madzulo a ulendo wina waukulu wa konsati.

Repertoire ya Schnabel inali yabwino, koma yopanda malire. Ophunzirawo adakumbukira kuti m'maphunziro omwe mlangizi wawo adasewera ndi mtima pafupifupi mabuku onse a piyano, ndipo m'zaka zake zoyambirira mu mapulogalamu ake munthu akhoza kukumana ndi mayina a okondana - Liszt, Chopin, Schumann. Koma atakula, Schnabel adadziletsa mwadala ndikubweretsa kwa omvera okha zomwe zinali pafupi naye - Beethoven, Mozart, Schubert, Brahms. Iye mwiniyo anasonkhezera zimenezi popanda kubwerezabwereza: “Ndinaona kukhala mwaŵi kukhala m’chigawo cha mapiri aatali, kumene owonjezereka owonjezereka amatsegulanso pambuyo pa nsonga iliyonse yotengedwa.”

Kutchuka kwa Schnabel kunali kwakukulu. Komabe, okonda piyano virtuosity sanathe nthawi zonse kuvomereza kupambana kwa wojambula ndikufika pozindikira. Iwo ananena, osati popanda njiru, aliyense “sitiroko”, zonse zooneka khama, ntchito ndi iwo kuthana ndi mavuto anadzutsa ndi Appassionata, concertos kapena Beethoven a mochedwa sonatas. Anaimbidwanso mlandu wochenjera kwambiri, wouma. Inde, analibe chidziwitso chodabwitsa cha Backhouse kapena Levin, koma palibe zovuta zaukadaulo zomwe zidamulepheretsa. "Ndizotsimikizika kuti Schnabel sanadziwe luso la virtuoso. Iye sankafuna kuti akhale naye; sanafune, chifukwa m'zaka zake zabwino kwambiri panalibe zochepa zomwe angafune, koma sakanatha kuchita, "analemba A. Chesins. Ubwino wake unali wokwanira pazolemba zomaliza, zomwe zidachitika atatsala pang'ono kufa, mu 1950, ndikuwonetsa kutanthauzira kwake kwa Schubert's impromptu. Zinali zosiyana - Schnabel adakhalabe woimba. Chinthu chachikulu pamasewera ake chinali lingaliro lodziwika bwino la kalembedwe, ndende ya filosofi, kufotokoza kwa mawuwo, kulimba mtima. Ndi makhalidwe awa omwe adatsimikiza mayendedwe ake, kamvekedwe kake - nthawi zonse molondola, koma osati "metro-rhythmic", lingaliro lake lonse. Chasins akupitiriza kuti: “Kusewera kwa Schnabel kunali ndi mikhalidwe iŵiri yaikulu. Nthawi zonse anali wanzeru kwambiri komanso amalankhula mosavutikira. Zoimbaimba za Schnabel zinali zosiyana ndi zina. Anatipangitsa ife kuiwala za oimba, za siteji, za piyano. Anatikakamiza kudzipereka kwathunthu ku nyimbo, kugawana nawo kumizidwa kwake.

Koma zonsezi, mu mbali pang'onopang'ono, mu "zosavuta" nyimbo Schnabel analidi wosapambana: iye, monga anthu ochepa, ankadziwa kupuma tanthauzo mu nyimbo yosavuta, kutchula mawu ndi tanthauzo lalikulu. Mawu ake ndi ochititsa chidwi: “Ana amaloledwa kusewera Mozart, chifukwa chakuti Mozart ili ndi manotsi ochepa; akuluakulu amapewa kusewera Mozart chifukwa noti iliyonse imawononga ndalama zambiri. ”

Mphamvu ya kusewera kwa Schnabel idakulitsidwa kwambiri ndi mawu ake. Pakafunika, inali yofewa, yofewa, koma ngati mikhalidwe inafuna, mthunzi wachitsulo unkawonekera mmenemo; pa nthawi yomweyo, nkhanza kapena mwano zinali zachilendo kwa iye, ndipo gradations aliyense wamphamvu anali pansi zofunika za nyimbo, tanthauzo lake, kukula kwake.

Wotsutsa Wachijeremani H. Weier-Wage akulemba kuti: “Mosiyana ndi malingaliro aukali a oimba piyano ena otchuka a m’nthaŵi yake (mwachitsanzo, d’Albert kapena Pembaur, Ney kapena Edwin Fischer), kuseŵera kwake nthaŵi zonse kunkapereka chithunzi cha kudziletsa ndi kudekha. . Sanalole kuti malingaliro ake apulumuke, kufotokoza kwake kumakhala kobisika, nthawi zina kumakhala kozizira, komabe kunali kutali kwambiri ndi "cholinga" choyera. Njira yake yanzeru inkawoneka kuti ikuwoneratu malingaliro a mibadwo yotsatira, koma nthawi zonse idangokhala njira yokhayo yothetsera ntchito yapamwamba kwambiri.

Cholowa cha Artur Schnabel ndi chosiyana. Anagwira ntchito zambiri komanso zopindulitsa ngati mkonzi. Mu 1935, ntchito yofunikira idasindikizidwa - kope la ma sonatas onse a Beethoven, momwe adafotokozera mwachidule zomwe adakumana nazo m'mibadwo ingapo ya omasulira ndikufotokozera malingaliro ake enieni pakutanthauzira nyimbo za Beethoven.

Ntchito ya Wolembayo ili ndi malo apadera kwambiri mu mbiri ya Schnabel. "Zachikale" izi pa piyano komanso wokonda kwambiri zapamwamba anali woyesera kwambiri mu nyimbo zake. Nyimbo zake - ndipo pakati pawo konsati ya piyano, quartet ya chingwe, cello sonata ndi zidutswa za pianoforte - nthawi zina zimadabwitsa ndi zovuta za chinenerocho, maulendo osayembekezereka kupita kumalo a atonal.

Ndipo komabe, chachikulu, chofunika kwambiri mu cholowa chake, ndithudi, zolemba. Pali ambiri aiwo: ma concert a Beethoven, Brahms, Mozart, sonatas ndi zidutswa za olemba omwe amawakonda, ndi zina zambiri, mpaka ku Military Marches a Schubert, omwe anachita m'manja anayi ndi mwana wake Karl Ulrich Schnabel, Dvorak ndi Schubert quintets, omwe adagwidwa mu mgwirizano ndi quartet "Yro arte". Popenda nyimbo zimene woimba piyano anasiya, wosuliza wa ku America wotchedwa D. Harrisoa analemba kuti: “Sindingathe kudziletsa, kumvetsera nkhani zimene Schnabel akuti anali ndi zolakwa za luso lake ndipo motero, monga momwe anthu ena amanenera, anali kumva kukhala womasuka poimba nyimbo zodekha. kuposa kudya. Izi ndizopanda pake, chifukwa woyimba piyano anali ndi mphamvu zonse pa chida chake ndipo nthawi zonse, kupatulapo chimodzi kapena ziwiri, "anachita" ndi sonatas ndi concertos ngati kuti analengedwa makamaka kwa zala zake. Zowonadi, mikangano yokhudza njira ya Schnabel imaweruzidwa kuti iphedwe, ndipo zolemba izi zimatsimikizira kuti palibe mawu amodzi, akulu kapena ang'onoang'ono, omwe anali apamwamba kuposa virtuoso acumen.

Cholowa cha Artur Schnabel chidakalipo. Kwa zaka zambiri, zojambulidwa zochulukira zikuchotsedwa m’malo osungiramo zakale ndi kuperekedwa kwa gulu lalikulu la okonda nyimbo, kutsimikizira kukula kwa luso la oimba.

Lit.: Smirnova I. Arthur Schnabel. -L., 1979